Using

and Basic CSS to Customize Your WordPress Theme

Intro Course

FIREBUG

First- a little about me

• My name is Laura Hartwig and I’m a developer for the MarkNet Group in Brewster NY. (MarkNetGroup.com) I started working with WordPress in 2011 and have been in love with it ever since. I’m a co-organizer of my local WordPress Meetup group and a frequent contributor to the WordPress.org forums.

• I will give out the link to these slides at the end of the presentation, so no need to write anything down.

We’ll Discuss• Basic CSS Terms & Usage• What is Firebug• How to Install It• How to Use It

FOR A LIMITED TIME ONLY

CSS 101

Within your page editor, you can control your text by making it bold, italicized, left justified, etc, but you cannot control the overall look and colors of the site.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) are what control the look of your website. That is controlled in the style.css file.

WHAT IS CSS?

A style sheet looks like this.

This is called a selector.

These are the attributes you want to give to the selected item.

If you do a View Source on your page, you will be able to see that WordPress automatically adds these types of selectors to your site through your theme.

Here is the selector we just saw. It is called with a div

You can also add these selectors yourself by using the Text tab in your visual editor

Here I have made a selector called “red” and now I can give that red and bold properties in my style sheet.

Divs are either ID’s or Classes

Classes are noted by periods in the CSS style sheet and ID’s are noted by the number sign. So it would look like this: .wrap#title-area

So you will see this in the Firebug window:

And you will see this in your style sheet:

Notice how it says div

CSS Tip:

You need curly brackets before and after all the attributes. {}

You should put each attribute on a separate line, like you see here so that it is easier to read.

After each attribute, there should be a semicolon.

Keep in mind that…

To find your style sheet, you need to go into the WordPress dashboard and choose Appearance > EditorIt will default to the style.css file

It is possible that you will have other style sheets here. Just click on the file name to select the different files. I highly recommend that you don’t touch the php files unless you really know what you are doing. This could cause the

Next, let’s talk about

FIREBUG

What is Firebug?A free web development tool available as an extension in Chrome or Firefox browsers.

It allows you to see the HTML and CSS while viewing any website.

It also allows you to do many other cool things, but for the purpose of this talk, we are going to keep it simple and stick to HTML and CSS.

What’s So Great About Firebug?

• It allows you to preview and test HTML and CSS changes on your site without touching your code.

• It allows you to make changes yourself without paying a developer.

• Even if you know CSS, it can save a lot of back and forth time.

• It’s a good way to debug errors or problems.• Sooo much easier than “View Source”.• And…

IT’S ABSOLUTELY

FREENo CostNo Monthly PaymentsNo Hidden FeesNo Kidding

How to Install FirebugVisit https://getfirebug.com/ in your Firefox browser and click on

Once installed, you will need to restart your browser for it to show. If you prefer to use Google Chrome, you can install the Chrome extension here:https://getfirebug.com/releases/lite/chrome/, but I find that the Chrome version doesn’t work quite as well.

AND IT CAN BE YOURS NOW

Using Firebug

First, you will want to open Firebug by pressing F12 on your keyboard or right clicking on your Firefox browser window and using the dropdown menu to select “Inspect Element with Firebug”

Note: It is supposed to create an icon in your toolbar, but that has never worked for me.

Once you open Firebug, you will get a window like this on half your screen.

I like to use the new window button to create a separate window.

The default is to show HTML on the left side. Add CSS on the right side.

Notice that the right side of your Firebug window is set up just like your style sheet.

Firefox window Style sheet

That is great because we are going to use Firebug to find out what CSS styles are

controlling things and how to change them to how we want them to look.

On the other side of the Firebug window, click the + or – boxes to expand or collapse the elements

This side looks exactly like your View Source. You will see your site is composed of what we call “divs” or divisions in CSS. Each separate division can be expanded or

collapsed in the Firebug window.

AND NOW THE MAGIC…

Click on the inspect icon to see the sections of your webpage.

You will be able to see the HTMLThis can be very helpful in WordPress where pages are generated automatically with PHP. Some of these things you will never see when you are editing your pages so Firebug allows you to see the generated text, and also makes it easier to find what you are looking for by highlighting those areas on the front of your site.

You can see as you hover over the site, it highlights the corresponding HTML in the Firebug window.

As you hover over the HTML in the Firebug window, it highlights the corresponding elements on the website.

Firebug makes it very easy even if you don’t know CSS. Most things you can guess what they mean. The most common things you will be working with are :font-sizefont-familycolorwidthAnd these are all exactly what they sound like.

Box Model

If you’re not familiar with the box model, basically, every element on your site is in a box.

CSS Tip:

So when you hover over the HTML in the Firebug window, you will be able to see the box model elements on your website

The blue section is the main section (or div).

The purple section shows the padding.

The yellow section shows the margin

The narrow gray line shows the border

You can also see this by changing the second window to the Layout tab

Editing the HTML in Firebug

Simply click on the inspect

element icon and then hover over what you want

to change to easily find it in

the Firebug HTML window. Then select it in

the Firebug window, double click, edit, and

enter. This will NOT change the HTML on your site. It will only show you what the changed HTML will look like.

Editing the CSS in FirebugAgain, simply

click the inspect

element icon and highlight

want you want to change, then click on it in the Firebug panel

and type in your changes.

Again, this will NOT change the CSS on your site. It will only show you what the changed CSS will look like.

Editing the Actual CSS

Now that you’ve seen the wonderful changes you can make in Firebug, you’ll want to make those changes permanent on your site. To do that you will need to find your style.css file which we discussed earlier.

Before making any changes to your files

Word of Warning

BACKUPBACKUPBACKUP

I cannot stress enough how important it is to make a backup of your files. Use a v1, v2, v3 at the end so you can revert to previous versions.

Word of WarningIf you are not using a custom or child theme, you will need to install a Custom CSS plugin. If you are not sure if you have a custom or child theme, install the plugin just in case. You can find this plugin by going to Plugins > Add Newand typing “Custom CSS” into the search bar

Once you install this plugin, you will simply be adding your new CSS code to the blank page provided instead of making changes to your

style.css file. Still very easy.

If you will be actually editing your Child Theme files instead of using the Custom CSS Plugin, you will need to know which files to edit. You can find that information by hovering over the file name here:

Find the Style Sheet

In this example, they are all coming from the same style sheet, but sometimes they will be different.

Then you can find that file here:

The main style sheet file should always be named style.cssNotice that sometimes files have names above them in bold but the file name is under in parentheses.

CHANGINGCOLORS

If you’re not a designer and don’t have Photoshop at your disposal, a good FREE color tool is ColorPic, which can be found here: http://www.iconico.com/colorpic/

Hot Tip: COLORS

Simply download it to your desktop and it will allow you to choose any color from a website or even your desktop.

You can even save your favorite colors to use again later.

Be Careful to Check What Other Things You Will Be Changing When You Change Your CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet, which means the rules that you set will affect your entire site, so unlike making changes in the HTML, when you change one thing, it will could change many things throughout your site.

So, say I wanted to change the color of the “Leave a Comment” link on my site. I use Firebug to find it and I change the color…

But now the links in my sidebar change color too!

So in order to select only the area I want, I need to be more specific with the CSS classes I use.You saw in that example that I changed this:

a, a:visited, #nav li.right a:hover, h2 a:hover, #footer a:hover

To change the color of my text, but you can see this is selecting quite a few different classes. Each different thing is separated by a comma, so here we are selecting at least different things.5

1 2 3

4 5

And you’ll notice with the a selector, there are several different versions of it. We have it with :visited, with :hover, and finally with #footer a:hover. Now, if I tell you that a is a link, you can guess that adding :visited on the end means that it is a link that has been visited and :hover means that it is a link that is being hovered over.

And we can go further to say that #footer a:hover Is only the links in the footer section that are being hovered over.

So, if we want to change only some links and not ALL the links on the website, we need to be more specific, similar to the way this last one controls only links in the footer that are hovered over.

So, if we look at what we’ve got, we will notice that the link we are trying to change is within the post-info division

We’ve already got the .post-info class here, so let’s just add that a at the end so it will control the links in the post-info area.

Now you can see that just these top links change and the sidebar and the link below it are unaffected.

Since that works the way we want it to, in our style.css file, we are going to either find .post-info a by using Ctrl +F or we can create a new line and add it.

You see here I have .post-info But not.post-info aSo I’m going to add it right after that being careful to go outside the brackets {}

CHANGINGBACKGROUND

COLORS

Changing the Background ColorUsually to change your background color, you will need to find your body. However, sometimes there is also an inner wrap or content area that you will want to change.

Again, you can use Crtl +F to find these selectors in your style sheet and make the changes, or if you are using the Custom CSS plugin, you can just copy and paste the selector and attributes to your clean Custom CSS file.

Another common request is to change the sidebar to the other side. It’s really very simple. Just use Firebug to find your content area and your sidebar area and reverse their float.

Moving the Sidebar

Change the width of either area the same way.

Be aware that if the total of the two areas is wider than your total body width, one of these areas will drop down to the bottom and you will only see one of them.

FIXINGMARGINS

Fixing Image MarginsOccasionally I’ll run into a poorly designed theme that hasn’t taken into account image margin, so your text will be right up against your image when you left align an image, and it will just look bad. That’s easy to fix by adding some margin.

As usual, you will use the inspect element icon to select the picture and then you will see the alignleft style that is controlling it. If you change the margin to 20px, this moves the image 20px from all sides including the top and left. We don’t want that, so you’ll need to remember this order:

Top Right Bottom Left

Think of going clockwise.So your changed CSS would look like this:

margin: 0 20px 20px 0

Hot Tip: MEASUREMENTS

Website design is done in pixels, so forget inches and points.

If you need an easy way to measure your website (like pictures, sidebars, etc, ) I like to use WonderWebware Screen Ruler. You can download it for FREE here:http://download.cnet.com/WonderWebware-Screen-Ruler/3000-6675_4-10723805.html

Simply download it to your desktop and use it to measure the width and height of anything.

HEADINGS

Hot Tip: H TAGSHere is a very simple tip to help your style of your website and SEO performance -use H tags (headers). Not only can using H tags help Google figure out what is most important on your page, H tags will also help readers understand what is most important on the page because they will be styled differently. And when you see how easy it is to use them in WordPress, you won’t believe that you haven’t been using them all along. Basically, it’s the same as making a word bold or italic.

1.Use the visual editor and simply highlight the word as you usually would. 2.But this time, use the drop down where it says “Paragraph”.

3.From the Paragraph dropdown, select H2, H3, or H4, depending on the importance of the item. The more important – the lower the number. You will see H1, but that should be reserved for the page title, which is the most important. If your theme is well written, the page title will get an H1 tag automatically.

And that’s all there is to it! Now you will be able to style those headings. Usually the lower the H tag, the larger the font size.

So, this is an H2 tag.This is an H3 tag.This is an h4 tag.

To see a video on exactly how to do this, follow this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4JS6PgWXAo

CHANGINGFONTS

I’ve saved changing the fonts for last because it’s a little more complicated.First, a little information about web fonts. Websites have a very limited number of fonts that they can automatically show. You can find that list here:http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_websafe_fonts.asp

Otherwise, you can set your website to show any font that you want, but if the viewer does not have that font installed on their computer, they will not be able to see it. Note that the CSS for fonts is written like this:

p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;}

So you would list the font that you want first, and then a backup font or two, in case there is some problem displaying the font you want.

In order to get around this incredibly limiting list of fonts, you can pay to download a font to your server or connect to a site that offers fonts like Typekit.com or Fonts.com, however you will need to pay for the use of these fonts and usually it requires an ongoing subscription, which can become quite expensive.

Another way to increase the number of fonts available is to use

They can be found here:https://www.google.com/fonts

And they are fairly simple to use.

You can then either search for the name of the font you are looking for, or narrow down the results by thickness, slant, etc.

Once you’ve chosen a font, use the quick use icon to get the CSS you need.

Then scroll down on the page to find these two sections:

For the top section, make sure you choose the @import tab and copy and paste that info above any other CSS in your style sheet or into the Custom Style Plugin sheet

Then you will copy the font-family info as described on the side. You will notice that it also includes font weight. Sometimes that will be an option at the top of the page and you can just check the font sizes that you want to use.

For example, this font is available in several sizes and you can check those you would like to use. Most fonts only offer one or two weights.

You can see I have my @import statements above where the fonts are actually called.

Here is my style sheet:

Word of WarningIf you have a responsive website, these changes are going to be much more complicated. By default, you will be just changing the look for the desktop site. The best thing to do with responsive designs is to use percentages instead of exact number.

Instead of width: 650px; you would use width: 60%;

WRAPPING UPSo, we talked about •Changing text colors and sizes and fonts•Changing background colors•Fixing image margins•Moving the sidebar•H tags (Headings)

Now you should be able to go home and make some changes to your site

AND IF YOU DIDN’T ENJOY

MY PRESENTATION

HERE ARE SOME BABIES & KITTENS

QUESTIONS?

FIND OUT MOREGet these slides: http://www.slideshare.net/LauraHartwig/Follow my blog: http://wpdecoder.com/Follow me on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/laurahartwigdesignFollow me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/LHartwigDesignFollow me on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/LauraHartwig

Thanks for Listening!