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ACTION ACTION RESEARCHRESEARCH
MEANING:
• Given by Reason and Bradbury, 2001.
• Action research is an interactive inquiry process that balances problem-solving actions implemented in a collaborative context with data-driven collaborative analysis or research to understand underlying causes enabling future predictions about personal and organizational change.
Inquiry-based research that follows a
process of examining existing practices,
implementing new practices, and
evaluating the results ,leading to an
improvement cycle
Contd….
Other names of Action Research:
• Participatory research
• Collaborative research
• Emancipatory research
• Action learning
• Contextural research
Contd….
In simple words,
LEARNING BY DOING
PRINCIPLES OF ACTION RESEARCH:
• Given by Winter (1989); 6 key principles.
1. REFLEXIVE CRITIQUE:-
this principle ensures that people
reflect on issues and processes and make explicit the interpretations, biases, assumptions and concerns upon which judgments are made.
Contd….
This implies Practical accounts can give rise to Theoretical considerations.
2. DIALECTICAL CRITIQUE:
• Reality is consensually validated ; i.e it is shared through language.
• Phenomena are conceptualized in dialogue.
• Therefore, a Dialectical critique is required to understand the set of relationships both between the phenomenon and its context and between the elements constituting the phenomenon.
3. COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH:
• In the principle of Collaborative, resources pre-supposes that each person’s ideas are equally significant as potential resources for creating interpretive categories of analysis, negotiated among the participants.
4. RISK:
• Initiators of Action Research will use this principle of risk to improve others’ fears and invite participation by pointing out that they too, will be subject to the same process, and that whatever the outcome, learning will take place.
5.PLURAL STRUCTURE:
• Multiplicity of views leads to multiple possible actions and interpretations.
• Therefore, this plural structure of inquiry requires a plural text for reporting.
• This implies, there will be range of options for action presented.
• therefore., a report acts as a support for on-going discussion among collaborators rather than a final conclusion.
6. THEORY, PRACTICE, TRANSFORMATION:
• For Action Researchers,
Theory informs practice
Practice refines theory in a continuous
transformation. Theory and Practice are
intertwined aspects of a single change
process.
ACTION RESEARCH MODEL AND ACTION RESEARCH PROCESS
MODEL: Stephen Kemmis has developed a simple model of the cyclic nature of the typical action research process.
PROCESS:
1.Diagnosing &Identifying or Defining a problem.
2.Action Planning &Considering alternative courses of action.
ACTION PLANNING
Considering alternative courses
of action
TAKING ACTION
Selecting a course of action
EVALUATING
Studying the consequences of an
action
SPECIFYING LEARNING
Indentifying general findings
DIAGNOSING
Indentfying or defining a problem
3. Taking Action: Selecting a course of action.
4.Evaluating & Studying the consequences of an action.
5.Specifying Learning &Identifying general findings.
TOOLS OF ACTION RESEARCH:
• Research Journal.
• Document Collection & Analysis.
• Participant Observation recordings.
• Questionnaire.
• Surveys.
• Structured & Unstructured interviews.
• Case Studies.