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Uremia
a clinical syndrome associated with fluid, electrolyte, and hormone imbalances and metabolic abnormalities, which develop in parallel with deterioration of renal function.
The term uremia, literally means urine in the blood.
rank as the number 10 killer in the Philippines causing death to about 7,000 Filipinos every year.
The population of Filipinos aged 20 years and above in 2005 was 46,627,172.
A prevalence of 2.6% means that 1,212,306 adult Filipinos have CKD.
Normal Function of KidneyShape and Location
• Kidneys are bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist.
• Located near the middle of your back, just below the rib cage.
Urine is formed through three processes that occur in the kidney:
Ultrafiltration
Reabsorption
Secretion
UREMIA Is a clinical syndrome associated with
fluid, electrolyte, and hormone imbalances and metabolic abnormalities, which develop in parallel with deterioration of renal function.
Uremia more commonly develops with chronic renal failure (CRF) or the later stages of chronickidneydisease (CKD)
Uremia usually develops only after the creatinineclearance falls to less than 10 mL/min, although some patients may be symptomatic at higher clearance levels, especially if renal failure acutely develops.
In Uremia stage, nitrogen metabolites and other toxic material cannot be discharged out of body, so they deposited and cause disorder of water, electrolyte and acid-base balance and pathological changes of many organs and systems.
Digestive system
Pathological changes to heart and lungs
Hemopoietic system
Skeletal system
Skin
The nervous system
APPEARANCE
Grooming: poor
Attire: Hospital gown
Personal Hygiene: poor hygiene
Gait: Slow in movement with assistance
Posture: Client was on bed
General Body Built: Small Build
• BEHAVIOR
• Level of Consciousness:
• ( / ) awake
• ( / ) alert
• ( / )aware & responsive to internal & external stimuli
• ( / ) lethargic
• Facial Expression: Weak looking
• Speech: Low voice
• Mood: Client was irritated, moody
• Affect: Respond according to move
SKIN
INSPECTION
Color:
(/ ) Flushed
( / ) Pale
Texture: dry
Tone: fair
Edema: ( / ) Present Site: lower extremities, , legs
• CARDIOVASCULAR
>BP: 160/100
• PSYCHOLOGICAL
>Calm:( / )Yes
>Anxious:(/ )Yes
>Angry: ( / ) Yes
>Withdrawn: (/) No
>Irritable: ( / ) Yes
>Fearful:( / ) Yes
>Feeling of Helplessness: ( / ) Yes
>Hopelessness:(/ ) Yes
>Powerlessness: ( / ) Yes
>Tobacco Use: ( / ) Yes
NUTRITION
Nausea: ( / ) Yes
Vomiting (/ ) Yes
Location of Pain: Chest
Frequency: when the patient fail to use her oxygen inhalation.
Intensity- Pain Scale (0 -10): 6
Onset: (When did your pain started?): 6 months ago when she was admitted with the same reason.
Alleviating Factors:_nasal inhalation
Precipitating Factors:she uses the nasal canula again._
Name: T.C.
Age: 48
Sex: Female
Date of Birth: May 20,1963
Status: Married
Ethnicity: Tausug
Religion: Muslim
Address: Mampang, Zamboanga City
Chief Complain: Difficulty of breathing
Clinical Impression: Uremia secondary to chronic kidney
disease in cresenticglomerulonephritis
Diagnosis: CKD stage 5 (Uremia)
Date Admitted: July 2. 2011
Discharge Date: July 10,2011
Attending Physician: Dr. AfdalKunting MD
Complete Blood CountExamination Actual Results Normal Value
HEMOGLOBIN 106 M 140-170 F120-150
HEMATOCRIT 0.3 M 0.42-0.52 F 0.37-0.47
RED BLOOD CELLS 3.65 4.0-5.2
WHITE BLOOD CELLS 8.32 5.0-10.0
SEGMENTERS 0.92 0.35-0.65
LYMPHOCYTES 0.05 0.23-0.35
EOSINOPHILS 0 0.02-0.06
BASOPHILS 0 0
MONOCYTES 0.03 0.01-0.02
BLOOD TYPING “A POS”
MCV 81.4 M 80-94 F 81-99
MCH 29 27.0-31.0
Complete Blood CountEXAMINATION ACTUAL RESULT NORMAL VALUE
HEMOGLOBIN 71 M 140-170 F 120-150
HEMATOCRIT 0.21 M 0.42-0.52 F 0.37-0.47
RED BLOOD CELLS 2.45 4.0-5.2
WHITE BLOOD CELLS 6.45 5.0-10.0
SEGMENTERS 0.84 0.35-0.65
LYMPHOCYTES 0.11 0.23-0.35
EOSINOPHILS 0 0.02-0.06
BASOPHILS 0 0-0.05
MONOCYTES 0.05 0.01-0.02
PLATELET 155 175-350
MCV 86.1 M 80-94 F 81-99
MCH 29 27.0-31.0
MCHC 33.6 33.0-37.0
URINALYSISEXAMINATION RESULT NORMAL
VALUECREATININE
CREATININE 11.43 0.6-1.2
SODIUM 140 136-145
POTASSIUM 3.8 3.6-5.1
NURSING CARE PLANS
1. Excess fluid volume related to decreased urine output.
2. Anxiety related to present condition (Chronic Kidney Disease)
3. Imbalanced Nutrition: Less then body requirements related to dietary restrictions.
4. Fatigue related to long hours of hemodialysisprocedure
5. Knowledge deficit R/T cognitive limitation of the disease process and its treatment.
DRUG STUDY1. Verapamil
(Antianginal)
For angina pectoris and hypertension
2. Amlodipine
( Antianginal)
For chronic stable angina and hypertension
3.Clyndamycin
( Anti-infectives)
For infections caused by streptococci, pneumococci, and staphylococci organisms.
4. Metaclopromide
(Antiemetics)
For prevention or reduction of nausea and vomiting.
5. Furosemide
(Diuretics)
For edema and hypertension.
6. Clonidine
(Antihypertensive)
For essential and renal hypertension.
7. Paracetamol
(Nonopiod analgesics and antipyretics)
For mild pain or fever.
8. Calcium Carbonate
(Antacids, adsorbents and antiflatulents)
For antacid and calcium supplement.
9. Sodium bicarbonate
(Acidifiers and alkalinizers)
For metabolic acidosis, systemic or urinary alkalization, and antacid.
10. Erythropoeitin
(Immunomodulationdrugs)
For anemia from reduced production of erythropoeitin caused by enstage renal disease.