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A A SEMINAR ON SEMINAR ON HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF TAENIASIS IN MAN HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF TAENIASIS IN MAN BY BY MLS. ODUMOSON, NEWTON CLESTON (Intern). MLS. ODUMOSON, NEWTON CLESTON (Intern). TO TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PARASITOLOGY, MEDICAL LABORATORY THE DEPARTMENT OF PARASITOLOGY, MEDICAL LABORATORY SERVICE, SERVICE, FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, YENAGOA. FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, YENAGOA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION AS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION AS AN ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE COUNCIL AN ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE COUNCIL OF NIGERIA (AMLSCN). OF NIGERIA (AMLSCN). SUPERVISOR: MLS. NWAJANA NGOZI SUPERVISOR: MLS. NWAJANA NGOZI SEPTEMBER, 2016. SEPTEMBER, 2016.

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AA

SEMINAR ONSEMINAR ON

HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF TAENIASIS IN MAN HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF TAENIASIS IN MAN

BYBY

MLS. ODUMOSON, NEWTON CLESTON (Intern). MLS. ODUMOSON, NEWTON CLESTON (Intern).

TO TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF PARASITOLOGY, MEDICAL LABORATORY SERVICE,THE DEPARTMENT OF PARASITOLOGY, MEDICAL LABORATORY SERVICE,

FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, YENAGOA.FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, YENAGOA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION AS AN IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION AS AN

ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE COUNCIL OF ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE COUNCIL OF

NIGERIA (AMLSCN). NIGERIA (AMLSCN).

SUPERVISOR: MLS. NWAJANA NGOZISUPERVISOR: MLS. NWAJANA NGOZI

SEPTEMBER, 2016.SEPTEMBER, 2016.

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OUTLINEOUTLINE INTRODUCTION

TAXONOMY

HABITAT

EPIDEMIOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY

LIFE CYCLE

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS TESTS

TREATMENT

PARASITE CONTROL MEASURES

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATIONS

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Taeniasis pose a public health hazard in man, hence, the pose a public health hazard in man, hence, the

growing need to understand the health implications of this growing need to understand the health implications of this

endemic disease.endemic disease.

Taeniasis is an intestinal infection of human with the adult Taeniasis is an intestinal infection of human with the adult

stage of the tapeworm of the genus stage of the tapeworm of the genus Taenia.Taenia. The most The most

important causative agents are important causative agents are T. solium T. solium and and T. saginata T. saginata

and their respective larval stages and their respective larval stages Cysticercus cellulosae Cysticercus cellulosae

and and Cysticercus bovis.Cysticercus bovis.(Radostits et al., 2007).

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TAXONOMYTAXONOMY Kingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia Phylum -Phylum - PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes ClassClass -- CestodaCestoda OrderOrder -- CyclophyllideaCyclophyllidea FamilyFamily - - TaeniidaeTaeniidae GenusGenus - - TaeniaTaenia Species -Species - T. saginata & T. saginata &

T. soliumT. solium (Bowles et al., 1994).

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HABITAT

Adult worms live in the small intestine of

their definitive host

Larval stage found in intermediate host tissue

Eggs are diagnostic stage

(Newton et al., 1949).

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EPIDEMIOLOGYEPIDEMIOLOGY IsIs found worldwide. found worldwide.

About About 50 to 70 million people 50 to 70 million people are affectedare affected

Rural, developing Rural, developing countries with poor countries with poor hygienehygiene

places where pigs are places where pigs are allowed to roam freely allowed to roam freely and eat human faeces and eat human faeces allows the cycle to allows the cycle to continue. continue.

(Boa et al., 2003).

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MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY

(Gracey, 1994).

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MORPHOLOGY cont’d.TAENIA SAGINATA TAENIA SOLIUM

Length (meters) 3 to 10 (up to 25) 2 to 5 (upto 7)

Suckers 4 4

Rostellum & Hooklets

Absent Present

Proglottids 1000 to 2000 1000

Eggs production /proglottid

100000 50000

(Bowles et al., 1994).

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(Gracey, 1994).

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MORPHOLOGY CONT’D.MORPHOLOGY CONT’D.

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The eggs of Taenia saginata and T.

solium are indistinguishable

morphologically.

The eggs are spherical, diameter 31 to

43 µm, with a thick radially striated

brown embryophore.

Inside each is an oncosphere with 6

hooklets.

EGGEGG

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LIFE CYCLE OF TAENIA SPP

(CDC, 1993).(CDC, 1993).

Eggs of gravid proglottids faeces and passed into environment

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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSMost people are Asymptomatic or mild symptoms.

Tapeworms can cause digestive problems including

abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, diarrhoea and

stomach upset.

Most visible symptom - passing of proglottids

RARE - tapeworm segments become lodged in the appendix

(appendicitis), or the bile ducts (cholangitis)

Infection with T. solium tapeworms can result in human

cysticercosis, - cause seizures and muscle or eye damage.

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HEALTH IMPLICATIONS PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA APPENDICITIS ABDOMINAL PAIN CONSTIPATION DIARRHOEA LOSS OF APPETITE CYSTICERCOSIS IN MUSCLE NEUROCYTOCISIS OPHTHALMIC CYSTICERCOSIS INSOMNIA

(Medina et al., 1990).

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Taeniasis Direct faecal smear Brine floatation technique Cellophane-tape technique

Visualization of Taenia eggs-has poor sensitivity and difficult to differentiate from T. saginata

Coproantigen detection ELISA-95% sensitivity and 99% specificity

Cysticercosis Biopsy of subcutaneous nodules, X-ray, CT scan or MRI are used

for the diagnosis of brain type and ophthalmoscope examination is used for ocular form

Histopathological diagnosis (cysticercus in autopsy tissue). Differential leucocyte count (eosinophilia)

Diagnosis

(Garcia et al., 2003).

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Taeniasis is easily treated with Taeniasis is easily treated with praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg single dose)praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg single dose)

Niclosamide (adults and children over Niclosamide (adults and children over 6 year, 2g single dose)6 year, 2g single dose)

Albendazole is also highly effective for Albendazole is also highly effective for treatment of cattle and the pig infectiontreatment of cattle and the pig infection

Surgical removal is required for ocular Surgical removal is required for ocular and superficial cysticercosisand superficial cysticercosis

TREATMENTTREATMENT

(Botero et al., 1993)

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Through proper cooking of meat at a temp not less

than 60oC, Heat treatment-sterilize by heat or boiling

at 95-100oC for 30 minutes or heat 72oC for 2hrs

Freeze at -150C for at least 30 days

Avoid feeding swill or garbage to pigs

Drying is ineffective, but salting and smoking can be

effective

PARASITE CONTROL MEASURESPARASITE CONTROL MEASURES

(Boa et al., 2003).

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Taeniasis is an important zoonotic disease that affects both

humans and animal healths, it occurs as a result of eating

raw/under cooked meat, backyard slaughtering especially in

holyday, and lack of sanitation gives a great favour for continual

existence of parasite/disease within human and animal

population.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

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RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS There should be public awareness campaigns about health and

economic importance of the disease through social and public

media Avoid raw/undercooked meat consumption The community should use latrines/toilets Untreated human faeces should not be used as fertilizer on

pasture.

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“Eat healthily, sleep well, breathe deeply, move

harmoniously.” 

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REFERENCESREFERENCESArechavaleta, F., Molinari, J. L., & Tato, P. (1998). A Taenia solium metacestode factor nonspecifically

inhibits cytokine production. Parasitology Research, 84, 117-122.

Boa, M., Mukaratirwa, S., Willingham, A. L., & Johansen, M. V. (2003). Regional Action Plan for Combating Taenia solium Cysticercosis/Taeniosis in Eastern and Southern Africa. Acta Tropical, 87,183-186.

Botero, D., Uribe, C. S., Sanchez, J. L., Alzate, T., Velasquez, G., Ocampo, N. E., & Villa, L. A. (1993). Short course Albendazole treatment for neurocysticercosis in Columbia. Transactions of the Royal

Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 87, 576-577.

Bowles, J. & McManus D. P. (1994). Genetic characterization of the Asian Taenia, a newly described taeniid cestode of humans. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 50, 33-44.

Bowles, J. & McManus, D. P. (1994). Genetic characterization of the Asian Taenia, a newly described taeniid cestode of humans. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 50, 33-44.

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993). Recommendations for the International Tasks Force for Disease Eradication. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 28-38.

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Garcia, H. H., Gonzalez, A. E., & Gilman, R. H. (2003). Diagnosis, treatment and control of Taenia solium cysticercosis. Current Opinion in Infectious Disease, 16, 411-419

Gracey, J. L. (1994). Thornton’s Meat Hygiene. Economic losses resulting from bovine cysticercosis with reference to Botswana and Kenya. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 10, 127-

140.

Medina, M. T., Rosas, E., Rubio, D. F. & Sotelo, J. (1990). Neurocysticercosis as the main cause of late onset epilepsy in Mexico. Archives of Internal Medicine, 150, 325-327.

Newton, W. L., Bennett, H. J. & Figgat, W. B. (1949). Observations of the effects of various sewage treatment processes upon eggs of Taenia saginata. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 49, 166-175.

Radostits, M. O., Gay, C. C., Hinchcliff, K. W., & Constable, P.D. (2007). Veterinary Medicine. Text book of the disease of cattle, sheep, goats pigs and horses(10 ed.) Saunders:

Philadeliphia .( Pp, 1581-1583).