Alkohol dalam prespektif islam

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Alcohol has been around in various cultures for almost 10 000 years.

It is widely used in Canada, and is closely associated with parties and

celebrations. In 2009, alcohol was consumed by 77% of Canadians aged 15

and over (Health Canada). It has a huge presence in the College and

University environments, and most students claim to have drunk alcohol at

some point during their time at school.

Alcohol is produced by fermenting and sometimes distilling various

fruits, vegetables, or grains. Fermentation is the process where sugars such

as gluctose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into ethanol (alcohol) and

carbon dioxide. When we consume alcohol, it provides our bodies with

energy;each gram of alcohol contains 7 calories of energy. By comparison,

one gram of fat contains 9 calories, one gram of carbohydrate or protein 4

calories.

Interestingly, ethanol has had a wide variety of uses apart from being

found in alcoholic beverages. Among other things, it has been used as a fuel

source, an antiseptic and even an antidote for poisoning for other more toxic

alcohols.

Alcohol is classified as a drug. It is a toxic substance that depresses

the central nervous system and has the capacity to produce physical and

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behavioural dependency. It is the depressant action of alcohol that brings

about most of the commonly observed effects of drinking. The initial

euphoric effect makes it appear to be a stimulant however this soon gives

way to lethargy and a less active response as deeper structures of the brain

are affected.

In small doses, alcohol leaves people feeling relaxed and pleasantly

happy. At higher doses, alcohol can cause decreased awareness, judgement,

coordination and vision. At very high levels, it can lead to loss of motor

function, stupor, unconsciousness (a complete inability to respond to

stimuli), depressed respiration and even death.

Based on the explanation above, we can conclude that alcohol have

even more useless effect for our body, our mind and etc. Allah says in Holy

Qur’an, Al-Baqarah : 219

يسألونك عن اخلمر والميسر قل فيهما إمث كبري ومنافع للناس

وإمثهما أكبـر من نـفعهما ويسألونك ماذا ينفقون قل العفو كذلك

الله لك -٢١٩-م اآليات لعلكم تـتـفكرون يبنيThey ask thee concerning wine and gambling. Say: "In them is great

sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is greater than the profit." They

ask thee how much they are to spend; Say : “ What is beyond your needs”

Thus doth Allah make clear to you His Signs : in order ye may consider.

(Holy Qur’an, 2:219 )

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But, alcohol also has a bright side, that can give an advantage for human,

for example, alcohol can became a cleaner for wound and perfume solvent.

So how about alcohol usage in islamic prespective ? is it permitted for all

kind of product that contains alcohol ? this research will give a little

explanation for this problem.

B. PROBLEM STATEMENT

1. What is the notion of Alcohol ?

2. How about Alcohol usage in Islamic prespective ?

3. How about the Law of using alcoholic perfume ?

4. How about the law of consuming alcohol beverages ?

C. RESEARCH PURPOSES

1. To know about the mean of alcohol

2. To understand the alcohol usage on around us in islamic prespective

3. To comprehend the law of using alcoholic perfume based on islamic

Law

4. To initialize the law of consuming alcohol beverages based on islamic

Law

D. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In finishing this writing, the writer takes library method as one of the

usual ways. That one is easy as it does not need many hard efforts. She

reads books, and the other printed materials in connection with the object,

and connection to the internet for additional materials. In writing this paper,

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the writer uses the methodology to get data that valid to accelerate the

process of statement of this paper. They are as follows :

1. Type of Research

The writer uses qualitative research especially library study because

she uses books as data source. This method was used by the writer to

seek information or data about sunnah way of eating, their kinds, their

miracles and other by searching information and data from internet or by

reading books or opening documents and other printed thing to support

and carry out this paper perfectly.

2. Method of Collecting Data

The data of this paper is written text from any books, internet, or other

printed thing. The writer uses indirect method in collecting the data. It is

writing the substance from the source data indirectly.

3. Method of Data analysis

The writer uses these steps to analysis the data:

a. Arrange the data

b. Verification of data

c. Take Conclusion

Certainly, an extra thinking and observation to support and carry out this

writing into be complete.

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CHAPTER II

THE NOTION OF ALCOHOL

I. THE MEANS OF ALCOHOL

Alcohol is a name given to a family of organic substances containig

the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.The most known and widely

used alcohol is ethanol.It is a colourless liquid at room temperature with low

boiling point so it vapourises easily giving a distinctive smell of people who

are drunk because of heavy intake of alcohol.

In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which

the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a carbon atom. In

particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to

three other atoms.

An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the

general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol (C2H5OH) is the

type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the

word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.

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CHAPTER II











three other atoms.





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CHAPTER II











three other atoms.





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Ethanol is widely used industrially as solvents for paint, perfume,

varnish, dyes, cough mixtures, food additives, printing ink and as an

antiseptic. It can also be used as fuel but its use is limited due to its high

production costs. Ethanol is also used in the production of other substances

like synthetic rubber, vinegar and other solvents. Ethanol is the main content

of alcoholic beverages and the amount is measured by the percentage of

alcohol by volume.

Ethanol can be produced in two ways:

(i) by the fermentation of sugars in grapes and malt in brewing and

wine-making

(ii) by the addition of steam (water) to ethene which is a product of

petroleum

In the preparation of ethanol, both fermentation and ethene + steam

methods can be carried out on a massive industrial scale. Fermentation is

too slow so the second way is used to produce ethanol for use other than in

drinks.

Alcohol also has been interpreted as substances that cause intoxication

or as intoxicants and is harmful to our body. The intake of alcohol and wine

is considered as intentional intake of intoxicant. Alcohol can be produced

through various processes such as fermentation, chemical processes or

others methods. It is also used as an ingredient or processing aids in many

products such as medicine, soft drink and cosmetics. Their uses in these

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products are not intentionally meant to be as an intoxicating drink or

substance such as beer or wine. It acts as stabilizing agent in soft drinks and

its special characteristic that is good organic solvents make alcohol or its

derivatives usable in many types of oil and fat products.

Alcohol is a drug. It is classed as a depressant, meaning that it slows

down vital functions—resulting in slurred speech, unsteady movement,

disturbed perceptions and an inability to react quickly. As for how it affects

the mind, it is best understood as a drug that reduces a person’s ability to

think rationally and distorts his or her judgment.

Although classified as a depressant, the amount of alcohol consumed

determines the type of effect. Most people drink for the stimulant effect,

such as a beer or glass of wine taken to “loosen up.” But if a person

consumes more than the body can handle, they then experience alcohol’s

depressant effect. They start to feel “stupid” or lose coordination and

control. Alcohol overdose causes even more severe depressant effects

(inability to feel pain, toxicity where the body vomits the poison, and finally

unconsciousness or, worse, coma or death from severe toxic overdose).

These reactions depend on how much is consumed and how quickly.

II. THE HISTORY OF ALCOHOL

Paradoxically, it was Muslim chemists who were responsible for

developing distillation to a high level of sophistication and transmitting it to

Europe via Spain. Although distillation is a process which arose

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independently in different places in the world, Muslims greatly improved

distillation technology.

In the eighth century Muslims developed that distinctively shaped

apparatus which is a staple of every chemistry laboratory—the alembic—for

the efficient collection of distillate through a descending condensation tube.

The words "alembic" and "alcohol" both came into English from Arabic (a/-

is the prefix "the" in Arabic). The word "alcohol' comes from alkuhul,

Arabic for "powdered antimony," or "a fine powder," later "essence," and

still later alcool vini,, shortened in the nineteenth century to "alcohol."

Muslims also developed and introduced into Europe the cultivation of

sugar cane and an efficient process for sugar extraction which, combined

with distillation technology, gave birth to the production of rum. Despite its

formal religious prohibition, the consumption of alcohol has never been

eradicated under Islam.

The continuing importance of alcohol can be seen through the

literatures of the areas to which Islam spread. In both Arabic and Persian

poetry the consumption of alcohol remained an important theme, even after

the introduction of Islam. In the Arab world this is attested by the

flourishing genre of khamriyya (wine, or bacchic) poetry and the work of

the ibahi (licentious) poets. Abu Nuwas is perhaps the most famous of these

early poets who glorified wine and drunkenness. Wine also figures

prominently in the work of Hispano-Arabic poets of the tenth to the

fifteenth centuries, such as the Cordoban zajal poet Ibn Quzman, the

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satirical muwashshahat poet al-Abyad (who was crucified by the Almoravid

governor of Cordoba), Ibn Bajja of Saragossa, and Ibn Zuhr (the latter two

both were poisoned). In this poetry, alcohol is often associated with other

vices, such as homoeroticism with handsome cupbearers (Monroe 1974).

The Persians had a flourishing genre of wine poetry before and after

Islam—with Sadi , the ghazal poet Hafez, and Omar Khayyam, best known

among Westerners through Edward Fitzgerald's famous (and Somewhat

inaccurate) translation.

In the Iranian-influenced world, the consumption of wine was part of

a courtly tradition—built into the royal job description, so to speak. In

Persian and Arabic poetry wine is often a metaphor which does not

necessarily reflect actual alcohol consumption, as in the metaphor of

drunkenness to represent religious ecstasy in mystic Sufi poetry. After the

death of Muhammad, Islam spread westward across North Africa and into

Europe, north into the Middle East and Central Asia, east into Southeast

Asia, and south into subSaharan Africa.

The Ottoman Empire extended Islam into Eastern Europe.Under the

Arabs and Ottomans subject peoples such as Christians And Jews were

usually allowed to maintain their traditions, including the production and

consumption Of alcohol, although they had to pay special taxes. Thus there

has been alcohol production throughout The Islamic world for minority

groups, combined with different degrees of illicit consumption by Muslims.

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III. THE KIND OF ALCOHOL AND IT’S USEFULNESS

Based on the position of the carbon atoms in the compound binds to

the hydroxyl group of alcohol, the alcohol is grouped into 3 categories,:

a) Primary alcohols: is an alcohol with a hydroxyl group (-OH)

attached to a primary carbon atom. primary carbon atom is a carbon

atom with a carbon atom other

b) Secondary alcohol: an alcohol group (-OH) attached to a secondary

carbon atom. secondary carbon atom is a carbon atom bound to two

other carbon atoms

c) Tertiary alcohol : an alcohol group (-OH ) attached to a tertiary

carbon atom. Tertiary carbon atom is a carbon atom bound to three

other carbon atoms.

Alcohol is a substance that has a relatively high boiling point

compared to hydrocarbons same number of carbon atoms. this is due to the

intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules due

to the hydroxyl group polat.

Alcohol having less than five carbon atoms soluble in water. solubility

is caused by the similarity between the structure of alcohols (R-OH) and

water (H-OH), therefore, the longer the carbon chain of the alcohol

solubility in water dwindle

1) Methanol is made on a large scale through a hardwood distillation

produces about 225 gallons of distillate containing 6% methanol,

95% methanol is currently produced through the hydrogenation of

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CO with the catalyst (ZnO, Cr2O3) and heated in stages with high

pressure that occurs following reaction CO (g) +2 H2 (g)> CH3OH

(l). in the methanol industry is used as a raw material for making

formaldehyde, antifreeze and as a solvent like liquid varnish. on

motor vehicles, methanol is used as auto fuel formula

2) Ethanol has been known and used in the past, both as a solvent

pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, beverages such as beer, wine and

whiskey. Ethanol can be made by fermentation that changes class

compound polysaccharides, such as starch was destroyed in a

simpler form with the help of enzymes (yeast)

Alcohol production from starch (corn, rice and wheat), initially

involves the enzymatic conversion of starch into glucose. subsequently

converted into alcohol with the help zymase, an enzyme produced by the

fungus live1.

IV. THE BRIGHT SIDE OF ALCOHOL

Alcohol made from fruits or vegetables are fermented. Fermentation

is a process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugars in the food into

alcohol. Fermentation is used to produce the important stuff - like cheese

and medicine. Alcohol has different forms and can be used as a cleanser,

antiseptic, or a sedative.

So, if alcohol is a natural product, why would someone need to worry

about drinking it? When a person drinks alcohol, the alcohol will be

1 Sunarya Yayan, S.Agus, Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Kimia, ( Jakarta, PT.Grafindo Mediatama,2004 ) hal159-163

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absorbed into the blood. From there, the alcohol will affect the central

nervous system (brain and spinal cord), which controls virtually all body

functions

Alcohol is a depressant, which means that alcohol slows the function

of the central nervous system. Alcohol blocks the messages delivered to the

brain. It changed the perception of people, emotions, movement, vision, and

hearing.

In a very small amount, alcohol can help a person feel more relaxed or

reduce anxiety. Large amounts of alcohol causes changes in the brain,

resulting in a drunken state, people would be staggering, loss of

coordination, and speech will change. They will probably be confused and

distraught. drunk can make someone very friendly and talkative or very

aggressive and angry, it depends on the person.

When a drunk person will feel noticeably slower time. Why are

people not allowed to drive while drunk?. That's because the people who

think that drunk they move even though they do not move. They act very

different from their own character.

A person who consumes a lot of alcohol in a short period of time can

result in alcohol poisoning. Mild symptoms of alcohol poisoning are

vomiting. And extreme symptoms are unconsciousness, difficulty breathing,

low blood sugar, high blood pressure, liver cancer, heart attacks, and even

can cause death2.

2 Nn, Teknologi Sains;Dampak Positif Alkohol terhadap Tubuh,www.cuplik.com, diakses 23 April 2013

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About alcohol, our impression or most people are probably not useful.

But one thing you should know, for the health, alcohol is usually used as a

cleaner or antiseptic.

The benefits of alcohol are in the following :

1) Reduce The Risk of Disease and Heart Attack

When consumed in low doses, alcohol can reduce blood

pressure. Conversely, when consumed in excess, alcohol has a

negative effect on the body. Alcohol helps to clear fat from the

arteries and reduce blood clotting. This may limit the possibility

of disease and heart attack.

2) Reduce The Risk of Stroke

Drinking alcohol in limited amounts can lower the risk of

heart attack and stroke risk. The most common type of stroke is

called an ischemic stroke. This occurs when vessels that carry

blood to the brain is blocked. Other types of ischemic stroke is

hemorrhagic. Hemorrhage occurs when blood seeps out of the

blood vessels in the brain.

3) Improve The Quality of Sleep at Night

For some people, a glass of alcohol before bedtime has a

positive effect on the body. However, excessive consumption

actually disrupt your sleep. Instead of a deep sleep, you awake all

night and exposed even insomnia.

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4) Has a Diuretic Effect

Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it has the effect of pushing

el agua out of the body faster. Heavy drinkers may be dehydrated

due to frequent urination. Consumption in moderation, has a

diuretic effect that is not harmful.

5) Improve Social Interaction

Alcohol can increase the cognition that makes people more

friendly personality. People who often drink at the bar, they will

be easier to open a conversation with a stranger. In fact, they've

got a lot of jokes to laugh at. Alcohol is thought to be similar

psychotropic can change a person's psychological condition.

6) Interfere with Other Drugs Reaction

Alcohol consumption can interfere with drug reactions or

other compounds in the body. That means the drugs are processed

in the liver, it will not be digested quickly. As a result, a person

will feel the effects of the drug are much more powerful.

7) Important warnings!

Alcohol does have a positive impact on health. However, it

does not mean you can eat them in excess. Remember!

Everything overstated always bad for health3.

3Merdeka.com day Wednesday, August 29, 2012

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CHAPTER III

SAMPLE OF OBSERVATION

ALCOHOL BEVERAGES

I. THE NOTION OF ALCOHOL BEVERAGES

An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethyl alcohol

which is commonly referred to as ethanol. Alcoholic beverages are

divided into three general classes fortaxation and regulation of

production: beers, wines, and spirits (or distilled beverage). They are

legally consumed in most countries with over 100 countries having

laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption.

The production and consumption of alcohol occurs in most

cultures of the world, from hunter-gathererpeoples to nation-

states. Alcohol is widely available with beer being the third-most

popular drink overall in the world, after water and tea

A distilled beverage, spirit, or liquor is an alcoholic beverage

produced by distilling (i.e., concentrating by distillation) ethanol

produced by means of fermentinggrain, fruit, or vegetables.

Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic beverages that have an

alcohol content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits. For the most

common distilled beverages, such as whiskey and vodka, the alcohol

content is around 40%. The term hard liquor is used in North America

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to distinguish distilled beverages from undistilled ones (implicitly

weaker). Vodka, gin, baijiu, tequila, whisky, brandy, and soju are

examples of distilled beverages.

Distilling concentratesthe alcohol and eliminates some of

the congeners. Freeze distillation concentrates ethanol along

with methanol and fusel alcohols (fermentation by-products partially

removed by distillation) in applejack. Paracelsus gave alcohol its

modern name, which is derived from an Arabic word that means

“finely divided” (a reference to distillation).

a) Neutral grain spirit (también llamado pure grain alcohol

(PGA) o grain neutral spirit (GNS)) is a claro, colorless,

flammable liquid que se ha distilled from a grain-based mash to

a muy high level of ethanol content. The term neutral refers to the

spirit's lacking the flavor that would have estado presente if the

mash ingredients were distilled a un menor nivel of alcoholic

purity, así como lacking any aroma añadido to it después de la

destilación (como se hace, for example, with gin) .

Other kinds of spirits, such as whisky, are distilled to

a alcohol inferior percentage con el fin de preserve the flavor of

the mash. As a defined standard of identification bajo US law,

"neutral spirits" o "neutral alcohol" are distilled spirits produced

from cualquier material at or above 95% alcohol by volume.

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b) "Rectified spirit" or "rectified alcohol" is neutral alcohol which

has been purified by means of "rectification" (i.e., repeated

distillation). It will contain at least 95% ABV. It is normally used

for medicinal purposes but can also be used to make

homemade liqueurs. It can be a grain spirit or can be made from

other plants. Rectified spirits are used in mixed drinks, in the

production of liqueurs, for medicinal purposes, and as a household

solvent. In chemistry, a tincture is a solution that has alcohol as its

solvent.

The term alcohol-free (e.g. alcohol-free beer) is often used to

describe a product that contains 0% ABV. As such, it is permitted

by Islam, and is also popular in countries that enforce alcohol

prohibition, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran.

Most of the alcohol-free drinks sold in Sweden's state-run

liquor store monopoly Systembolaget actually contain alcohol, with

experts calling the label "misleading" and a threat to

recovering alcoholics. Systembolaget define alcohol-free as a drink

that contains a maximum of 0.5 percent alcohol by volume.

Interestingly, the drug policy of Sweden is based on zero tolerance.

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II. ALCOHOL PROHIBITION TRIP

Most Muslims would agree that alcohol is forbidden, but how

to apply this prohibition is not always clear. To begin with, what is it

exactly that is forbidden? Abu Dawud gives a Hadith in which

Muhammad (to which list the Caliph 'Umar added millet and left out

honey);

: وهي من مخسة , ر نـزل حترمي اخلم : ( وعن عمر رضي اهللا عنه قال ◌

ما خامر : والشعري واخلمر , واحلنطة , والعسل , والتمر , من العنب

متـفق عليه ) العقل

“Umar said: there was a verse to prohibit arrack that made from five

materials, they are : grapes, dates, honey, wheat dan sya'ir. Arrack is

something that can change human mind. Muttafaq Alaihi”

Does this mean that alcohol from the fermentation of products

other than these is allowable? Are liquids that are not explicitly

permitted forbidden? Or are liquids that are not explicitly forbidden

permitted—such as rum distilled from sugar made from cane? The

Prophet is reported to have consumed fermented liquid to which water

had been added, saying "If these drinks climb to your head, break

their benefit with water" (Gatje 1996:202, 206), which would seem to

contradict Hadith

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: وعن جابر رضي اهللا عنه أن رسول الله صلى اهللا عليه وسلم قال ◌

وصححه . واألربـعة , أخرجه أمحد ) فـقليله حرام , ما أسكر كثريه (

بانابن ح

From Jabir R.A : The Prophet Muhammad SAW said : Of that which

intoxicates in a large amount, a small amount is haram"

although perhaps not, since the dilution story is from the Meccan

period. Other kinds of questions arise.

If wine is forbidden then is vinegar, which is a product of

wine, (although it does not contain alcohol) also forbidden? When a

container is used for wine is it then contaminated, such that one

should not drink from it ? If the container is thoroughly washed then

can one use it for another liquid, such as milk? Is a perfume which has

an alcohol base permitted, since it is for external use only?

Can one take medicines which contain alcohol ? If alcohol

based medicines are forbidden, are they forbidden even if prescribed

by a doctor for a life-threatening illness? Can one attend a social event

at which alcohol is served if one does not consume alcohol at the

event? If one is offered alcohol, should one refuse, or is it acceptable

to hold the glass in one's hand but not drink from it?

For such questions, Muslims have recourse to religious

scholars. The opinion of a Muslim scholar in response to such a

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question is called a fatwa. As has been mentioned earlier, Islam has

no central authority or hierarchy, so that different scholars may give

different fatwa-s in response to the same question. Muslims follow the

scholars whose opinions they respect or believe most authoritative,

just as Christians of different denominations follow different

prescribed practices but consider themselves co-religionists.

a. First Stage : Alcohol not Prohibited but Mildly Discouraged

In the early period of revelat'ons to Muhammad there

was no prohibition against alcohol. On Holy Qur’an, Allah

said :

إمث كبري ومنافع للناس يسألونك عن اخلمر والميسر قل فيهما


الله لكم اآليات لعلكم تـتـفكرون -٢١٩-يبني“They ask thee concerning wine and gambling, Say : in them is great

sin, and some profit, for men, but the sin is greater than the profit.

They ask thee how much they are to spend; Say: what is beyond your

needs. Thus doth Allah make clear to you His Signs: In order that ye

my consider” ( Holy Qur’an, 2:219 )

This verse ( ayat ) is apparently an early revelation,a mild

injunction associating alcohol with gambling, acknowledging that

there is some good in both practices, but stating that on balance the

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bad in both out weighs the good. The text implies that both should be

avoided, but does not go so far as to forbid either practice.

ومن مثرات النخيل واألعناب تـتخذون منه سكرا ورزقا حسنا إن يف

-٦٧-ذلك آلية لقوم يـعقلون

“And from the fruit of the palm and the vine, ye get out strong drink

and wholesome food: behold, in this also is a sign for those who are

wise” ( Holy Qur’an, 16:67 )

Similarly, this verse suggests that "those who are wise" will be

able to distinguish the "wholesome drink and food" of "the date palm

and the grape vine," implying that the fermented date and grape

products might be unwholesome, but not explicitly prohibiting them.

The First verse and and the second are both thought to date from the

early revelations in Mecca, before the Prophet went to Medina.

b. Second Stage : Alcohol Prohibited for Certain Occasion

Problems arose when some of the followers of

Muhammad SAW came to prayer having consumed alcohol to the

point of drunkenness. This led to a prohibition against coming to

prayer under the influence of alcohol as mention on Holy Qur’an

ا يا أيـها الذين آمنوا ال تـقربوا الصالة وأنتم سكارى حىت تـعلموا م

-٤٣- ...........تـقولون وال جنبا إال عابري سبيل حىت تـغتسلوا

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“ O ye who believe ! approach not prayers in a state of intoxication,

until ye can understand all that ye say, nor in a state of ceremonial

impurity except when you’re passing by ( through the mosque ) until

after washing your whole body” ( Holy Qur’an, 4:43 )

Since an observant Muslim prays five times a day, at intervals

of a few hours, it would be difficult to drink to excess and be sober for

the next prayer, as mention in Holy Qur’an :

نكم العداوة والبـغضاء يف اخلمر ا يريد الشيطان أن يوقع بـيـ إمن

-والميسر ويصدكم عن ذكر الله وعن الصالة فـهل أنتم منتـهون

٩١-“Satan’s plan is ( but ) to excite enmity and hatred between you, wih

intoxicants and gambling, and hinder you from the rememberance of

Allah, and from prayer, will ye not the abstain?” ( Holy Qur’an, 5:91 )

Revelations the verse above ( verse 4:43 ) with this verse are thought

to have come from the later period, when the Prophet was the leader

of the community in Yathrib (later known as Medina).

c. Third Stage : Full Prohibition of Alcohol

At a later stage, Muhammad entirely prohibited the

drinking of of alcohol at all times, elevating the drinking of alcohol to

a severe transgression with refers to Qur’an

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ا اخلمر والميسر واألنصاب واألزالم رجس من يا أيـها الذين آمنوا إمن

ا يريد الشي -٩٠-عمل الشيطان فاجتنبوه لعلكم تـفلحون طان إمن

نكم العداوة والبـغضاء يف اخلمر والميسر ويصدكم عن أن يوقع بـيـ

-٩١-ذكر الله وعن الصالة فـهل أنتم منتـهون “O ye who believe! intoxicants and gambling, sacrifing to stones and

divination by arrows are an abomination of satan’s handiwork; eschew

such (abomination ) that ye may prosper ( 90 )Satan’s plan is (but) to

excite enmity and hatred between you, wih intoxicants and gambling,

and hinder you from the rememberance of Allah, and from prayer,

will ye not the abstain? (91)”

Stories of the life of Muhammad recount that at that point

Muslims threw out all their wine and that the streets of Medina flowed

with wine. This is reflected by the Hadith that prohibit even moderate

drinking and even indirect association with alcohol against dealing in

wine grapes as reflection from Hadith "If someone stockpiles grapes

during harvest time and holds them in order to sell to a Jew or

Christian or anyone else (even if he be a Muslim) who produces

khamr, he will be leaping into the Fire with his eyes open." [Tabarani,

Hafiz] or producing, serving, transporting, selling or buying wine or

wine grapes

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)رواه مسلم والنسائ ( ومعتصرها وحاملها واحملمولة اليه Allah cursing arrack drinker, who serve it, who sell it, who buy it,

who order to make, who bring it and who accept it ( Hadith Muslim

and Nasa’i )

and by analogy against any substance which intoxicates or clouds the

brain like mentioned before.

There is general agreement that the usual penalty prescribed

by Muhammad's first successor, Abu Bakr, was 40 blows with a palm

branch or a sandal, and that Khalid ibnWalid increased this to 80

blows (Wensinck & Sadan 1985).4

أن النيب صلى اهللا عليه وسلم (عن أنس بن مالك رضي اهللا عنه ◌

وفـعله : قال . فجلده جبريدتـني حنو أربعني , أتى برجل قد شرب اخلمر

فـقال عبد الرمحن بن , فـلما كان عمر استشار الناس , أبو بكر

متـفق عليه ) فأمر به عمر , دود مثانون أخف احل : عوف

From Anas Ibnu Malik that the Prophet Muhammad SAW ever visited

by the drinker of arrack then hit him with both of palm branch 40

blows, Abu Bakar also did like that. When Umar become Leader, Umar

4 Michalak, Laurence dan Trocki, Karen/Contemporary Drug Problems 33/Alcohol and Islam:anOverview/2006

25

discussed this problem with the society, then Abdurrahman Ibnu ‘Auf

said : the lightest punishment is 80 blows then Umar order to do this (

Muttafaq Alaihi )

III. THE LAW OF CONSUMING ALCOHOL BEVERAGES

Khamr is the kind of drink that can intoxicate and anaesthetize

someone who is drunk. And alcohol falls into the kind khamr. Khamr is

forbidden by Allah for a Muslim to have much less mengkonsumsinya.

It is also due to the type of beverage Khamr harm or disadvantage is

much larger than the benefits contained therein. Allah says:

ر قل فيهما إمث كبري ومنافع للناس يسألونك عن اخلمر والميس


الله لكم اآليات لعلكم تـتـفكرون -٢١٩-يبنيThey ask about khamr and gambling. Say to them is great sin,

and some profit, for men. But the sin is greater than the benefits. (Holy

Qur’an, Al Baqarah: 219).

The verse above is the verse was revealed to be a bad habit

warns Arabs khamr drink. This bad habit is very often done by Arabs

moment. Then God gives emphasis on drinking ban khamr to his word

in the Qur'an:

26

يا أيـها الذين آمنوا ال تـقربوا الصالة وأنتم سكارى حىت تـعلموا ما

...تـقولون

"O ye who believe, do not praying are you drunk until you

understand what you are saying". (Surat An-Nisa.: 43).

To be sent down the verse on it reinforced how khamr is

prohibited consumed by prohibiting the believers to prayer drunk by

drinking khamr. And once again it sent down revelation that very strictly

forbids a believer to approach khamr as mentioned in Surah Al Maidah

verse 90 above.

In a hadith, the Prophet said,

كل مسكر مخر وكل مسكر حرام

Abdullah bin Umar, the Prophet said: "Every intoxicant is

khamr (including khamr) and every khamr is forbidden." (Narrated by

Ahmad and Abu Dawud)

Bukhari and Muslim narrated that Umar bin Khattab orate:

"After this, O man, has indeed revealed law banning khamr. It is made

from one of the five elements: grapes, palm, honey, corn and wheat.

Khamr is something that perplex your mind. "What did Umar bin Khttab

as Commander of the Faithful at the same time in no way opposed by

other companion

27

Khamr is a drink that can perplex someone who drank

common sense and has adverse effects on the health for consume it. This

is a cause for every believer Khamr forbidden to have much less

consumed it.

28

ALCOHOLIC PERFUME

I. THE NOTION OF PERFUME

A fragrance is not a single material of clearly defined

properties, but rather a mixture of individual chemicals, each behaving

according to its own unique attributes. Characterizing these chemicals

separately, and then combining their effects, allows the behavior of

the complete fragrance composition in diverse media to be

understood.

Important properties of fragrance chemicals include volatility,

polarity, surface activity and stability. Each fragrance component

interacts with the chemical and structural nature of the environment to

determine the aesthetic and the physical characters of the final system.

The combined talents of the perfumer and the technical staff,

working closely together, are needed to create a successful

commercial product.

Perfume or fragrance is a blend of essential oils and aroma

compounds (aroma compound) fixatives and solvents used to give

fragrance to the human body or space object. The amount and type of

solvent mixed with perfume used to determine whether a perfume is

considered as extract perfume Eau de parfum Eau de toilette or Eau de

Cologne.

Perfume has been known since thousands years ago - the word

"perfume" comes from the Latin per fume that mean "through smoke".

29

One of the oldest perfume uses a form of burning incense and

aromatic herbs used in religious services, often for aromatic gums and

myrrh incense collected from the tree. Egypt was the first to

incorporate perfume into their culture followed by the ancient Chinese

Arabic Greek Hindu Israel Carthaginians and Romans. The earliest

use of perfume bottles is in Egypt around 1000 BC. Egypt found the

glass and perfume bottles were one of the first public used of glass

Its very important to recognize the type of perfume before

wear it, because we can recognize what type of perfume that suits for

us and fits in the moment that we will use the perfume .

Perfumes mean an extracted oil from plants and fruit,

combined with some chemical and water that formulated and issued

fragrance..

Types of Oil Perfume consists of three kinds:

Eau de perfume: The perfume with a low alcohol content, but

contens the highest levels of essence among the other types of

perfume but it has a strong scent and can survive long enough.

Suitable for a party or event at night.

Eau de Toilette: The perfume with high level of alcohol content with

a suitable essence content for its soft aroma not too strong and

durable. Suitable for use on any occasion..

Eau de Cologne: This fragrance is light and the standard type of

fragrance with the highest alcohol content among the other type of

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perfume. This fragrance type has low levels of essence and also

commonly used after bathing to refresh exhausted body.

The fragrance pyramid

Perfume oils need to be diluted with a solvent because

essential oil / pure oil (either natural or synthetic) contain high

concentrations of volatile components that will cause an allergic

reactions and possibly injury when used directly on the skin or

clothing. Essential oils also evaporate the solvent and help them

spread into the air.

The most commonly used solvent for perfume oil dilution is

ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water. Perfumes oils can also be

diluted by neutralize the smell of grease using fractionated coconut oil

or wax.

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The percentage concetrate volume of perfume oil in the

following:

Perfume extract: 20% -40% aromatic compounds

Eau de perfume: 10-30% aromatic compounds

Eau de toilette: 5-20% aromatic compounds

Eau de cologne: 2-5% aromatic compounds

The highest amount of aromatic essence precentage will create

an intencity and long-lasting aroma5.

The fragrance wheel

II. HISTORY OF PERFUMERY

People’s use of scents, aromas and fragrances has been used

for many centuries, and when and why people started to prepare and

use them seems lost to us. However, over the years, evidence has

been found through archeological findings, as well as texts written by

our ancestors, that has shown just how aromas were being used. In

5 Pelapak Iklan Baris Gratis, Salsa Parfum Aroma Khas Indo,www.google.com, diakses 12 April 2013

32

the very early civilizations, scented flowers and herbs were used by

people to worship the Gods, and when burned, some of these plants

would release strong aromas. Such scented fires became part of many

religious rituals. In fact, you will find that many religions still use

scented fires today.

Both the Assyrian’s and Egyptians used scented oils. Because

of this, the demand for the raw materials needed to produce both

fragrances and remedies led to the discovering of new ways of

extracting scents from the plants they used. Such techniques as

pressing, decoction, pulverization and maceration were developed and

mastered by both the Assyrian’s and the Egyptians. They even made

attempts at trying to produce essential oils by distillation.

Slowly, the use of perfumes spread to Greece, where not only

were they used in religious ceremonies, but also for personal purposes

as well. When the Romans saw what the Greeks were doing, they

began to use fragrances even more lavishly. There are many

manuscripts around describing the herbs which they brought from all

over the world to produce the fragrances they used.

However, as the Roman Empire fell, so the use of aromas for

personal use began to decline. However, during the Middle Ages,

perfumes again were being used only in churches in Europe for

religious ceremonies and to cover the stench caused by the many

diseases which abounded at this time.

33

Then when trade with the Orient was reestablished at the

beginning of the 13 th Century, exotic flowers, herbs and spices

became more readily available around Europe. Venice quickly became

the center of the perfume trade. It was not long before perfumery

soon spread to other European countries. The perfume trade then

developed even further, as those returning from the crusades

reintroduced perfume for personal use.

However by the late 18 th Century, the synthetic material

fragrance was being produced, and this was the beginning of

perfumery in the modern age. Thus with the introduction of

synthetics, perfumes would no longer be exclusively used by the rich

and famous. Also, because synthetics were now being used to

produce perfumes, they could now be made on a much larger scale,

although naturals were still also being used to help soften the

synthetics.

Today, natural products still remain a very important part of

the production of perfumes in modern formulations. But today, more

and more people are turning away from the industrial techniques of

producing perfume, and preferring to make it themselves instead. But

for many people making their own perfumes, not only is it easy to do,

but it is also a great source of pleasure and fun for them6.

6 Nn, How to Make Your Own Perfume, www.tipnut.com, 2013

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III. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND KHAMR

Now, we will talk more about alcohol. Most of moslem don’t

know how to differ between alcohol ethanol or alcoholic beverages.

And they feel uncertain to consume a variety kind of things that

contains alcohol.

Alcohol is the most name to call ethanol, that also

named grain alcohol; and sometimes used to name alcoholic

beverages . It is because ethanol is the main component of alcohol

(not methanol or the other alcohol groups)that contained in that

beverages. And ethanol is the alcohol that used in farmation side. But

actually alcohol in chemistry has a wider mean than explained before.

In chemistry, alcohol is the generally term for all of organic

compound that contains hydroxcyl cluster (-OH) that bide by carbon

atom, and also bide by hydrogen atom or other carbon atom. Can we

conclude here based on its function compound, alcohol has many

class. The simple class are methanol and ethanol. And the crucial class

like cyclohexanol (used in nylon industry) that ring shaped, and also

sorbitol (like sucrose that often we find in beverages) that shaped

macromolecul.

Ethanol, also called grain alcohol, pure alcohol is a sort of

volatile, flammable and colorless liquid, has a specific smell and its an

alcohol that right usually use in daily activity. Ethanol is psychoactive

35

medicine and can detectable in alcoholic beverages and modern

termometer. Ethanol is one of the oldest recreation medicine. Ethanol

belongs to single core alcohol, with chemistry formula C2H5OH and

empirical formula C2H6O. Ethanol is constitutional isometri from

dimetil eter. Ethanol often called briefly with EtOH, with "Et" that

abreviation from etil cluster (C2H5).

From explanation above, briefly alcohol used to call three

technical term:

First: Alcohol for chemistry compound which is have a function

cluster –OH, and its compound usually ended by alcohol or –nol

word.For example, alcohol in honeybee is : benzyl alcohol, beta-

methallyl alcohol, ethanol, isobutanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol,

3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-pentanol, n-butanol, n-

pentanol, n-propanol, phenylethyl alcohol.

Second: Alcohol usually used to named ethanol. Such as usually find

in perfume, mouth wash, deodorant, cosmetic and etc.

Third : Alcohol for alcoholic beverages., and it is intoxicated. In that

beverage, contains ethanol element but not at all.

For the third term, it is clear to call unlawful because it’s belonging to

khomr. As right as mention in Hadith,

كل مسكر مخر وكل مسكر حرام

36

“Every intoxicant is khamr, and every khamr is haram (unlawful).”

Ethanol for humans consume as alcohol bverages and fuel

produced by fermentation. Alcohol beverages produced by

fermentation of basic material that contents high enough glukose.

Common basic material that used is seedish like corn, rice, wheat ,

gerst, tubers like potato and kaspe cassava, fruits ( grapes, apple, pear

and cherry), palm trees (sugar palm, coconut, fan palm, and nipa

palm), cana sugar and beetroot, also molasses. Especially for material

from seeed, before going to fermentation process the material have to

processed first by soaked it into become a shoot or sprout, after that

you have to boil it and processed into a porridge and cooked again.

The common yeast that used is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

This yeast produce an enzyme that used for break sugar either glucose

or fructose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

The prominent process is :

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

But fermentation is can’t be as simple as this process, beside produce

both of that essence, the process also produce glycerine and organic

acid. The fermentation process depends on the material that used and

goods that will be produced. Uncomplete fermentation process usually

take place during 1 – 2 weeks can produce a product with ethanol

content until 3-8 % example beer product. Besides, the complete

37

fermentation needs a month even a year to produce a product with

ethanol contents until 7- 18 % as long as wine making process.

The ethanol contens of fermentation alcohol beverages usually

can reach 18 % because commonly the yeast can’t live on beverages

that contens ethanol over 18%. So, if you want to make a beverages

with the high ethanol contens you have to do distilation process

toward the product from fermentation process. The product from

distilation process called distilled beverages.

IV. ETHANOL WAS A PURE ESSENCE

This discussion will observe what is the law of dari ethanol

(C2H5OH) , is it pure and permitted? We will give a illustration for

this problem.

Water sometimes mixed with another essence. Sometimes

water blende with lawful beverages. Sometimes also blended in

unlawful beverages like arrack. But, how the original law of water if

not mixed with another essence ? because we get back to the original

law of all things that is lawful or permitted. Allah was said in Holy

Qur’an,

يعا مث استـوى إىل السماء ه و الذي خلق لكم ما يف األرض مج

فسواهن سبع مساوات وهو بكل شيء عليم

38

“It is He Who hath created for you all things that are on earth ; then he

turned to the heaven and them into seven firmaments and of all things;

He hath perfect knowledge .” (Holy Qur’an, Al-Baqarah :29)

....◌ قل من حرم زينة الله اليت أخرج لعباده والطيبات من الرزق

“Say; who hath forbidden the beautiful ( gifts ) of Allah , which he

hath produced for His servant and the things, clean and pure ( which

He hath provided ) for sustenance?" (Holy Qur’an , Al A’rof: 32)

If the water was mixed with another essence then the law

moved from law of water become the law of the mixed. Example for

alcohol beverages, the water was blended with forbidden things so the

law was unlawful ( haram )

If we applied the illustration above to ethanol, the law will be

same and ethanol was pure and permitted.

It will be different if ethanol mixed or blended in alcohol

beverages . At this moment ethanol also mixed with asetanilda,

propanol, butanol, and methanol that was identified poisonous. So, the

mixed was haram ( unlawful ) because it can be intoxicate and damage

mind.

But how if Ethanol only mixed with the water ? Is it unlawful?

The answer is comeback to the ethanol original law that is permitted.

But ethanol is toxic and not for consumed . If pure ethanol was

consumed it only can cause stomachache or death .

39

Then, we can conclude that :

1. The original law of Ethanol if it not mixed with another

essence is halal ( permitted )

2. The law of ethanol can be changed haram ( unlawful ) if it

mixed with another forbidden things .

3. When ethanol was in alcohol beverages , the law is the law of

alcohol beverages not the ethanol.

V. THE LAW OF USING ALCOHOLIC PERFUME

Some Muslim scholars say that wearing alcohol-based

perfumes is allowed in Islam. In this regard, Al-Azhar House of Fatwa

issued the following Fatwa: "In Islam, it is unanimously held that all

things are supposed to be deemed pure, and that it is not necessary that

all what is declared forbidden is considered impure. This is because

impurity is a legal ruling that needs evidence. For example, drugs and

fatal poisons are forbidden, yet this by no means qualify them to be

impure.

For this reason, some scholars including Rabiàh, Al-Layth

Ibn Sa`d, Al-Muzani (the companion of Ash-Shafiì) and some other

scholars hold that wine is pure regardless of its being unlawful, and

that only drinking it is forbidden. However, the majority of jurists are

of the view that wine is impure and forbidden.

40

Thus, we conclude that all that is impure is deemed forbidden,

but not vice versa. This is because regarding something as impure is to

forbid any physical contact with it, whereas regarding something as

unlawful is not necessarily to forbid any contact with it. To illustrate,

wearing gold and silk is unlawful (for men), yet they are considered

pure by the consensus of scholars and thus can be touched by men.

As far as perfumes containing alcohol is concerned, they

consist of many ingredients like water, perfume, and alcohol that

comprises the highest percentage. It is known that alcohol is produced

from sugarcane by way of distillation. Thus, according to the juristic

rule, which states that all things are presumed to be originally pure

and that being prohibited does not render something impure, perfumes

that contain alcohol are pure, particularly if we bear in mind that they

are used for cleaning and perfuming the body. Thus, it is permissible

to use these perfumes and there is nothing wrong in that."

Dr. Muzammil H. Siddiqi, former President of the Islamic

Society of North America, adds: "It is forbidden to drink alcohol. In

the perfumes usually denatured alcohol is used.

This alcohol is not unclean (najas). According to some jurists even

natural alcohol is not najas. According to the Shariàh, there is nothing

wrong in using alcohol based perfumes."

Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani (may Allah preserve

him) states in his monumental Arabic work Takmila Fath al-Mulhim:

41

"With the above (explanation given by Shaykh Taqi on the different

types of alcohol), the ruling with regards to the various types of

alcohol, the usage of which has become widespread and they are used

in many medicines and perfumes, becomes known, in that if the

alcohol is extracted from grapes or dates, then there is no question of

it being permissible or pure.

However, if the alcohol is derived from other than grapes or

dates, then there is no problem according to the view of Imam Abu

Hanifa, in that it will not be unlawful to use such alcohol (m, and

perfumes and medicines made thereof) for medical or other lawful

purposes as long as the alcohol does not reach the level of

intoxication. And normally the alcohol used in medicines, perfumes,

etc is not extracted from grapes and dates, rather it is derived from

seeds, honey, chemicals, petrol, etc7.

To summarise, it would be permitted to use the various types

of perfumes, deodorants and creams that contain alcohol due to the

fact that the alcohol contained in them is from other than grapes, dates

and barley or it is a synthetic alcohol (formulated from chemical

substances) and not the khamr (wine) that is absolutely impermissible

and filthy.

7 (Takmila Fath al-Mulhim Sharh Sahih Muslim, 3/608)

42

However, it is more religiously precautionary to avoid using

such perfumes and deodorants, whenever reasonably possible, because

of the differences of opinion regarding it.

But it should be remembered that, occasionally certain

deodorants, perfumes, etc contain alcohol that is derived from grapes,

dates, etc, such as synthetic ethyl alcohol, thus making the perfume or

cream impure and unlawful to use.

43

CHAPTER IV

CLOSING

CONSLUSION

1. Alcohol is a name given to a family of organic substances containig

the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.The most known and

widely used alcohol is ethanol.It is a colourless liquid at room

temperature with low boiling point so it vapourises easily giving a

distinctive smell of people who are drunk because of heavy intake of

alcohol.

2. A fragrance is not a single material of clearly defined properties, but

rather a mixture of individual chemicals, each behaving according to

its own unique attributes. Characterizing these chemicals separately,

and then combining their effects, allows the behavior of the complete

fragrance composition in diverse media to be understood.

3. Alcohol that used for fusing perfume is not khomr, but ethanol or

called grain alcohol or pure alcohol.

4. No one of verse in Alqur’an or hadith that forbid alcohol, but that

unlawful is khomr that can intoxicant human body.

5. Ethanol is a pure essence because it is not mixed another forbidden

essence that make ethanol become unlawful

6. Alcohol beverages contains ethanol and another essence that make the

beverages become intoxicant and damage our mind

44

7. When ethanol was in alcohol beverages , the law is the law of alcohol

beverages not the ethanol.

8. Alcoholic perfume was lawful because the material that used was pure

and do not cause an intoxicant effect.

SUGGESTION

1. As good as moslem, we have to know that alcohol and khomr is

something differnet in many ways. And alcohol that used in perfume

was grain alcohol and do not intoxicant.

2. For the common society that have no knowledge about this problem,

use non-alcoholic perfume is better to keep ourselves.