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GOVINDRAOJI NIKAM COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE MANDKI - PALVAN NAME :- PEDHAVI ABHIJIT NARAYAN

STD :- Sr.B.sc (agriculture)REGE NO :- AMPU100730SEMISTER :- VIII (NEW)COURCE TITLE :- EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROGRAMME 2015-16

TOPIC NAME CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF LEAFY VEGETABLES

SUBJECT INCHARGE Assit.Prof. R.R.PATIL

PRINCIPAL :- Dr.S.I.MODAK

INTRODUCTION Green leafy vegetables are used since ancient periods as source

of food as they contain many nutrients and minerals which are helpful in maintaining human health. The health and nutrition of expanding world populations are major upcoming challenges especially in developing countries.

Leafy vegetables hold an important place in well-balanced diets. Green leafy vegetables are the cheapest of all the vegetables within the reach of poor man, being richest in their nutritional value.

SPINACH ( palak )Botanical Name :- Spinacia Oleracea Family :- Amaranthaceae

Soil & Climate Although spinach is a winter season crop, It can tolerate frost better than other vegetables. It can also tolerate warm weather but high temperature leads to premature bolting without giving economic yield. Palak can be grown on any type of soil possessing good fertility and drainage but sandy loam soil is most suitable. Palak can tolerate slightly alkaline soil; high yields of better quality greens are produced in neutral soils having a pH of 7.0. sowing The main sowing season in plant is from last week of august to second week of November. In hilly region palak sown from march-may. To improve germination , seeds are soaked in water over night before sowing. Spacing line spacing is maintained at 20cm & thinning is done to maintain plant spacing within lines at about 5cm. Seed Rate * winter season crop – 10kg(seed)/ha * summer season crop – 25kg-30kg(seed)/ha Varieties 1) Pusa bharti (yield 50 ton/ha) 2) All green (yield 12ton/ha) 3) Pusa jyoti (yield 50 ton/ha)

Manure & Fertilizer As palak is a leafy vegetable, it requires more nitrogen for crown growth. 25tonnes of farmyard manure, along with 87.5kg N & 30kg P2O5 /ha. Apply whole of farmyard manure & P2O5 & half of N at the time of soil preparation.

Pests and diseases Leaf blight and white rust are major problems in leafy vegetables cultivation.Leaf blight (Rhizoctonia spp). Leaf blight disease is the most severe during rainy season under warm and humid conditions. Symptoms include appearance of white and irregular spots on leaf lamina making the produce unmarketable

*control of leaf blight is given below 1) Avoid splash irrigation 2) Spray Mancozeb @ 4g/1 of cow dung supernatant as fine droplets. Cover plants thoroughly so that spray solution reaches under surfaces of leaves also.

Irrigation In case of insufficient soil moisture apply first irrigation immediately after sowing subsequent irrigation may ne given at an interval of 4-6 days during summer & 10-12 days during winter. Harvesting The crop will be ready for harvesting in about 3-4 weeks after sowing. Subsequent cutting should be taken at an interval of 20-25 days depending upon variety & seasons.

CORIANDERBotanical Name :- Coriandrum Sativum Family :- Apiaceae

Soil & Climate It is a tropical crop and can be grown throughout the year for leaf purposes, but for higher than grain yield it has to be grown in specific season. A dry and cold weather free from frost, especially during flowering and fruit setting stage favours good grain production. Cloudy weather during flowering and fruiting stage favours pest and disease incidences. Heavy rain affects the crop. Black cotton soils with high retentivity of moisture are best under rainfed conditions.

Sowing It is mostly grown as a rabi season crop and hence sowing is done between middle of October and middle of November. an irrigated crop, coriander is raised in June-July and Sep-Oct.

Spacing For irrigated crop, sowing is generally done in rows spaced at 30-40 cm apart with 15 cm between hills. Soil depth should not exceed 3.0 cm.

Seed Rate A seed rate of 10 to 15 kg per hectare is required.

Varieties 1) CO-1 (Yield- 500kg/ha) 2) CO-2 (Yield-600-700kg/ha) 3) Sadhana (Yield-1000kg/ha)

Manure & Fertilizer About 10 tonnes of farm yard manure is applied at the time of last preparation. fertilizers may be applied. Irrigated crop 15:40:20Kg/ha NPK as basal and 15 kg N at 30DAS, Rainfed crop 20:30:20 kg NPK/ha

Pests and diseases At the seedling stage coriander is often attacked by the leaf eating caterpillars and semi-loopers and at the flowering stage by the aphids. Spraying the crop with methyl demeton (0.05 %) is recommended to control aphids but at flowering stage the use of any insecticide would kill the bee population affecting pollination in the crop. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) is a serious disease Spraying wettable sulphur 0.25 % or 0.2 % solution.

Irrigation First irrigation is given 3 days after sowing and thereafter at 10 – 15 days interval depending upon the soil moisture available in the soil.

Harvesting The crop will be ready for harvest in about 90 -110 days depending upon the varieties and growing seasons. In certain varieties, harvesting 50% leaves at 60 days 75 days may be done which will fetch additional income but without affecting the grain yield. Harvesting has to be done when the fruits are fully ripe and start changing from green to brown colour.

FENUGREEKBotanical Name :- Trigonella Foenum Family :- Fabaceae

Soil & Climate * Good soil of medium texture is required. Tolerated pH range is 5.3 to 8.2. * Prepare soil by adding plenty of composted organic material. * Add a ration of lime if the soil is acid. * A sunny, well-drained position and adequate water is required. Sowing Broadcasting –direct seed of Fenugreek under good conditions is recommended in medium black soils well drained .Thin broadcasting is more applicable for it.

Spacing * Land preparation- It cultivated in flat bed this should be in size 3 X 2 m. Fenugreek cultivated by broadcasting in flat bed at 20-25 cm distance in line.

Seed Rate * 25 to 30 kg/ha.

Varieties 1) Kasoori (Yield- 7-8ton/ha) 2) Fenugreek No-47 (Yield- 7-8ton/ha) Manure & Fertilizer 20 ton/hectare well rotten FYM or compost should incorporated at the time of land preparation Top dressing For good quality of fenugreek leaves nitrogen plays a vital role. 20 kg of Nitrogen (43 kg of Urea)/ha. – At Starting 20 kg of Nitrogen (43 kg of Urea)/ha. – After 15 days weeding Pests and diseases Aphids, Leaf minor are major pest infesting Fenugreek. Aphids are black colored and infested the tip of leaf and sucking green Irrigation The irrigation system must ensure uniform distribution and no wastage of water. Fenugreek can be irrigated by surface-irrigation system. There are several methods viz. flooding from ditch, check basin, ring and basin, border strip and furrow.

Harvesting Take out whole plants for fresh use in salads when they are about 5 cm (2 inches) high (cut off the roots)

AMARANTHUSBotanical Name :- Amaranthus Spp Family :- Amaranthaceae

Soil & Climate

Amaranthus is widely distributed in both tropical and sub tropical regions. Leaf amaranth is a warm season crop adapted to hot humid climatic conditions. It is grown throughout the year in tropics and in autumn, spring and summer seasons in temperate regions.Amaranth comes up well in well drained loamy soil rich in organic matter. The ideal is pH is 5.5-7.5 but there are types which can come up in soils with pH as high as 10.0. Sowing & Spacing

The land, after thorough ploughing and leveling, is made into shallow trenches / basins of 50-60 cm width and convenient length. Well decomposed farmyard manure is applied in trenches and thoroughly incorporated in soil by digging. 20-25 days old seedlings, already raised in nursery, are transplanted in trenches at 20-25 x 10-15 cm spacing. Seed Rate * 450-500 g/ha.

Varieties 1) Pusa Kirti (Yield- 55ton/ha) 2) Pusa Kiran (Yield- 35ton/ha) 3) Arka Suguana (Yield- 17-18ton/ha) Manure & Fertilizer 20-25 tonnes of FYM and 50:25:20 kg NPK/ha are recommended as basal dose. Under pulling out method, 20 kg N should be top dressed twice during subsequent pulling out of seedlings. For clipping varieties, a still higher dose of 75:25:25 NPK/ha is advisable. Pests and diseases Leaf blight and white rust are major problems in amaranth cultivation. Leaf blight (Rhizoctonia spp). Leaf blight disease is the most severe during rainy season under warm and humid conditions. Symptoms include appearance of white and irregular spots on leaf lamina making the produce unmarketable. control of leaf blight is given below: • Sow resistant green amaranth variety, CO-1 during rainy season • Spray Mancozeb @ 4g/1 of cow dung supernatant as fine droplets. Cover plants thoroughly so that spray solution reaches under surfaces of leaves also.

Irrigation Grain amaranth is a drought tolerant crop, but leaf amaranth requires frequent irrigation to keep soil moist. Frequency of irrigation depends on soil. Harvesting Amaranth is harvested early in the morning by pulling out or by clipping. In the first method, grown up plants are pulled out at 30, 45 and 55 days after sowing, along with roots, washed and sent to market in small bundles. In multi-cut method, first clipping or cutting is done 25-35 days after sowing. Subsequent cuttings are made at weekly intervals in Chhotti Chaulai and 10 days intervals in Badi Chaulai.

RADISHBotanical Name :- Raphanus Sativus L. Family :- Brassicaceae

Soil & Climate Being a root crop, radish requires loose and friable soil, rich in organic matter. Ideal temperature for growth and development of quality roots in radish is 10-15.5oC. Though it can tolerate high temperature, roots develop pungency under hot weather.

Sowing temperate radish tolerates frost, it is successfully grown between September and January in plains. Tropical types are sown from middle of September onwards. If sowing is done later than November, it bolts earlier.

Spacing European types will be ready in 25-30 days and are sown at a closer spacing of 5-10 cm x 3 cm.

Seed Rate 10-12 kg/ha. Varieties 1) Kashi Sweta (Yield- 45ton/ha) 2) Pusa Himani (Yield- 32ton/ha)

3) CO-1 (Yield- 9-10ton/ha)

Manure & Fertilizer Radish is a quick growing crop, hence the soil should be highly rich in plant nutrients. Add farmyard manure 25-40 tonnes, nitrogcn 18-50 kg in the form of ammonium sulphate, phosphorus 50 kg in the form of superphosphate and potash 50 kg in the form of muriate of potash for one hectare of the field.

Pests and diseases Aphids are the most serious pests of radish. Control - Spraying Malathion 50% in the ratio of one litre in 1000 litres of water gives sufficient high percentage of kill with a residual effect of 2- 3 weeks. 

Alternaria blight This disease is caused by Alternaria raphonic. Symptoms usually first appear on the leaves in the form of yellowish, slightly raised I spots or Iesions.  Copper oxychloride (0.5 to 0.75%), Maneb (0.2%), or Zineb (0.25%) or Blitox 50 can be used as spray

Irrigation It is necessary that enough of soil moisture is available to help uniform seed germination and growth of the plant. If sufficient soil moisture is not available at the time of sowing, the first irrigation is given immediately after sowing. It is advantageous in case of light soils but it hinders the germination in heavy soils.

Harvesting Depending upon the cultivars, the roots become ready for harvesting in about 25-35 days after sowing. Early and rapid maturing European cultivars reach harvest maturity in 25-30 days after sowing. They become bitter and pithy if the harvesting is delayed. In India, harvesting is done manually.

Result & Conclusion

Spinach It is found commonly two diseases i.e. Leaf spot caused by Alternaria spinaciae and wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae.

Fenugreek It is found commonly three diseases i.e. Leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum and powdery mildew caused by Erysiphae polygoni.

The isolation from the infected leafy vegetables samples were carried out on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium.

Mancozeb showed better results in MIC i. e. ranged from 100g/ml to 800g/ml in vitro and in case of in vivo studies, it was ranged from 400g to 1500g/ml of three tested fungi.

REFERENCES

http://www.agropidia.com http://www.agrifarming.in http://www.agriplaza.in http://www.nda.agric.za/co.in http://www.vegetables.co.nz/ INDIAN VEGETABLES -Nutritional attributes of Indian vegetable.June

2008.pdf

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