Identify myths about communication

Describe the sender-receiver model

Describe effective feedback

Summarize barriers to effective communication

Difference between speaking and public speaking

Describe common barriers to listening

Describe the importance of non verbal communication

Understand Kinesics Understand public speaking

Did you experience discomfort in silence?

Has anyone ever said things without really saying them?

Have you ever heard the sound of silence?

... yet we talk all the time. Importance of speech is noted when we experience silence. Silence can be very confusing to us and sometimes even intimidating. Talking , however, seems easier. But..talking is different from speaking

We are all here because we are speakers and not just talkers. We, perhaps understand the value of speech and the fact that 5 minutes is a long time when you are making a speech. The same 5 minutes pass so quickly when you are chatting with a friend. All of us here understand this.

Organize your thoughts - Giving someone directions to your house

 Tailor your message to the audience

Your 5 year old asks you where babies come fromYour 14 year old asks you where babies come fromYour 22 year old asks the same question

Telling a story for maximum impact- Don’t tell the “punch line” of a story first

Adapting to listener feedback - Watch for non-verbal feedback – looks of confusion, looks of pain or hurtfulness

 

 PS is more structured Usually time limitedQuestions not allowed to interrupt the speech, usually left

for at end (time permitting)PS requires more formal languageNo slang, jargon or bad grammarSpeeches should be something special so that they qualify as

life events and are remembered PS requires a different method for deliveryMore formal delivery- No vocalized pauses – “uh”, “ah”,

“um”Don’t use stock phrases repeatedly – “you know”, “basically”,

“I mean”

 

Speaker - speech communication starts here Message - whatever is communicated Channel – means by which a message is

communicated Listener – the receiver of the communicated

message Feedback – comes in many forms and must be

understood Interference - anything impeding the

communication of the message Situation – the time and place of occurrence

Sender: › initiates a thought/feeling› Encodes it into words› Transmits it

Receiver:› Decodes the message› Assigns thought/feelings to a response› Encodes a response› Sends a message back

We only communicate when we want to communicate

Words mean the same to both the speaker and the listener

We communicate chiefly with words Nonverbal communication is silent

communication Communication is a one way street The message we communicate is the message

that the listener receives

Misinterpretation

Evaluation of sender

Projection Stereotyping Arrogance and

superiority Defensiveness

Inarticulateness Hidden agendas Status Environment Emotions Differences in

backgrounds Poor timing Personality

conflicts

There are four types of listening:› Appreciative Listening for pleasure or enjoyment Music, movies, comedy, plays…

› Empathetic Listening to provide emotional support for speaker shrink listens to a patient; you listen to a friend’s rant

› Comprehensive Listening to understand the speakers message Direction to a friend’s house; in a class or seminar

› Critical Listening to evaluate a message A campaign speech; a peer’s research paper

Critical Thinking› Comprehensive and Critical Thinking require you to think

and evaluate while listening, this helps develop Critical Thinking skills

Fraudulent – pseudo listeners (nodders) Monopolistic – always want to be listened to, but

never want to listen Completers – fill in missed gaps with

manufactured information Selective – zero in only on parts that interest them Avoiders – close their ears to information they’d

rather not deal with Defensive – assume others are criticizing Attackers – wait for you to make a mistake

Not Concentrating› Daydreaming, mind wandering, dozing

Listening Too Hard› Trying to remember every fact, no matter how minute

Jumping To Conclusions› Putting words into the speakers mouth; interrupting

speaker, anticipating what speaker will say/do next

Focusing On Delivery Instead Of Message› Speakers accent, clothes, stuttering, presentation

tools

Take Listening Seriously Like any skill it takes practice and self-disciplineResist DistractionsWhen you catch your mind wandering make a

conscious effort to pull it back on trackDon’t be Diverted by Appearance or DeliveryLincoln and Gandhi were strange in appearance but Were excellent speakersSuspend Judgment

A passage will be read out. You have to listen to it.

It’s up to the speaker to make the audience choose to pay attention.

Every speech contains two messages:› One from the speaker› One received by the listener› “People hear what they want to hear and disregard

the rest.” › People are egocentric› Egocentrism – the tendency for people to be most

interested in themselves, their own problems and the way to solve them.

› They pay closest attention to what affects their own values, beliefs and well being.

Through the speech communication process we understand that communication begins the moment the speech starts. However, we have also experienced that many times we communicate best without speaking. In order to illustrate this let us participate in another activity. Charades.

Group members will participate in a game of charades. Remember that you must convey meaning without using words. 7 dyads will be made.

After the group finishes, note specific examples of the various types of non-verbal communication.

Message Reinforcement

Message Negation

Message Substitution

Message Accentuation

Message Regulation

Nonverbal Communication– all elements of communication that do not involve words

Four basic types› Proxemics – an individual’s perception and

use of space› Kinesics – study of body movements,

including posture› Facial and Eye Behavior – movements that

add cues for the receiver› Paralanguage – variations in speech, such as

pitch, loudness, tempo, tone, duration, laughing, and crying

Bands of space extending outward from the body; territorial space differs from culture to culture Informal: highly mobile and

can be quickly changed Semi-fixed-feature: objects

create distance Fixed-feature: relatively

permanent objects

c

ba

d

Distances a. Intimate: 0-18 inches b. Personal: 18 inches to 4 ft. c. Social: 4 to 12 ft. d. Public: 12 ft. to limit of sight

c

Kinesics involves the study of bodily movement. Ekman and Friesen (1 969) developed a classification system identifying five types of body movements which have communication functions.

Movements which have a direct verbal translatio generally a word or phrase. These are often culture specific.

Recognizable emblems would include "A-OK"

and "Victory."They translate into words fairly directly.

Nonverbal cues directly linked with words. They reinforce verbal communication and allow us to accent or emphasize words or ideas.

We also use illustrators to help describe something, as

in "It was this wide."They mostly, accompany and illustrate the verbal message

Body movements which reveal our affective, or emotional, state. Facial cues are the primary way we reveal our feelings nonverbally. Affect displays can be used to influence others.

A speaker, for example, displays enthusiasm and hopes it exudes to the audience. Affect displays may also be emotional expressions and not necessarily symbolic.

Nonverbal cues which regulate interaction. Consider the regulators used in normal conversation which determine turn- taking. Individuals utilize eye behavior, inflection, and head nodding to regulate conversation. These behaviours monitor,

maintain or control.

Movements that satisfy personal needs and help you adapt to your environment. Adaptors may also be behaviors or objects that are manipulated for purpose. Adaptors include behaviours like yawning

and moving/adjusting your glasses.

Posture and Gestures

Posture sends messages:

Content and confident? Angry and belligerent? Worried and discouraged?

meet the world or avoid it

Feelings

Gestures sends messages:

Movements of arms, legs, hands, and feet

Gestures do not have universal meanings

Clothing and Artifacts

Artifactual communication – the use of personal adornments

Impacts first impression Dress and chosen images

should change as our roles change

Judgments regarding

Success Character Dominance Competence

Paralanguage Paralanguage –

vocal cues that accompany languagePitchVolumeRatePausesNonfluenciesSilence

Colours

Colour affects us emotionally and physiologicallyCan trigger:

Excitement Warmth Passion and

sensuality Happiness Relaxation Persuasion

Chronemics

Using time to communicateThe meaning of time

differs around the world“Time talks”

Last minute invitations Habitual tardiness Allocation of certain

activities to appropriate times

Structure time differently

Technology and Nonverbal Communication

Emoticons – symbols that replace nonverbal cues during communication online

Fulfill the purposes served by facial expressions or vocal intonations

Describe a communicator’s physical or emotional condition

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((O))((O))LOLLOL :/:/ :o:o

Speech Apprehension

What is your worst nightmare concerning public speaking?

What is the worst thing that could happen to you if you make a mistake while speaking?

Speech ApprehensionBeing nervous is normal, even preferredA commentator asked Tiger Woods if he was nervous during the golf tournament.

He replied, “Of course I was nervous!”

“When I am no longer nervous, I will know it is time to quit golfing professionally.”

Speech Behaviors to Control Speech Behaviors to Control NervesNerves

Prepare and fully practice Try to schedule your speech at a time that is

psychologically the best for you (1st, last, etc.)

Control your intake of beverages and food A big meal can make you “loggy” Avoid stimulants: sugar; caffeine Avoid drinking milk DO:

Drink water to moisten your mouth Suck on a mint just before your

presentation begins

A variety of codes communicate the same meaning

One code communicates a variety of meaning.

Nonverbal communication is more involved in creating meaning than verbal communication.

Interpretations of intention vary.

An intentional verbal code may be perceived as having another intention.

An unintentional code perceived as intentional

Communication can happen in a variety of ways and a little skill can take us a long way in communicating our ideas effectively.

How you look accounts for a whopping 55 percent. Which includes your clothes, Your facial expression, Your stance, The leaning of your body, Your hands, The way you move your eyes !!

How you sound, 38 percent. What you actually say only accounts for 7 percent.

archana@pu.ac.in