* GB785794 (A)

Description: GB785794 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Improvements relating to the connection of terminal members to electricleads

Description of GB785794 (A)

PATENT SPECFICATION 785,794 Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 3, 1956. Application Date: Feb 18, 1955 No 49138155. Complete Specification, Published: Nov 6, 19,57. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 38 ( 1), E( 3 U 6 D 2: l OB); 83 ( 2) A 49; and 83 ( 4), Q( 2 A 13 4). International Classification:-B 23 d, p H 021. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. SPECIFICATION' ilo 755,794 INVENT-OR: CECIL ARTHUR JOHN KING By a direction given under Section 17 ( 1) of the Patents Act 1949 this application proceeded In the name of Barrington Products (Leicester) Wimited, a British company, of 48, Cank Street, Leicester. TE 1 PATENT OFFICE, 25th Larch, 1959 strands of silk or similar light and filamentary material around which is disposed a spiral winding of very thin copper foil, the individual composite filaments so obtained being twisted together to form the complete lead These filaments are twisted in groups, and sometimes a number of these groups are inter-twisted Finally, the composite lead is provided with a light weight outer sheath of extruded plastic material, e g polyvinyl chloride, of rubber or of braided fabric. Such leads are typified by their flexibility, allied with considerable strength, and have been found to be less liable to rupture and breakage than stranded conductors. However, difficulties arise in effectively securing terminal members such as pins or sockets to these tinsel leads The normal procedure is to bare the end of the composite lead, to insert this bared end into a sleeve formed at the end of the terminal pin or socket and then to

crimp this sleeve against the bared end, i e to indent the sleeve at a number of points around its periphery so as to grip it against the bared end When. however, it is required to mould a housing of plastic material or rubber around the joint so made, as is often the case in forming 4; a nermanent end plug on the lead, it is found that the plastic material penetrates into the lPrice 3 s 6 d 1 nection' The present invention is aimed at avoiding these shortcomings, and although it is applicable with marked success to tinsel leads, it will be understood that it is not limited to this particular use, but can also be applied to other forms of lead involving the use of multiple wires in a common sheath. Thus, this invention provides the connection of a conductive terminal member to a multi-filament, sheathed, electrical lead, in which the conducting filaments are bared at the end of the lead and inserted into a peripherally-closed, tubular sleeve, which is connected or intended for connection, to the terminal member, so that this sleeve surrounds an adjacent end portion of the unbared lead and in which the sleeve is swaged down so as to be contacted radially and uniformly around the bared filament ends and the said adjacent end portion of the lead to comiress these bared filament ends and grip the said end portion. By this means the sleeve is tightened up collar-wise around the filaments (as distinct from -,,essing the sleeve into more or less point contact with them at a substantial number of srpacedi points) so that no gaps are left within which moulding material can DB 10173/1 ( 1)13747 150 3/59 R 7.5 so 1-, ' _ fl ^e l,, ' Oi C r 4 iu,,m U1" k, G T t -o; -'g A 1 ENT SPECIFICATION 785, Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 3, 1956. Application Date: Feb 18, 1955 No 4913/55. Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 38 ( 1), E( 3 C 6 D 2 l OB); 83 ( 2) A 49; and 83 ( 4), Q( 2 A 13 4). International Classification:-B 23 d, p H 02 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements relating to the Connection of Terminal Members to Electric Leads. I, CECIL ARTHUR JOHN KING, a British Subject, of 48 Cank Street, Leicester, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- The present invention relates to the connection of terminal members to electrical leads, and especially those known as "tinsel" leads These leads basically comprise strands of silk or similar light and

filamentary material around which is disposed a spiral winding of very thin copper foil, the individual composite filaments so obtained being twisted together to form the complete lead These filaments are twisted in groups, and sometimes a number of these groups are inter-twisted Finally, the composite lead is provided with a light weight outer sheath of extruded plastic material, e g polyvinyl chloride, of rubber or of braided fabric. Such leads are typified by their flexibility, allied with considerable strength, and have been found to be less liable to rupture and breakage than stranded conductors. However, difficulties arise in effectively securing terminal members such as pins or sockets to these tinsel leads The normal procedure is to bare the end of the composite lead, to insert this bared end into a sleeve formed at the end of the terminal pin or socket and then to crimp this sleeve against the bared end, i e to indent the sleeve at a number of points around its periphery so as to grip it against the bared end When, however, it is required to mould a housing of plastic material or rubber around the joint so made, as is often the case in forming 4 o a permanent end plug on the lead, it is found that the plastic material Denetrates into the lPrice 3 s 6 d l crevices between the sleeve and the filaments of the cable, and the filaments themselves, and so obstructs full and proper contact between them Further, where the moulding is carried out under pressure, as for example in the case of injection moulding, the plastic material or rubber under pressure tends to force the terminal sleeve away from the conductor strands, this not only further interfering with the establishment of proper contact, but also tending to loosen the connection. The present invention is aimed at avoiding these shortcomings, and although it is applicable with marked success to tinsel leads, it will be understood that it is not limited to this particular use, but can also be applied to other forms of lead involving the use of multiple wires in a common sheath. Thus, this invention provides the connection of a conductive terminal member to a multi-filament, sheathed, electrical lead, in which the conducting filaments are bared at the end of the lead and inserted into a peripherally-closed, tubular sleeve, which is connected or intended for connection, to the terminal member, so that this sleeve surrounds an adjacent end portion of the unbared lead and in which the sleeve is swaged down so as to be contacted radially and uniformly around the bared filament ends and the said adjacent end portion of the lead to compress these bared filament ends and grip the said end portion. By this means the sleeve is tightened up collar-wise around the

filaments (as distinct from pressing the sleeve into more or less point contact with them at a substantial number of spaced points) so that no gaps are left within which moulding material can 794 SO subsequently enter and produce the drawbacks referred to above. Further, if the bared filaments are pushed back over the said adjacent unbared end -5 portion of the lead, the swaging down of the sleeve will clamp these turned-back filament ends against the sheath This not only gives a more solid backing to the clamped filaments, but also assists in the location of the end of the lead in the blind hole of a sleeve-provided terminal such as is illustrated in the accompanying drawings and will be hereinafter referred to. By a further feature of this invention the surplus material of the sleeve is, during the swaging step, pressed outwardly to form at least one outwardly-extending tongue or wing of double thickness Such tongue(s) or wing(s) may also be trimmed off before the final plug or socket housing is moulded around the terminal-provided leads, this being particularly useful where, say, the plug is of small size and the terminals have to be located relatively close to one another in the moulding. A suitably shaped, two part die can be used for the swaging and wing-fornming operations and this die may have cutting edges for nipping off the wings simultaneously with these operations. As has been indicated above, the sleeve may be integral with the terminal member or be initially separate therefrom In the latter case the sleeve may be attached to the terminal member by contracting it around the latter, simultaneously with the swaging operation, e g by the same tool or tools. An embodiment of the method according to this invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is an illustration of the first step in carrying out the method; Figure 2 is an exploded perspective illustration of the second step; Figure 3 is a plan view of one of the die parts seen in Figure 2; Figure 4 is an end view of the die assembly showing the completion of the swaging operation; and Figure 5 is a perspective illustration of the end of the lead with the terminal member clamped thereon. The particular form of the method of this invention which is illustrated in the drawings is, it will be assumed, concerned with the affixing of a socket terminal to the end of a tinsel conductor (as defined above) This terminal socket comprises the usual split sleeve 1, terminating in a blind hole 2, and an integral sleeve 3 which, in turn is formed with a blind hole 4 and forms a socket In the first step of the method the plastic or rubber sheath 5 of the conductor is removed at the leading end of the latter so as to expose the tinsel filaments as indicated at 61 These filaments are then swept back over

the now-leading end of the sheath 5 and are spread around the latter as seen at 6 in Figure 1 The conductor end is then pushed into the blind hole 4 and is 70 located against the inner end of the latter. The loosely assembled terminal socket and conductor end are then brought between two similar opposed die members 7 and 8, each formed in the working face with a 75 cylindrical groove 9 for receiving the socket portion 1, this groove 9 being followed by a shorter, semi-cylindrical groove 10 of a diameter corresponding to that of terminal sleeve 3 This is further followed by a so frusto-conical recess 11 flanked by two depressions 12 of triangular shape both in plan and cross section. When these die members are brought together, they swage down the sleeve 3 so S 5 as to provide it with a frusto-conical portion 13, and to contact it radially and uniformly around the lead The excess material of the sleeve is pressed down to form the double thickness wings 14 in the Do depressions 12 and these wings are cut off, by the sharp edges 15 defining the inner sides of the depressions 12, at their junction with the frusto-conical portion 13, as seen in Figure 5, leaving the terminal member li 5 firmly clamped on the conductor end.

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* GB785795 (A)

Description: GB785795 (A) ? 1957-11-06

A method of preserving food

Description of GB785795 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION A Method of Preserving Food, we, STaN.. ERIK OTTO WILHELM ERASMIE, of 31, Svardlangsvagen, Johanneshov, Sweden, and BBRTIL OLAUS SCHLYTER, of 91 Karlavagen, Stockholm, Sweden, both of Swedish nationality, do hereby declare the-inv.ention for which we pray that a patent. may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - - The present invention relates to a method of preserving food in sealed packages of heat- resisting and waterproof material. Heretofore, goods have generally been. .pre served in hermetically sealed tins of sheet metal. This requires that the food is cut into pieces and packed into a tin to conform to its shape and to. fill its cavity to the largest possible extent whereupon the tin is sterilized at a high temperature, e.g. 120 to 130 C., and hermetically - sealed. However, the tins thus produced are rather-expensive and need much labour in distribution and storage. Moreover, the food products preserved therein cannot be seen by the. buyer. The present invention is designed to provide an alternative method of preservation which has certain practical. advantages and which can enable the buyer to see the food without breaking open the container in which it is preserved. According to the invention, food to be preserved,- after being cleaned. and dressed, is enclosed in a bag or container made of flexible waterproof and preferably transparent material capable of withstanding cooking temperatures, the bag is.evacuated by .removal of gases three from and sealed, and the sealed package thus obtained is heated to a temperature- not exceeding 1000C. for a tinae sufficient to substantially destroy. any vegetative bacteria therein and then cooled and stored at a temperature which will permit the development of any spores to vegetative bacteria, the said heating and storing steps being repeated until the food is effectively sterilized. Thus, the invention involves fractionated sterilization or so-called Tyndallization. Such fractionated sterilization involves great advantages but is not used for preserving food enclosed in the usual hermetically sealed cans of sheet metal, owing to practical difficulties. However, when the food is enclosed in flexible bags a fractionated sterilization or. Tyndallization is easy to perform.

It is essential that the bag or container enclosing the food is capable of resisting the strains to which it may be subjected-during sterilization as well as during the cooking of the finished product. As materials which fulfil this condition may be mentioned plastics like polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene, - or regenerated cellulose. .The envelope may also be made. of multiple-ply materials for instance of parchmentized or other waterproof paper with an inner lining.of plastic. The different plies need not be glued together and can be formed as bags loosely inserted in one-another, It is of advantage that the food should not occupy the total volume of the container, as the water contained in the food tends to vaporize during sterilization, causing -the- container to swell like a balloon. Generally the food may fill up 25 to 50 percent of the maximum volume of the container, and the container should not be filled to a larger extent than 60%. of its maximum volume. As gases enclosed in the.container would expand during sterilization, the bags- are substantially evacuated by removal of gases before sealing. The sealed containers with the food therein are then sterilized by heating the container in boiling water or with steam at atmospheric pressure, for a time sufficient to destroy any vegetative microorganisms in the food and to make the food tender. The package with the partially sterilized food is thereupon cooled in air or with water and stored at roomtemperature or at slightly elevatedt tempera- ture, say 30 or. 35 to 45"C., for developing any spores in the food to vegetative bacteria, which are killed by repeated heating, cooling and storing until the food is completely sterilized. Generally two heating steps with an intervening storage period of one day is sufficient The sterilizing time depends on the nature of the food and is generally chosen so that the total time is longer than or at least equal to the usual time for cooking the food. It is of advantage that the cooling process, particularly the last one, be performed very rapidly by spraying the package with cold water and then immersing the package in a cooling bath. The product thus obtained is now ready for storing, distribution to retailers and selling. The consumer can readily prepare the food by roasting or other cooking without opening the container, but if desired the food may be removed from the container before being cooked. If the container is transparent, the consumer can easily observe the condition of the food. It is also important that the product should not be damaged by squeezing between the fingers in handling. It is therefore advantageous that the container should be of such large volume that portions of the container not occupied by the product may be grasped by the fingers and used as a handle.

In the method according to the invention the first heating process need not proceed for such a long period of time as to make the food soft or completely cooked. It is sufficient to proceed with the first heating stage until the food is semi-cooked, that is to say, not tender but yet freed from vegetative bacteria, and to complete the cooking during the second heating stage which destroys the bacteria that develop from spores to vegetative bacteria during storage at low temperature. If, for instance, it is desired to sterilize a chicken which requires three hours for complete boiling in water or steam at atmospheric pressure, it will be sufficient to perform the first cooking stage for two hours and, after storing for development of the spores, to perform the second cooking stage for one hour so that the total cooking period will be three hours. Amongst the numerous advantages obtained by the invention the good preservation of vitamins and of the natural flavour of the products may especially be mentioned. This depends on the fact that volatile aromatic substances are not allowed to escape from the hermetically sealed bags or containers. The invention involves an additional advantage over the preservation of food in tins in the conventional manner that the flexible bag or container can be shaped to suit the shape and nature of the food to be preserved. Thus, it is not necessary to pack and shape the food so as to utilize the available space as when sterilizing in tins. Example I A lobster is half boiled in the conventional manner and then introduced together with a small amount of the boiling liquid into a double-walled tubular container, for instance an inner tube of parchment and an outer tube of synthetic resin plastic. The tube ends are sealed at the same time as air is removed from the interior of the tube. - The package thus obtained is sterilized by heating in direct contact with steam at atmospheric pressure or with boiling water for 15 minutes or longer depending on the size of the lobster and the time for which the lobster has been preliminarily boiled. Following this the package is rapidly cooled with water or a stream of cold air. After the package has been stored for about one day at ordinary room temperature it is reheated for another 15 minutes and after cooling the lobster is perfectly preserved and can be stored for a long time. Example II A chicken is plucked, cleaned and introduced into a tube of polyvinylidene chloride and the tube ends are sealed after evacuation of the tube to remove air. The chicken thus packed is then boiled in water for two hours, stored for one day and finally reboiled in water for one hour. A perfectly sterilized chicken with excellent keeping properties is obtained.

Example III Cream is poured in a container of polyvinylidene chloride until between 40 and 60 ', of the volume of the container has been filled. The air is evacuated and the container sealed. The container together with the enclosed cream is immersed in boiling water or a steam bath and is allowed to remain there for 7 to 10 minutes during which time the container is rotated. The container is then cooled and stored for between 5 and 24 hours at a tem- perature of 18 to 30"C. depending on the original bacterial culture of the cream. The same boiling process is repeated, whereupon the container is cooled and stored at a temperature of 2 to 1000. Example IV 1-2 Kg. of sausages are introduced into a container of polyvinylidene chloride and after air evacuation and sealing, the container is boiled for about 40 minutes in a steam bath or conventional water bath. The container is then stored for 24 hours at a temperature between 25 and 30 C., then boiled again for 40 minutes, and finally cooled and stored at a temperature of 2 to 10go. Although the invention as described in the above examples has been applied to the preserving of certain particular foods, it is of course not limited thereto and the method can be used for preserving meat, vegetables, fish and other different kinds of food products with the same good result. The bag or container may be a sausage casing and may be sealed by glueing, or by welding or other heat-sealing process. What we claim is: - 1. A method of preserving food products wherein, after being cleaned and dressed, the food is enclosed in a bag or container made of

* GB785796 (A)

Description: GB785796 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Apparatus for examining the capacity of human beings to discriminate betweenlight of different intensity and of different colour

Description of GB785796 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

DE1017742 (B) FR1121789 (A) NL84710 (C) US2916963 (A) DE1017742 (B) FR1121789 (A) NL84710 (C) US2916963 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Apparatus for Examining the Capacity of Human Beings to Discriminate between Light of Different Intensity and of Different Colour We, NEDERLANDSE ORGANISATIE VOOR TOEGEPASTNATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJK ON DE!R8ZOB,E TEN BEHOOVE VAN DE RIJES- V13RDEDIGING, Of 22, Wassenaarseweg, The Hague, Holland, a body corporate organised under the laws of the The Netherlands, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to an apparatus for examining the capacity of human beings to discriminate between lights of different intensity and of different colour. An object of the invention is to provide a novel and simple apparatus by means of which several stimuli can be compared simultaneously. According to the present invention there is provided apparatus for examining the capacity of human beings to discriminate between lights of different intensity or of different colour comprising front and back compartments separated by a partition wall, the partion wall and the walls of the compartment being coated with a layer of non-selectively diffusely reflecting material, means adapted to illuminate both compartments with light of adjustable intensity and adjustable colour, test areas in the partition wall consisting of groups of small holes arranged in configurations which are recognizable as easily as one another, and an opening in the front compartment through which a number of test areas can be seen. The groups of small holes preferably have all the same configurations in each test area, but this is not essential provided the configurations

in the test areas can be recognizable with the same mental effort. The groups of holes may, for instance, be arranged in rectangles or other simple geometrical configurations. The arrangement of the centres of these holes if preferably identical throughout the groups but the size of the holes varies from group to group. A person is placed at such a distance from the apparatus that he cannot see the holes separately but sees the light reflected by the partition wall and the light passing through the holes, which comes from the compartment behind the partition wall. If the illumination in the bacli compartment is the same as in the front compartment the test areas cannot be seen by the observer. If the intensity of illumination of the walls of the compartments are slightly different some of the areas can be seen and the number of areas which can be seen is a measure of the capacity of the observer to discriminate between lights of different intensity. The same applies when the back and front compartments are illuminated by light of the same inter sity but of different spectral composition, that is to say of different colour. Two embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawing of which: Figure 1 is a general view of one apparatus according to the invention, Figure 2 is a plan, partly in section, of the same apparatus, Figure 3 is a general view of a second apparatus, Figure 4 illustrates a detail of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 3. The apparatus illustrated in Figure 1 comprises a box 1 having a slidable partition " the position of which can be adjusted. This partition has a number of rectangular test areas 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 provided with holes which are of the same size in every individual rectangle, but are of different sizes in different rectangles. A number of openings 8 are provided in the side walls and can be partially or wholly obturated by adjustable slide 11. These openings 8 are arranged on both sides of the partition 2. An incandescent lamp 9 is situated in front of the openings 8 so that light from this lamp is distributed over both compartments. Similar openings are made in the opposed wall and light from an incandescent lamp loins distributed through them. The walls of both compartments are covered with white diffusely reflecting paint. In order to compensate for the loss of brightness in the front compartment due to the window 12, a suitably chosen portion of the walls of the back compare ment may be blackened. A millcglass-plate is provided in the openings through which the light emerging from the incandescent lamp is admitted to the compartments in

order to promote the uniform distribution of light. An observer placed before the apparatus will see the partition wall 2 through the opening 12. This opening is preferably large enough to permit a number of the test areas to be seen simultaneously. When the intensity of illumination in both compartments is very different the observer can clearly see all test areas from which light rays emerge through the window 12 in the direction of his eyes. When, however, the difference in the intensity of the illumination is made smaller in either compartment, e.g. by adjusting the slides 11, the number of test areas which can be distinguished from the surrounding part of the partition wall becomes less and less. The number of test areas which can be seen at a predetermined slight difference of brightness in the compartments gives a reliable indication of the capacity of the observer to discriminate with respect to intensity differences. Exactly the same procedure applies if the capacity for discriminating between colours is to be examined. The colour of the light in the back compartment can be made different from that in the front compartment by means of filters. The intensity can be adjusted to the same value in both compartments by adjusting the slide 11. It may be remarried that the opening 12 must be located at some distance from the wall 2 and that the general illumination in the room where the examination takes place should not be too high. If a portion of the walls of the back compartment is blackened for the reasons stated above this blackened part should not be visible through the holes in the partuition wall. If the partition wall has an appreciable thiclcness and the small holes in the wall have a cross-section which is uniform throughout their length, then the walls of the holes would be visible to an observer at some distance from the opening 12. These small holes are- therefore preferably made so that the width of them at the back of the partition wall is larger than at the front: under these circum- stances the walls of the holes are not visible. The configurations constituted by the arrangement of the holes within their respective groups need not be squares or other simple geometric configurations but can be letters or ciphers, subject however to the condition that all the groups are as easily recognizable with the same mental effort. It can be shown that if in a colour diagram, C1 is the colour of the illumination of the partition, C2 that of the wall behind the partition, the resultihg colour of the test area which is delimited bv the geometric configuration, is on the line C1G in the diagram. The point of the line G1C2 corresponding with the colour of the test area depends in a well known manner on the colour and the intensities of

the illumination of the wall in the back com- partment and the front of the partition. If the intensity of colour C'1 is Bi, that of colour C2 is B2, and the fraction of the test area covered by the holes is x, then the resulting brightness B of the test area is: - B = (1- x)Bl + xB2 If B1=B2=B-, then the colour C of the test area is found by the equation: C.C1:CC2=i':(l-. Lienee, when observed from a sufficient distance, the sensation corresponding to C1, Bl can be compared with that of C, B. The diameter of the holes in the partition wall may vary from about 0.1 to about 1 millimetre and the centres of the holes may be 1.5 millimetres apart. The actual dimension of an apparatus that has been used with very satisfactory results were as follows: The area of the partition wall conipris- ing the test areas was 10 x 15 centimetres, the test areas themselves measuring 1 x a cm. The test areas are separated by nonperforated strips of the partition wall. The opening 12 is such that when observed from a distance of about 5 metres the light from six test areas reaches the eyes of the observer. For technical reasons l can hardly be made larger than l. The value 7 = 1 can be obtained by cutting out the whole test area. When the test area must cover a larger part of the line C1C2 than for the region of a-values:- or or a=1 a fraction of the test area may be blackened. If for instance the fraction of the test area corresponding to the holes is a, a fraction P may be blackened. Then if 131 is the brightness of the front of the partition wall and B2 the brightness of the walls of the back compartment, the brightness B of the test area will be : - (1 - a - PB1 aBz = B. The colour G' on the line C102 is defined by the equation: ?B2: (1 - ?)B1 = (CC1): (CC2) The condition for equal brightness of the test area and its surroundings is B,=B, or aB2 = (a + P)B1, and thus:- (a+P)B1 B > B1 : B2 = (CC1) So, by providing test areas having different a's and P's any colour between C2 and C2 can be compared with C1. The blackened parts of the front of the test area must obviously consist of uniformly distributed small black areas. If desired the surroundings of the test area could be blackened partially by unifondly distributed small black areas. When y is the blackened fraction of this part of the plate, B1 in the appropriate formulae is to be replaced by y13l. The apparatus illustrated in Figalre 3 is of the same general type as

that of Figure 1. llowever, the sha-pe of the compartments in this case is nearly spherical in order to improve the uniformity of the illumination (brightness). As in the Figure 1 construction, there is a front compartment 30 and a back compartment 31. A flat partition wall 32 is arranged between the spheres and is provided with a number of test areas 33 of the kind already described in connection with Figure 1. The partition wall 32 is slidably mounted in suitable guides 34, 35. The part 36 of the back compartment opposite the partition wall is flattened. The opening 37 in the front compartment, the part of the partition wall between the spheres 3{) and 31 and the flattened part 36 have the same size and shape: thus, the shapes of both spherical compartments are identical. The back of the partition wall is blackened to compensate for the loss of brightness in the front compartment 30 due to the viewing opening 37. The light of four incandescent lamps is introduced into each of the compartments by means of optical systems having their foci at 38 and 39 respectively. These foci should preferably be located as nearly opposite as possible to the back of the test areas and the opening 37 respectively in order to obtain the greatest possible brightness combined with a uniform illumination of the test areas and the flattened part 36. The incandescent lamps (of which only two are shown near each of the compartments) are indicated at 40. 41 and 42, 43. They are mounted in boxes- 44, 45 respectively provided with partitions 46 and 47 having four openings 48, 49 respectively. An optical system consisting of a condenser lens 50 a colour filter 51 and a pair of relatively rotatable plane polarising filters 52 is located opposite each of the lamps. An adjustable iris diaphragm or a neutral density wedge may be used instead of a polarising filter. As ah alternative, the currents in the lamps may be adjustable. All the optical systems are of the same type and a description of the remaining systems is therefore superfluous. The optical systems are mounted in tubular members 53 which are welded to the outer surface of the compartments. The boxes 44 and 45 in which the lamps are mounted are provided with holes at 54, 55 and 56, 57 respectively. Bars 58 and 59 extend through the holes 54, 55 and 56, 57 and carry the boxes 44 and 45. A rotatable member 60 is mounted in the box 45 and has the shape shown in Figure 4 in which figure the small circles indicated by the reference numbers 61, 62, 63 and 64 inaicate the positions of the four incandesent lamps

42, 43 in the box 45 (Figure 3). A third compartment 65 is provided in front of the apparatus and is illuminated by a number of incandescent lamps 66, 67 the inner surfaces of the compartment being painted white; the surfaces 68 and 69 are blackened for obvious reasons. The brightness of the inner surfaces of compartment 65 is adjusted so as to be equal to the brightness of the sphere 30. In order to test the equality of the brightness of the spheres 30 and 31, a test area of the partition is used for which a = 1. If the surroundings of this test area cannot be seen against the background constituted by the flattened portion 36 the brightness in both spheres is the same. The member 60 is used to obtain colours of the same brightness. The procedure is as follows : Circle 61 represents the lame producing white light and the other circles 62, 63 and 64 represent the lamps producing coloured light. The white lamp 61 and one of the coloured lamps are turned on and the member 60 is then rotated. The intensities of the lamps are adjusted until the flickering is reduced to a minimum. The brightness of the white illumination and the coloured illumination are then the same. The equality of the brightness thus obtained obviously has a subjective character and as a rule will be different for different human beings. What we claim is: 1. Apparatus for esamining the capacity of human beings to discriminate between lights of different intensity or of different colour comprising front and back compartments separated by a partition wall, the partition waIl and the walls of the compartments being coated with a. layer of a non-selectively diffusely reflecting material, means adapted to illuminate both compartments with light of adjustable intensity and adjustable colour, test areas in the partition wall consisting of groups of small holes arranged in eonfigurations which are recognizable as one another, and an opening in the front compartment through which a number of test areas can be seen. 2. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the means adapted to illuminate the compartments comprises light sources located outside the compartments adjacent to openings in the compartments, means for adjusting the area of the openings through which the light is admitted into the compartments and means for adjusting the colour of the light admitted into the compartments. 3. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 2, wherein the widili of the holes in the partition wall increases in the direction from the front to back of the partition wall.

4. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 including a back compartment adapted to compensate for the loss of brightness in the front compartment due to the opening in the said compartment. 5. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 4, wherein a portion of the wall of the back compartment is blackened. 6. Apparatus for examining the capacity of human beings to discriminate for differences of brightness and colours substantially as described either with reference to Figures 1 and 2 or to Figures 3 and 4 of the accomI)anying drawings.

* GB785797 (A)

Description: GB785797 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Improvements in or relating to separation of fluidized particles in transferline reactors and processes

Description of GB785797 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Separation of Fluidized Particles in Transfer Line Reactors and Processes. We, Esso RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY, a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of' America, having an office at Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby declare'the invention, for which we pray ' that a patent may be granted to us, arid the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for contacting hydrocarbons with catalytic or non-catalytic finely divided solids' for -the purpose of carrying out- a chemical reaction. The process and apparatus of the invention are for use under conditions involving a very short time of contact between solids and reactants. The apparatus is particularly adapted to carrying out such reactions as the catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons, the vapor phase dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons and the coking of petroleum residua,

using the fluidized solids technique. Many petroleum and petrochemical processing operations involving contact of gases or vapors with catalytic or non-catalytic solids are carried out by the 'now well-known fluidized solids technique, in which the reactant gases pass upwardly through a dense, fluidized bed of finely divided solids at atmospheric or superatmospheric pressures. A uniform contact time is thus maintained, and thereafter the reaction products and entrained solids are separated in cyclone separators. Certain reactions, particularly those in which contact time between reactants and the contact solid should be maintained at a minimum, are more advantageously carried out in a transferline reactor. For example, in the catalytic vacuum derydrogenation of n-butane to butadiene in a transfer-line reactor, the catalyst and product vapors are separated in cyclones. However, since the reaction is carried out at low pressures, in the order of 100 to 400 mm. Hg., numerous conventionai cyclones in parallel are required to handle the large volume of vapor. -It is necessary in operations of this type to enclose the cyclones in a separate vessel. If an enclosure were not --used, the erosion of a hole in one of the cyclones would cause a plant shutdown. In conventional cyclone installations, to avoid expensive manifolding and piping, the vapor-catalyst stream is usually fed to the vessel where it seeks its own path through the cyclones. This technique, however, is unsatisfactory in operations in which a minimum contact time of catalyst and reaction product is desired, such as in the catalytic dehydrogenation of butane to butadiene, which is a highly endothermic reaction, the catalyst being heated to 1150-1450"F. to supply the heat of dehydrogenation. At these high temperatures, the butadiene initially produced is readily decomposed, and for this reason it is essential to remove the catalyst from the reaction product as soon as the reaction is completed and to cool the reaction mixture before appreciable diolefin loss occurs. However, passage of the product stream to the conventional cyclone separator vessel described above, where it seeks its own path through the cyclones, is a highly unsatisfactory technique, for the vapor residence time above the catalyst bed in such a vessel would be very large compared to the reaction time and would be sufficient to cause undesirable thermal cracking reactions to take place. For example a reaction time of about 0.5 second is desired for butadiene production. A conventional cyclone installation might give a minimum of three-six seconds residence time at a high reaction temperature. This is clearly unpractical. It is undesirable and impracticable, however, to quench both the vaporous reaction mixture and the catalyst particles and thereafter separate the former from the latter. Heat balance calcu lations show that it

would involve almost a 10fold increase in total heat requirement for the solids have to be reheated to regeneration temperatures and to supply the sensible heat for the dehydrogenation reaction. Accordingly, the present invention provides apparatus comprising a housing; a transferline reactor of relatively narrow cross-section disposed within said housing; a plurality of cyclonic separators spaced about the circumference of the transfer-line reactor and in open communication with it; one or more plates adapted to support said separators and extending horizontally across said housing, whereby said housing is divided into an upper chamber and a lower chamber adapted to contain, in operation, a fluidized bed of solids, the diplegs of the cyclonic separators extending to near the bottom of the lower chamber so that, during operation of the apparatus, they open below the surface of the fluidized bed of solids contained in the lower chamber; inlet conduit means in said lower chamber for admitting a gas; outlet conduit means for withdrawing gas; an outlet for fluidized solids, and conduit means for withdrawing gaseous fluids substantially completely free from solid particles from the separators. The invention also provides a hydrocarbon conversion process that comprises passing hydrocarbons and suspended catalytic or noncatalytic solid particles through a transfer-line reactor at a reaction temperature and from there into a series of cyclone separators disposed circumferentially about the reactor, passing separated solids from the cyclones into a dense fluidized bed of solid particles, the diplegs of the cyclones extending below the upper surface of the bed and recovering substantially solids-free gases from the cyclones. Particularly preferred forms of the present invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which Figure 1 illustrates a preferred form of apparatus in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 illustrates a form of the apparatus of the invention particularly applicable to a coking process; and Figure 3 illustrates modifications of the apparatus of Figure 2. Turning now to Figure 1, there is shown in coinbination transfer-line reactor vessel 102 and a plurality of cyclone separators 104, only two of which appear in the drawing. The reactor is a short vertical conduit of relatively narrow cross-section and, together with the cyclone separators, is located entirely within housing 106. Hydrocarbon feed is passed to the reactor through line 108 while the heated catalyst, either fresh or regenerated, is passed upwardly through duct 110. Passage of the regenerated catalyst from the regenerator (not shown) to the reactor is made possible, first, by the difference in pressures existing in the two zones, the regenerator or burner vessel being maintained at atmospheric pressure whereas the

reactor vessel is maintained under vacuum, and secondly, by the use of inert gas injection at various points along the riser. A good catalyst for the process is one comprising chromia and alumina. In accordance with the embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 1, the hot spent dehydrogenation catalyst is disengaged abruptly from the vaporous product stream in the cyclone separator system shown. A series of cyclone separators 104, numbering from four to eight or nine, are arranged about the circumference of reactor 102 with entrance ducts 112 at or near the top of the reactor. The cyclones are supported and separated from the large free space in vessel 106 by a plate 114 which extends across housing 106, which encloses both reactor 102 and cyclones 104. If this plate were not used, the residence time and subsequent thermal cracking of any vapors coming from a hole in one of the cyclones would be appreciable, owing to the large free space available above the bed. However, a tight seal between plate 114 and cyclones 104, and between plate 114 and reactor 102, is not necessary because of the gas stripping in the lower chamber which removes small amounts of product carried into the catalyst bed 116 from the cyclones. For this purpose, stripping gas is introduced through conduits 118. The major part of this stripping gas is removed through conduit 120 and is combined with product vapor from the cyclones. Any gas leakage around plate 114 and into the upper portion of vessels 106 can thus go out through the manifold at the top of the vessel through a cyclone (not shown) located in the upper portion, whose entrance duct opens into the free space and not into the top of reactor 102. This cyclone also removes solids from any vapor blowing through any eroded holes in the other cyclones. It should also be pointed out that this construction minimizes thermal stresses since there need be no fixed connection between the reactor and the cyclone systems. The cyclones can be suspended from the upper section of the vessel 106 while the reactor is fixed to the lower part of this vessel. The cyclone may also be supported by plate 114 which in turn need not be fastened firmly to the reactor. Another example of a process to which the present invention is applicable is, for example, coking of petroleum residua. Charging stocks suitable for such use, comprise, preferably, petroleum residua containing refractory constituents and catalyst contaminants that render other conversion methods unattractive. Such a low value residual oil is characterized by an API gravity between - 100 and 20 , a Conradson carbon content between 5 and 50 wt. % and an initial boiling point between 850" and 1200 F. Broadly, however, charging stocks such as shale oils, asphalts, tars, pitches, coal tars, synthetic oils, cycle stocks extracts, recycled heavy ends from the conversion products, whole crudes, heavy distillate or residual

fractions therefrom, or mixtures thereof, may also be used. The coking temperatures used in this example can be in the range of 1200 to 1800"F., with temperatures in the range of 1300 to 1500"F. being preferred. Low reaction times are desirable, at least for the primary or initial reaction products, to avoid undue degradation of the products by condensation, polymerization, etc. In the preferred coking temperature range, the reaction times for the primary reaction products before they are quenched are preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 seconds, although in certain applications and with some feed stocks the reaction times may be in the range of 0.1 to 10 seconds. As this is a fluidized solids process, the coke particles have, preferably, a size in the range of 40 to 500 microns by screen analysis, although the size in some applications may vary considerably beyond this range, e.g., from 10 to 1000 microns or more. In practice, it is preferred to partially burn the circulating coke particles to maintain the heat balance in the system. During this burning, the temperature of the coke is raised 50 to 400"F. above the coking or reactor temperature. A situation may obtain, however, where the value of other fuels may be less than that of the coke produced by the process. In such cases, other extraneous liquid and gases may be preferentially combusted to supply heat to the process. Normally, the high temperature coking of oils for the production of chemicals using fluidized solids consists of three basic steps; namely, initial conversion of the oil followed by rapid separation of the solids from, and quenching of, the primary conversion products; heat soaking and/or stripping of the separated solids to dry them and to produce long time conversion products from any residue deposited on the solids; and heating of the solids, usually by partial combustion. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the particulate solids may be reheated by partially burning the solids in the heating zone, the flue gases therefrom being withdrawn after having entrained solids removed. The embodiment of the apparatus suitable for this type of coking process comprises, in combination, a housing having a substantially horizontal partition in the upper portion thereof forming upper and lower chambers; a concentric vertically disposed conduit centrally located within the housing extending upwardly through the partition and in open communication with the upper chamber, the conduit forming an inner transfer line coking zone, and an outer fluidized solids soaking zone, and forming with the housing a fluidized solids burning zone; a plurality of cyclonic separators spaced about the circumference of the concentric conduits, supported by said. partition and disposed within the upper chamber, the cyclonic separators being adapted to receive gasiform solid-particle-containing streams from the

upper chamber, and to discharge separated solids - into the fluidized solids soaking zone; conduit means adapted. to withdraw gaseous material from the cyclonic separators; conduit means for circulating particulate solids from the fluidized solids burning zone to the transfer line coking zone and from the fluidized solids soaking zone to the fluidized solids burning zone; and conduit means for introducing charging stock into the transfer line coking zone, for introducing a stripping gas into the lower portion of the fluidized solids soaking zone, and for introducing a free oxygen containing gas into the lower portion of the fluidized solids burning zone. The particular arrangement of cyclonic separators, and support thereof in the apparatus of the present invention results not only in the rapid separation of the contact solids from the conversion products to permit rapid quenching of the products, but also minimizes piping and manifold costs because of the integration of the processing steps in one vessel, and permits operation of the apparatus although holes may be eroded in one or more of the cyclonic separators. Referring now to Figure 2, there is shown a transfer line reactor 2 having an annular soaking zone 3 enclosed in larger vessel or housing 4. The reactor 2 is a vertical conduit of relatively narrow cross-section, and has preferably a length to diameter ratio in the range of 3 to 15, e.g. 9. A charging stock to be converted, e.g. a vacuum residuum, is injected into the base of the reactor via line 5 wherein it contacts hot solids, e.g. coke, circulated to the reactor by line 6. As a control feature, the feed can be introduced into the transfer line reactor at various points along its length. Thus, when operating at high temperatures with relatively short contact times, the contents of line 5 can be introduced by one or more lines into the upper portions of reactor 2. The charging stock can, of course, be suitably dispersed or atomized as by steam. Steam or other diluent and conveying gas is admitted to the reactor by line 7. The solids and the reactants are conveyed upwardly through the reactor at velocities above 5 ft./sec., e.g. 60 ft./sec., while the injected oil undergoes pyrolysis. After a contact time within the limits of 0.1 to 1.0 sec., the solids are removed from the conversion products by a plurality of cyclonic separators 8, disposed around the circumference of the reactor, only two of which are shown. The conversion products, now substantially solid free, are discharged into the chamber 9 in the upper part of vessel 4 from which they are removed by line 10 to conventional separating processes to obtain the various chemicals desired. It is preferred to immediately quench the conversion products after the contact solids are removed and this is accomplished by injecting via line 11 a quench medium into the

conversion products sufficient to cool-them to a temperature below about 700"F. This quench medium comprises, preferably, heavy petroleum oils, such as a recycled fraction separated from the conversion products, but may include other liquids such as water, or gases, such as light hydrocarbon gases or steam, or cool solids, such as particulate coke. It is to be noted that the cyclonic separators 8 are supported by a partition or plate 12 that serves also to isolate the solids disengaging zone 13 from the solids heating zone 14, described hereinafter. Thus, if holes be eroded in one or more of the separators, the products are not lost to the - solids heating zone. The disengaging zone is separated from the products withdrawal chamber 9 by plate 27. It is to be appreciated, however, that conduits can be used to connect each cyclonic separator directly with outlet conduit 10 to further decrease vapor holding time. In the arrangement shown, the whole of the internal equipment is supported by or suspended from- partition 12 in the top of the reaction. This design permits differences in thermal expansion and contraction of the various parts-of the apparatus. The various lines leading into the reactor, e.g. lines 5, 6, 16 and 17, and connected to the internal conduits are suitably fitted with expansion joints, slip joints, bellows joints, etc., whereby any differences in expansion of the parts of the vessel are accounted for. Partition 26 is suitably designed to permit relative motion between housing 4 and conduit 3, it being apparent that partition 26 need not form a perfectly gas tight seal. This apparatus is particularly adapted to balanced pressure operations at near atmospheric pressures with the differences in levels between the fluid beds and the height of the standpipes being used to maintain the pressure balances. It is applicable with suitable modifications, however, to operations at subatmospheric and superatmospheric pressures, and to operations in which the pressure between zones is relatively large. Depending on the operating conditions, some refractory constituents of the feed may not initially be converted in the transfer line zone and will deposit on the contact solids. To convert this residue material, in cases where it is necessary, and to strip the solids of occluded gases, the solids from cyclonic separators 8 are transferred to the soaking zone via diplegs 15 wherein they are held resident for 1 to 20 secs., at a coking temperature in the range of 1200 to 1800cm., sufficient to convert the residue to coke and other conversion products and to dry the solids. A stripping gas, e.g. steam, is admitted by one or more lines -16 to aid in drying and stripping and to fluidize the solids. This stripping gas is suitably distributed

around the base of stripper as by a distributing ring. The gases from the soaking zone pass upwardly into the solids disengaging zone 13. Thus, only one system of cyclones is used to remove solids from the gases and conversion products, whereas in the past it has been customary to use a separate cyclone system to handle the gases from the soaking zone. In order to supply heat to the process, solids are circulated from the soaking zone to the solids heating zone 14 via standpipe and riser system 17, which can be any one of several types of solid circulating systems known by the art. Air or other free oxygen-containing gas is injected through conduit 18 into the riser side of conduit 17 to transport the solids, and to fluidize and burn the solids in zone 14. Additional air, if desired, can be admitted to zone 14, as by line 19. The distribution of the air throughout the fluidized bed may be facilitated by suitable means, as by distributing rings, packing, or baffles. After being reheated, the solids are circulated to the transfer line reactor zone 2 via line 6. Where coke particles are used as the heat carrying medium, it may be desired to maximize the amount of coke produced by the process. Extraneous liquid or gaseous fuels can be injected into zone 14 via line 20 to accomplish this, or to make up any heat deficiencies in cases wherein the coke produced by the process is not sufficient to meet heat requirements. Normally, however, a net amount of coke will be produced and this is withdrawn by line 21 as product. Flue gases are discharged from zone 14 via line 25, after having entrained solids removed by cyclonic separators 24. As shown, these separators are supported by plate 26, which need not be gas tight, and the flue gases pass from the separators into the chamber formed by the plate before passing through line 25. The following Table I summarizes the pertinent processing variables and apparatus proportions applicable to the embodiment of the present invention as depicted by Figure 2 and presents an example thereof: TABLE I Range Example Conversion temperature, "F. 1200 to 1800 1300 Soaking temperature, "F. 1200 to 1800 1300 Combustion temperature, "F. 1250 to 2100 1500 Initial C3* conversion in transfer line, wt.% 20 to 50 36 Ultimate C, *. conversion, wt. % (notincludingrecycleoperation) 20 to 75 ' 40 Solids/oil ratio in transfer line, wt./wt. 10 to 150 21 Steam rate to transfer line, wt,OJ, fresh feed 1 to" 300 3 Solids velocity in transfer line, ft./sec. 5 to 80 48 Vapor velocity in transfer line, ft./sec. .. 5 to 100 60

Solids loading in transfer line, lbs./ft.3 0.1 to 30 2.0 Superficial gas velocity in soaking and heating zones, ft./sec. 0.2 to. 5 1 Solids residence time in soaking zone, average secs. 1 to 20 12 Hydrocarbon partial pressure at products outlet, psi. 4 to 50 20 Diameter of transfer. line reactor, ft 4 L/D (lengthtdiameter) ratio of transfer line reactor 3 to 15 3 Diameter of soaking zone, % of diameter of transfer line reactor 150 to 200 150 Diameter of heating zone, % of diameter of transfer line reactor 250 to 700 500 *C, conversion is defined as: 100 times wt. % of C, and lighter hydrocarbons divided by 100 wit."6 fresh feed less wt.% coke. With reference to Figure 3, certain modify cations of this apparatus will be described. Parts similar to those shown in Figure 2 have the same numerical designation. In order to minimize the duty of cyclonic separators 8, additional solid-gas separating means of simple design can be employed. For example, spiral vanes or impellers 22 are inserted in the upper portion of the transfer line reactor to give the solids-gas stream a rotational motion, thereby forcing the heavier solids to the outside of the conduit. Suitable slots or openings 23 are made in the reactor wall to permit the solids to fall into the soaking zone. Further, the upper portion of the soaking zone may be suitably enlarged as shown to decrease gas velocities in this area, and if desired, the effluent from the transfer line reactor can be made to discharge directly into each cyclonic separator to decrease residence time by means of a serially branched conduit system or manifold arrangement directly connecting the top portion of the transfer line reactor and the soaking zone to the cyclones. With or without the above modification, the solids-gas disengaging zone can be suitably packed, baffled, etc., with filling 28 as shown, to eliminate dead spaces and to cause rapid change of direction of the gas streams, thereby forcing solids into the soaking zone. By proper choice of refractory materials and design, the surfaces receiving the direct impact of the gas stream from the transfer-line zone can be made to give good service considering the extreme conditions of temperature and erosion encountered. By thus ensuring the more direct passageway of the conversion product to the cyclone separators 8, vaporholding times are further decreased. Instead of using a partition 26 as illustrated in Figure 2, the flue gases from the burning zone may be collected in an annular collection ring or manifold 30. Connecting lines 31 are used in this modification to introduce the flue gases into the collection ring from each of the

separators 24. The flue gases are then removed from the collection ring by line 32. In another modification of the apparatus as applied to residuum coking, the conduits conveying solids from the soaking zone to the heating zone may be eliminated. Instead, the lower portion of the soaking zone 3 may be in direct fluid communication with the heating zone 14 as shown in Figure 3 such that the solids fall or gravitate from the stripping zone into the heating zone after a sufficient residence time in the soaking. zone. The difference in Ievels between the fluid beds are controlled in this arrangement to provide an effective seal between the zones and to regulate the flow of the solids. The opening 33 connecting the zones may conveniently be made variable and a gas, e.g. steam, may be introduced at controlled velocities upwardly into the openings as further control aids. From the above description, it can be seen that this invention considerably simplifies the customary high temperature coking process which previously has required as many as three or four separate vessels and considerable conduit for transporting the contact solid. What we claim is: 1. Apparatus comprising a housing; a transfer-line reactor of relatively narrow crosssection disposed within said housing; a plurality of cyclonic separators spaced about the circumference of the transfer-line reactor and in open communication with it; one or more plates adapted to support said separators and extending horizontally across said housing, whereby said housing is divided into an upper chamber and a lower chamber adapted to contain, in operation, a fluidized bed of solids, the diplegs of the cyclonic separators extending to near the bottom of the lower chamber so that, during operation of the apparatus, they open below the surface of the fluidized bed of solids contained in the lower chamber; inlet conduit means in said lower chamber for admitting a gas; outlet conduit means for withdrawing gas; an outlet for fluidized solids and conduit means for withdrawing gaseous fluids substantially completely free from solid particles from the separators. 2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and having a concentric conduit disposed around the transfer-line reactor, forming with it an annular chamber opening into the said upper

* GB785798 (A)

Description: GB785798 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Lifting and bundling sling

Description of GB785798 (A)

I, STANLEY SIDNEY KELLAM ELPHEE, 68 Bleakhill Road, Birmingham 23, British, do hereby declare the invention for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, a and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to a rope sling An embodiment of my invention is shown in the accompanying drawings in which:Fig 1 shows a spreader device; Fig 2 shows how the device of Fig 1 is inserted in a rope; and Fig 3 shows a sling employing the spreader device. The lifting and bundling sling consists of a right or left hand layed stranded or cable layed rope, the ends of which are formed into an eye or loops (a) (d) as shown in Fig. 3 Into this sling is inserted one or more spreaders (b) as shown in Fig 2 The spreader increases the diameter of the rope at the point of insertion and is held in position by the strands of the rope which fit into corresponding grooves (c) Fig 1 in the spreader. The complete lifting and bundling sling is reeved around a bundle of loose articles by threading eye or loop (a) through the other (d) as shown in Fig 3 or, by threading eye or loop (d) through the other (a) The eyes or loops (a) and (d) Fig 3 being large enough to pass freely over the increased diameter of the rope caused by the insertion of the spreader as shown in (b) Fig 2 The spreader (c) Fig 1 may be inserted in the sling the opposite way up to that shown in (b) Fig 2.

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