Physical Fitness Analysis of Aerobic Process

Different Methods of Analyzing of Aerobic Capacities

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Different Methods of Analyzing of Aerobic

Capacities

Presented By4-Bazega Sakharkar6-Devika VaidyaMSc I RM and ErgonomicsSNDT University Juhu2013-14

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Physical Work Capacity Physical Work Capacity defined as the in watts specified

mechanical power of a man at a defined heart rate

Aerobic capacity - the maximum amount of oxygen that the body can utilize during an exercise session

The aerobic capacity also known as VO2 max (volume of oxygen maximum)

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The more people exercise, the more efficient the process becomes, and the more oxygen the body can utilize, they can work at a higher level of intensity, and their endurance also tends to be extended

A warm up period in which physiological processes adjust to meet the new demands and the work rate increases steadily until a steady state is reached

The total physiological cost of work includes “the energy expenditure” during both the working and the recovery period when work finishes

Physical Work Capacity


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→Moderate physical work should cause heart rate to increase by no more than 40 beats/min

→Heart rate is measured between 30 s and 1 min after the cessation of work and again between 2.5 and 3 min

→The first reading should not exceed 110 beat/min and the second reading should be less by at least 20 beats/min

→Thermal stress anxiety, ingestion of coffee, tobacco smoking, and working after a heavy meal

HR Recovery Intensity Rate


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→Time of the day, food intake, etc.

→The cardiac stress index (CSI) is given by

→Differences in age and differences in resting heart rate

→It can be used to identify how work demands vary and highlight stressful period or tasks.

Cardiac Stress Index


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Basal Metabolic Rate

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→BMR is the rate of energy consumption necessary to maintain

→The decreasing BMR with age is one of the reasons for adult “middle age spread”

→The BMR can drop by about 20% in chronically malnourished.

→PWC depend primarily on the energy available to the worker and oxygen and sum of the energy provided by oxygen dependent and oxygen independent processes

→The rate of energy consumption during physical work is the sum of basal energy consumption and the metabolic cost of the work in the terms of energy consumption


individuals can work for 8 hrs at a rate of 30- 50% of their maximum capacity

two workers have VO2 max values of 6 and 2 L of Oxygen/min, respectively and the task requires the expenditure of two L of Oxygen/min

The first worker will have a greater work capacity because he will be able to work comfortably all day at only 33% of his VO2

max

The second worker will be required to work at 100% of VO2 max and will tend to utilize oxygen independent process

VO2 Max and Industrial Work


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Measurement of Physiological Work

No. Parameters Instruments Used

1 Oxygen consumption Direct calorimetry

Indirect calorimetryClosed circuitBenedicts-Roth SpirometerOpen circuitDouglas bagOxygen analyzerOxylog

2 Energy Expenditure Bicycle ErgometerTreadmill RunningStep-stool


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Instruments Used for Oxygen Consumption

Direct Calorimeter

A bomb calorimeter is used to determine the energy value of foods


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Indirect Calorimeter

Human calorimeter used to measure Heat production



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Closed CircuitSpirometer used to measure oxygen consumption



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Open Circuit


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→The measurement of oxygen uptake using the Douglas bag

→The rate of energy expenditure can be calculated.

→The ‘Oxylog measures the volume of inspired air as it passes through A turbine flow meter in A mask placed over the subject’s nose and face

→Harrison et al. (1982) report that the Oxylog is sufficiently accurate to yield reliable estimates of oxygen uptake in the working environment.



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Oxygen Analyzer

Precision measuring device for the determination of oxygen traces in inert and process gases



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The Treadmill TestExercise intensity is easily determined and regulatedThe six commonly used treadmill procedures are:

1. Naughton Protocol

2. Astrand Protocol

3. Bruce Protocol

4. Balke Protocol

5. Ellestad Protocol

6. Harbor Protocol


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Advantages:Easy piece of exercise equipment to useA predictable surface that is much easier to negotiate than sidewalks, curbs or trails and the risk of tripping is reducedAll aspects of the workout can be controlled by the userGenerally, users can design custom programsMultiple users can use the same equipmentSome treadmills have special featuresRunning on a treadmill generally burns calories fasterUsers can do other things while on the treadmill

The Treadmill Test


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Disadvantages:They can be expensiveThe cushioned surface of the treadmill may still inflict too much of a jarring impact on the back or stress the hip, knee, and ankle jointsThey can take up a lot of spacerequires a professionalSome treadmills have loud motorsTreadmills provide a limited kind of exercise

The Treadmill Test

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→Designed in 1963 by robert→Stress test or exercise tolerance test→It is measured as "milliliters of oxygen used in one minute per kilogram of body weight" (ml/kg/min). →Stage 1 = 1.7 mph at 10% grade→Stage 2 = 2.5 mph at 12% grade→Stage 3 = 3.4 mph at 14% grade→Stage 4 = 4.2 mph at 16% grade→Stage 5 = 5.0 mph at 18% grade→Stage 6 = 5.5 mph at 20% grade→Stage 7 = 6.0 mph at 22% grade→Stage 8 = 6.5 mph at 24% grade→Stage 9 = 7.0 mph at 26% grade

The Treadmill Test

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VO2 Max Norms for Men - Measured in ml/kg/min

AgeVery Poor

Poor Fair Good ExcellentSuperi

or

13-19 <35.0 35.0-38.3 38.4-45.1 45.2-50.9 51.0-55.9 >55.9

20-29 <33.0 33.0-36.4 36.5-42.4 42.5-46.4 46.5-52.4 >52.4

30-39 <31.5 31.5-35.4 35.5-40.9 41.0-44.9 45.0-49.4 >49.4

40-49 <30.2 30.2-33.5 33.6-38.9 39.0-43.7 43.8-48.0 >48.0

50-59 <26.1 26.1-30.9 31.0-35.7 35.8-40.9 41.0-45.3 >45.3

60+ <20.5 20.5-26.0 26.1-32.2 32.3-36.4 36.5-44.2 >44.2

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VO2 Max values for Women as measured in ml/kg/min

Age Very Poor

Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior

13-19 <25.0 25.0-30.9 31.0-34.9

35.0-38.9

39.0-41.9 >41.9

20-29 <23.6 23.6-28.9 29.0-32.9

33.0-36.9

37.0-41.0 >41.0

30-39 <22.8 22.8-26.9 27.0-31.4

31.5-35.6

35.7-40.0 >40.0

40-49 <21.0 21.0-24.4 24.5-28.9

29.0-32.8

32.9-36.9 >36.9

50-59 <20.2 20.2-22.7 22.8-26.9

27.0-31.4

31.5-35.7 >35.7

60+ <17.5 17.5-20.1 20.2-24.4

24.5-30.2

30.3-31.4 >31.4


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How to conduct the testrun as long as possible on a treadmill whose slope increments at timed intervalssets up with a speed of 8.05km/hr (5 mph) and an incline of 0%after 3 minutes into the test, adjusts incline to 2.5% and then every 2 minutes thereafter increases the incline by 2.5%

Astrand Treadmill Test


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Assessment

VO2 max= (Time × 1.444) + 14.99

Advantages

Minimal equipment required

Simple to set up and conduct Disadvantages

Specialist equipment required

Assistant required to administer the test

Astrand Treadmill Test


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1. The Queens College Step Test

2. Harvard’s Step test

3. Modified Harvard’s Step test

The Step Test


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Advantages– Low cost for equipment– Ease of portability– Permanent calibration– The fact that stepping is a natural activity.– Some tests can be also be self-administered.

The Step Test

Disadvantages:

−As biomechanical characteristics vary between

individuals, a high step height may disadvantage shorter

people, underestimating their aerobic fitness.

−Testing large groups will be time consuming.

−It is sometimes difficult for the subject to maintain an

exact pace set by a metronome or other device

−It is difficult to take some physiological measurements if

they are required (e.g., Heart rate, blood pressure).

The Step Test

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This test is a multi-workload

The objective is to obtain two heart rates

between 110 and 150 bpm.

The RPM is 50 for all workloads.

The workloads are for 3 min each and the pulse should be determined during the last 5 sec of each workload while still pedalling, If the desired heart rate is not achieved, go directly to the next workload and follow the same procedure

After obtaining two heart rates between 110-150, the VO2

max is determined using the graphical method as explained in class.

YMCA Sub-maximal Bicycle Test

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AdvantagesCycle ergometer is portable and less expensiveUpper body movement is minimal

− easier to measure exercise heart rate and blood pressure

More applicable for measuring cycling performance

YMCA Sub-maximal Bicycle Test


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The assistant weighs and records the athlete's weight

•The athlete warms up for 10 minutes

•The assistant sets the initial cycle work rate kg-m/min

•This setting should raise the athlete’s heart rate to 130-160bpm after 2 minutes cycling at 60rpm

•The assistant gives the command “GO” and starts the stopwatch

Astrand 6 Minute Cycle Test


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•The athlete pedals at 60rpm for 6 minutes whilst maintaining their heart rate between 130-160bpm•The assistant records the athlete’s heart rate each minute•After 2 minutes - if the athlete’s heart rate is not in the target range of 130-160bpm then the assistant adjusts the work rate wattage accordingly•The assistant stops the test after 6 minutes and records the final work rate wattage



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Advantages

•Minimal equipment required

•Simple to set up and conduct

Disadvantages

•Specialist equipment required

•Assistant required to administer the test


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1. Sex

2. Age

3. Size

4. Weight

5. Lean body mass

6. Bed rest

7. Altitude

8. Geography

Factors Affecting VO2 Max

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A VO2 Max Test is a measurement that reflects a person’s ability to perform sustained exercise. It is generally considered the best indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance.

A complete VO2 Fitness test can give trainers and clients the tools to set realistic goals and assess improvement.

Studies show that sedentary people can improve VO2 max by over twenty percent when they begin a running program of 25 miles per week.

Conclusion


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THANK-YOU

Health & Medicine

Physical Fitness Analysis of Aerobic Process