24.3 nationalism

24.3 Nationalism24.3 Nationalism

Nationalism contributes to the Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and formation of two new nations and

a new political order in Europea new political order in Europe

Nationalism: A Force for Unity or DisunityNationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity

Two Views of NationalismTwo Views of Nationalism Nationalists use their common bonds to build Nationalists use their common bonds to build

nation-statesnation-states Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify

their subjectstheir subjects Three different types of nationalist Three different types of nationalist

movements:movements:• unification merges culturally similar landsunification merges culturally similar lands• separation splits off culturally distinct groupsseparation splits off culturally distinct groups• state-building binds separate cultures into onestate-building binds separate cultures into one

Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Breakup of the The Breakup of the Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire Austria includes Austria includes

people from many people from many ethnic groupsethnic groups

1866 defeat in Austro-1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism Hungarian nationalism forces emperor to split forces emperor to split the empire into Austria the empire into Austria and Hungaryand Hungary

• still ruled by emperorstill ruled by emperor

Flag of Austria-Hungary representing two kingdoms, but ruled by one emperor. This was a concession to Hungarian nationalism.


The Russia Empire CrumblesThe Russia Empire Crumbles After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing

control over their empirecontrol over their empire RussificationRussification—forcing other peoples to adopt —forcing other peoples to adopt

Russian cultureRussian culture• policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic

nationalismnationalism


The Ottoman Empire WeakensThe Ottoman Empire Weakens Internal tensions among ethnic groups Internal tensions among ethnic groups

weakens the empire.weakens the empire. Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, Rulers grant citizenship to all groups,

outraging Turks.outraging Turks.

Case Study: ItalyCase Study: Italy

Cavour Unites ItalyCavour Unites Italy Italy forms territory Italy forms territory

from crumbling from crumbling empiresempires

1815-1848 Italians 1815-1848 Italians want independence want independence from foreign rulersfrom foreign rulers


Cavour Leads Italian Cavour Leads Italian UnificationUnification Camillo di CavourCamillo di Cavour——

prime minister of the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in Kingdom of Sardinia in 18521852

Gets French help to Gets French help to win control of Austrian-win control of Austrian-controlled Italian landcontrolled Italian land


Garibaldi Brings UnityGaribaldi Brings Unity Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi——

leads nationalists who leads nationalists who conquer southern Italyconquer southern Italy

Cavour convinces Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Garibaldi to unite southern Italy with SardiniaItaly with Sardinia

Garibaldi steps aside, Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the king of allowing the king of Sardinia to ruleSardinia to rule

Control of Venetia and Control of Venetia and Papal States finally unites Papal States finally unites ItalyItaly

Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany

Bismarck Unites GermanyBismarck Unites Germany Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states

form the German Confederationform the German Confederation Prussia Leads German UnificationPrussia Leads German Unification

Prussia has advantages that help it to unify Prussia has advantages that help it to unify GermanyGermany• mainly German populationmainly German population• powerful armypowerful army• creation of liberal constitutioncreation of liberal constitution


Bismarck Takes ControlBismarck Takes Control JunkersJunkers—conservative —conservative

wealthy landowners—wealthy landowners—support Prussian Wilhelm Isupport Prussian Wilhelm I

Junker realpolitik master Junker realpolitik master Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck becomes prime ministerbecomes prime minister

RealpolitikRealpolitik—power politics —power politics without room for idealismwithout room for idealism

Bismarck defies Prussian Bismarck defies Prussian parliamentparliament


Prussia ExpandsPrussia Expands Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two

provincesprovinces Quick victory makes other German nations Quick victory makes other German nations

respect Prussiarespect Prussia


Seven Weeks WarSeven Weeks War Bismarck creates a border dispute with Bismarck creates a border dispute with

Austria to provoke a warAustria to provoke a war Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern

GermanyGermany Eastern and western parts of Prussian Eastern and western parts of Prussian

kingdom are joined for the first time.kingdom are joined for the first time.


The Franco-Prussian WarThe Franco-Prussian War Bismarck provokes war with France to unite Bismarck provokes war with France to unite

all Germansall Germans Wilhelm is crowned Wilhelm is crowned KaiserKaiser—emperor of a —emperor of a

united Germany—at Versaillesunited Germany—at Versailles Bismarck creates a Germany united under Bismarck creates a Germany united under

Prussian dominance.Prussian dominance.

To some Germans, Bismarck was the greatest and noblest of Germany’s statesmen. They say he almost singlehandedly unified the nation and raised it to greatness. To others, he was nothing but a devious politician who abused his powers and led Germany into dictatorship.His speeches, letters, and memoirs show him to be both crafty and deeply religious. At one moment, he could declare, “It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong.” At another moment he might claim, “We Germans shall never wage aggressive war, ambitious war, a war of conquest.”

A Shift in PowerA Shift in Power

Balance Is LostBalance Is Lost In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five

powers in Europe:powers in Europe:• AustriaAustria• PrussiaPrussia• BritainBritain• FranceFrance• RussiaRussia

By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much powergained much power

Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economicallyeconomically

News & Politics

24.3 nationalism