Pharmakon comprehensive pharmceutical pharmacology by md. s. amran, md. s. uddin

z

harmak n

M. S. Amran

M. S. Uddin (Prince)

Md. S. Amran

Md. S. Uddin

Krishnachura Prokashoni

1st Edition

harmak n Comprehensive

Pharmaceutical

Pharmacology

harmak n Comprehensive

Pharmaceutical

Pharmacology

Md. Shah Amran, PhD Professor

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Faculty of Pharmacy

University of Dhaka

Dhaka-1000

Bangladesh

Md. Sahab Uddin, BPharm Researcher of Neuropsychopharmacology

Department of Pharmacy

Southeast University

Dhaka-1213

Bangladesh


111, Central Road, Dhaka-1205

1st Edition

First Edition:

21st May 2014

Copyright © 2014 reserved by the authors

This book or part there off can’t be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in

any form or by any means graphic, electronic, mechanical, scanning, photocopying,

recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors.

Pharmaceutical knowledge is constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden

our knowledge, changes of information become necessary. The authors and the publisher

have taken care to ensure that the information given in this text is accurate and up to date.

However, readers are strongly advised to confirm that the information.

ISBN:

978-984-8174-72-2

Cover Design:

Md. Waliullah Wali

Publisher:



E-Mail: [email protected]

Sole Distributor:

Altaf Medical Book Center

145, Islamia Market, Nilkhet, Dhaka-1205

Mobile: 01711985991

Printing:

Sumaiya Printing Press

20, Shahjada Miah Lane, Bbubazar, Dhaka-1100

Price: Tk. 230.00 US$. 20

Chapter 1

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Pharmacology

1-22

Chapter 2

Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System

23-84

Chapter 3

Drugs Acting on the Peripheral Nervous System

85-116

Chapter 4

Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System

117-124

Chapter 5

Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System

125-144

Chapter 6

Drugs Acting on the Renal System

145-150

Chapter 7

Drugs Acting on the Endocrine System

151-172

Chapter 8

Drugs Acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract

173-184

Chapter 9

Drugs Used in Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders

185-194

Chapter 10

Drugs Used in Treatment of Allergic Disorders

195-198

Chapter 11

Drugs Used in Treatment of Blood Disorders

199-206

Chapter 12

Drugs Used in Treatment of Immunological Disorders

207-212

Chapter 13

Drugs Used in Treatment of Infectious Diseases

213-244

Chapter 14

Drugs Used in Treatment of Cancer

245-250

Chapter 15

Vitamins

251-258

Chapter 16

Minerals

259-264

Chapter 17

Enzymes

265-268

Chapter 18

Toxicology

269-276

Chapter 19

Test Your Aptitude

277-282

Chapter 20

Tools of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology

283-310 Appendix I

Syllabus for the ‘A’ Grade Pharmacy Registration Examination

311-316

Appendix II

Sample Question for ‘A’ Grade Pharmacy Registration Examination

317-324

References 325-326

Contents

V

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Dedicated To

VII

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Avgiv ax‡i ax‡i we‡klÁ‡ì mnvqZvq dv‡g©mxi mKj wel‡qi Dci cy¯ÍKvw` h_vmg‡q wb‡q Avm‡Z

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Zvi h‡_vchy³ eënvi, Ilya c_¨vw` m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vw` Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

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webxZ Aby‡iva KiwQ|

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Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡iva KiwQ|

[email protected]

†gvt kvn Ggivb

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A Few Words about Pharmakon Series

IX

mg Í̄ cÖksmv cig KiæYvgq Amxg `qvjy Avjøvn& myenvbvû Iqv ZvÕAvjvi Rb¨, hvi A‡kl ing‡Z

“Pharmakon Comprehensive Pharmaceutical Pharmacology” eBwU iPbv Ki‡Z

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Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Katzung’s

Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Laurence’s Clinical Pharmacology Ges

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Preface

XI

GB eBwU wjL‡Z wM‡q Avgiv Avgv‡ì eû wcªqfvRb wkÿK-wkwÿKv, mncvVx, eÜz-evÜe I

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Acknowledgements

XIII

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Pharmacology

1

1. What is pharmaceutical pharmacology?

A. The study of the effects of drugs on living

systems

B. The study of the effects of living systems on

drugs

C. All of the above

D. None of the above

Answer – C

2. Pharmacology deals with the –

A. Interactions of chemical compounds with the

living systems

B. Interactions of organic compounds with the

living systems

C. Interactions of inorganic compounds with the

living systems

D. Interactions of natural compounds with the

living systems

Answer – A

3. Who is considered as Father of

Pharmacology? A. John Newport Langley

B. Paul Ehrlich

C. Oswald Schmiedeberg

D. Rudolf Buchheim

Answer – C

4. What is pharmacotherapeutics?

A. Application of drugs in the treatment of

infectious disease

B. Application of drugs in the treatment of allergic

disease

C. Application of drugs in the treatment of disease

D. Application of drugs in the treatment of

immunological disease

Answer – C

5. Which one is the traditional word for the

API?

A. Pharmakon

B. Pharmakos

C. Pharmacos

D. Pharmacia

Answer – A

6. What is clinical pharmacology?

A. This is the effect of drugs on humans

B. This is the effect of crude drugs on humans

C. This is the effect of herbal drugs on humans

D. This is the effect of natural drugs on humans

Answer – A

7. What is pharmacoepidemiology?

A. Study of crude drug effects at the population

level

B. Study of crude drug effects at the animal model

C. Study of drug effects at the population level

D. Study of drug effects at the animal model

Answer – C

8. Pharmacoeconomics is the branch of health

economics aims –

A. To quantify in economic terms the cost and

benefit of drugs used therapeutically

B. To quantify in economic terms the opportunity

cost of physician

C. To quantify in economic terms the opportunity

cost of patient

D. To quantify in economic terms the total disease

management cost

Answer – A

9. What is pharmacogenetics?

A. This is the study of genetic influences on

responses to chemical agents

B. This is the study of genetic influences on

responses to gene therapy

C. This is the study of genetic influences on

responses to crude drugs

D. This is the study of genetic influences on

responses to drugs

Answer – D

10. What is pharmacogenomics?

A. This is the use of genetic information to guide

the choice of gene therapy on an individual

basis

B. This is the use of genetic information to guide

the choice of natural drug therapy on an

individual basis

C. This is the use of genetic information to guide

the choice of synthetic drug therapy on an

individual basis

D. This is the use of genetic information to guide

the choice of drug therapy on an individual

basis

Answer – D

11. Pharmacokinetics is –

A. The study of biological and therapeutic effects

of drugs

Chapter

1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical

Pharmacology

283

Introduction

As a pharmacy student during start the introductory

practice courses, students will be exposed to

pharmaceutical, medical and other terminology as

it pertains to disease states as well as words that are

part of a medical vernacular that describes

processes in pharmacy and medicine. Many of the

words we use are derived from Greek and Latin

languages. We do not have to speak either of these

languages to understand the terminology spoken on

a daily basis. Once we learn a few common root

words, prefixes, and suffixes, we will be able to

sound out a word for pronunciation and determine

its meaning.

Pharmaco-Medical Terminology Accreditation

Accreditation programs give an official

authorization or approval to an organization by

comparing it with a set of industry-derived

standards. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy

Education (ACPE) is the accrediting body for

colleges of pharmacy in the United States as an

example.

Adherence

Formerly referred to as compliance. The patient

taking the right drug as prescribed, including the

prescribed dose of medication at the prescribed

frequency for the prescribed length of time.

Adjudication

The process of completing all validity, process, and

file edits necessary to prepare a claim for final

payment or denial.

Adjustment

A credit or debit amount appearing at the

carrier/group level on claims and administrative fee

invoices sent to plan sponsors or at a claim level on

adjustment advice sent to pharmacies. An

adjustment can result from claims processing and

or billing errors (e.g., incorrect dispensing fee

paid, incorrect pharmacy paid, incorrect

administration fee billed, wrong carrier/group

billed). An adjustment can also be processed

against a general ledger account (e.g., bad debt or

error).

Administrative Costs

The costs assumed by a managed care plan for

administrative services such as claims processing,

billing, and overhead costs.

Adverse Selection

A particular health plan, whether indemnity or

managed care, is selected against by the enrollee,

and thus, an inequitable proportion of enrollees

requiring more medical services are found in that

plan.

Affinity

It is the ability of a drug to bind a receptor. Highly

tightly the drug binds to the receptor or the receptor

to the drug.

Agency for Health-care Research and Quality

(AHRQ)

Created by Congress in 1989 to conduct federal

research into technology assessment and outcomes

management and to develop practice guidelines for

public dissemination. The AHRQ is perhaps best

known for funding the patient outcomes-based

research trials that form the basis for its practice

guideline efforts.

Agonist

Any chemical that binds to a receptor and activates

the receptor. It may be endogenous substance or

exogenous drugs. For example, phenylephrine is an

agonist at α1-adrenoceptors

Alkylate

Drugs used to treat certain kinds of malignancies.

They exert their cytotoxic effects by covalently

binding to nucleophilic groups on various cell

constituents. Alkylation of DNA is probably the

crucial cytotoxic reaction that is lethal to the tumor

cells.

Chapter

20 Tools of Pharmaceutical

Pharmacology


311

A Grade Pharmacy Registration Examination

Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions

(M.C.O)

Time: 02: 30 (Two Hours & Thirty Minutes)

No. of Question: 150 (One Hundred & Fifty)

Paper I Pharmaceutical Technology

1. Formulation and Manufacturing of Tablets

Formulation and granulation of powders for

tableting, manufacturing of tablets by wet

granulation, dry granulation and by direct

compression, advantages and disadvantages of

different process, processing machineries used in

tablet manufacturing.

2. Common Tableting Problems and Evaluation

of Tablets Hardness measurement, weight variation tests,

thickness and diameter, friability, disintegration

time, dissolution time, mechanism of tablet

disintegration and dissolution, in process quality

control methods in tablet manufacturing, study of

common tableting problems and their solution.

3. Tablet Coating

Definitions and classification of coating methods,

advantages and disadvantages of coated tablets,

different methods of coating-sugar coating,

different stages of sugar coating, problems of sugar

coating; Film coating-theory of film coating, film

formers, plasticizer, solvent, other excipients.

4. Hard Gelatin Capsules

Definition and classification, advantages and

limitations of capsule dosage form, gelatin and its

manufacture, manufacture of hard capsule shells,

properties of capsules, formulation of capsules,

capsule filling machines, tooling and accessories,

problems in capsule manufacturing, quality control

methods of capsules, packaging of capsules.

5. Compaction and Compression of Powder

Physics of tablet compression, mechanism of tablet

formation, bonding to tablets, the effect of compre-

ssional force on tablet properties, effect of

lubricants on tablet compression and binding,

instrumented tablet machines and tooling, problems

associated with large scale manufacturing of

tablets.

6. Design and Operation of Clean Rooms

Source of contamination, classification of clean

rooms, airflow systems- conventional flow

unidirectional flow, laminar airflow units; air

filtration mechanisms, fibrous filters and HEPA

filters, temperature and humidity control, building

design, construction and use, personnel, protective

clothing, cleaning and disinfection, commissioning

tests of clean and aseptic rooms, routine monitoring

tests, the operation of clean and aseptic rooms, key

factors in clean room operations.

7. Parenteral Products

Definition and classification of parenteral products,

formulation considerations, vehicles and additives,

containers, manufacturing techniques, raw

materials and machines, quality control of

parenteral products.

Paper II

Physiology and Pharmacology

1. Blood System

Composition and functions of blood, plasma and its

components, plasma proteins and their functions,

blood coagulation, blood transfusion and blood

groups, haemolysis, ESR, blood forming cells-

characteristics, functions, their formation and

destruction; haemoglobin- its structure, properties,

function and haemoglobin derivatives; anemia-

definition and classification, causes and clinical

features of various anemia.

2. Cardiovascular System

Heart- structure and blood circulation, cardiac

muscles, their properties, origin of heart beat and

action potential, cardiac cycle, heart sounds,

cardiac output, ECG, regulation of cardiac

function, blood pressure- types, significance,

Appendix

I Syllabus for the ‘A’ Grade

Pharmacy Registration

Examination

Pharmakon Comprehensive Pharmaceutical Pharmacology

312

measurement and regulation, hypertension-types

and causes.

3. Respiratory System

Organs of respiratory system and its structure,

inspiration and expiration, mechanism of

respiration, pulmonary ventilation, ventilation

volumes, gaseous exchange through lungs, carriage

of O2 and CO2, hypoxia-causes and classification.

4. Excretory System

Structure of kidney, nephron & its different parts;

renal circulation- its regulation & measurements,

renal clearance & its importance; urine- its

composition & properties, counter current

mechanism, role of kidney in acid-base balance of

blood & in maintenance of plasma volume

5. Enzymes

Definition, activation energy and enzymes,

specificity of enzymes, regulation of enzyme

activity, enzymes and reaction equilibrium, enzyme

kinetics, enzyme inhibition, common features of

enzymes, enzyme cofactor or coenzyme; vitamin

B1, vitamin B2 etc. as coenzymes.

6. Introduction to Pharmacology

Definition of pharmacology, drug, medicine and

prodrug; pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics,

agonist, synergism, side effect, toxicity, drug

interaction, drug tolerance, drug dependence, drug

abuse, idiosyncrasy, dose, dosage form, absorption,

distribution, bioavailability, distribution, protein

binding, metabolism & excretio4 routes of drug

administration,

7. Basic Concept of Drug Action

Receptors, nature of receptors, drug antagonism,

relation between drug dose & clinical response.

8. Drugs for Peptic Ulcer

Antacids, H2-receptor blockers, proton pump

inhibitors, PG analogues, mucosal-protective

agents, Helicobacter pylori infections

9. Sedative & Hypnotics

Benzodiazepine & barbiturates

10. Analgesic, Antipyretic and Antinflammatory

Drugs

1. Non-narcotic analgesic: Salicylates, pyrazolone

derivatives, para-aminophenol derivatives,

propionic acid derivatives, indomethacin, sulindac,

tolmetin, diclofenac

2. Narcotic analgesics: Opium alkaloids, morphine

antagonists, synthetic & semisynthetic opiates

11. Cardiovascular Drugs

Introduction, classification, mechanism of action,

SAR studies of antihypertensive drugs,

antiarrhythmic drugs, diuretics, drugs used in heart

failure, drugs used in angina and myocardial

infarction.

12. Antibacterial Agents

1. Brief study of the following class of drugs: β-

lactam antibiotics-penicillin, cephalosporin

2. Drugs affecting protein synthesis: Tetracycline,

chloramphenicol, macrolides, aminoglycosides

3. Drugs affecting topoisomerase-l enzyme:

Fluoroquinolones, glycopeptide, polymyxin,

bacitracin & nitrofurantoin antibiotics

4. Antitubercular agents: INH, rifampicin,

ethambutol, pyrazinamide, PAS, capreomycin,

cycloserine, ethionamide

5. Antileprotic drugs: Dapson, rifampicin,

clofazimine

13. Antidiabetic Agents

Introduction to diabetes, classification, causes,

complications and treatment of diabetes,

hypoglycemia, different types of antihyperglyemic

agents with mechanisms, uses, toxicity insulin

resistance, management of diabetes

Glucagon mechanism and uses

14. Antifungal Drugs

Amphotercin B, flucytosine, itracouzale,

ketoconzole, fluconazole, nystatin, griseofulvin

15. Cholinergic and Adrenergic Drugs

Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs, adrenergic

and antiadrenergic drugs

16. Hormone Therapy

Adenohypophyseal and adrenocorticosteroid

hormone

17. Ophthalmology

Anatomicalconsideration, cornealgrafring, catarad

formation, contact lens, drugs used in the treatment

of eye disorders.

Paper III Biopharmaceutics

1. Introduction to Biopharmaceutics Introduction of pharmacokinetics and

biopharmaceutics

2. Gastrointestinal absorption of drugs

1. Biological consideration: Membrane physiology,

gastrointestinal physiology, mechanism of

absorption etc.

2. Physicochemical consideration: pka and

gastrointestinal absorption, pH partition theory and

other physicochemical factors.

3. Dosage form consideration: Role of different

dosage forms like solution, suspension, table,

capsule, emulsion etc. on gastrointestinal

absorption, disintegration and dissolution of drugs.

3. Distribution of Drugs

1. Important pharmacokinetic parameters such as

biological half-life, apparent volume of


313

distribution, area under the curve, elimination rate

constant etc.

2. Interpretation of drug-plasma level curve.

4. Drug Clearance

1. Theoretic aspects of drug elimination, excretion

and biotransformation.

2. Renal elimination: Glomerular filtration, active

tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption,

determination of renal clearance.

3. Hepatic elimination: Biotransformation of drugs,

drug biotransformation reactions, pharmacokinetics

of drugs and metabolites (Michelis Menten

Equation), first pass effect, liver excretion ratio,

relation between absolute bioavailability and liver

excretion, hepatic clearance- relationship between

blood flow, intrinsic clearance and hepatic

clearance, Hepatic clearance of a protein bound

drug (effect of protein binding on hepatic

clearance).

4. Biliary excretion of drugs.

5. Bioavailability and Bioequivalence

Definitions of different parameters relative to

bioavailability; purpose of bioavailability, relative

and absolute bioavailability, methods of

determining bioavailability, criteria for

bioequivalence studies

6. Intravenous Infusion

One-compartment model drugs, two-compartment

model drugs, infusion plus loading dose.

7. Dosage Adjustment in Renal Disease

1. Pharmacokinetic considerations, general

approaches for those adjustments in renal diseases,

dose adjustment based on drug clearance, dose

adjustment based on the elimination rate constant,

measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR),

calculation of creatinine, clearance from serum

creatinine concentration, dose adjustment based on

nomogram, Giusti-Hayton method, Wagner

method.

2. Extracorporeal removal of drugs.

Paper IV

Pharmaceutical analysis and Medicinal

Chemistry

1. Introduction and Techniques of

Pharmaceutical Analysis

1. Introduction- selection of samples, selection of

chemicals.

2. The art and science of pharmaceutical analysis-

choosing the tools, identification of containers,

filtration, ignition of precipitates, drying of

samples, recording units.

2. Aquametry

Principle and scope, physical methods of water

determination, chemical method of water

determination, Karl-Fischer procedure-principle,

chemistry, methodology, equipment, end point

detection and limitation.

3. Chromatographic Methods

Introduction, principles and theories, preparation,

procedure, method of detection, applications of

column chromatography, gel filtration techniques,

thin layer chromatography, ion exchange

chromatography.

4. High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Introduction and theoretical considerations,

instrumentation, characteristics of stationary and

mobile phases, reversed phase high performance

liquid chromatography, latest development -UPLC

& UFLC, applications.

5. Visible and Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry

Introduction, electromagnetic radiation, units,

electromagnetic spectra and absorption of

radiation, Lambert's and Beer's law, deviations

from Lambert-Beer taw, instrumentation,

colorimetry, chromophores and auxoochromes,

analysis of mixtures, absorption and intensity

shifts, applications of ultraviolet and visible

spectroscopy in quantitative analysis of drugs.

6. Ultra Violet and Infrared Spectroscopy

Ultra violet and infrared spectroscopy in structural

analysis

7. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Theory, instrumentation and application in

quantitative analysis

8. Potentiometric titration

Introduction, theory and principles, electrochemical

cells and half ells, electrodes, measurement of

potential, application of potentiometric titration

9. Polarography and amperometric titration

Introduction, theoretical considerations,

instrumentation, general polarographic analysis,

amperometric titration using one and two

etectrodes

10. Gas chromatography

Introduction and principles, theoretical

consideration, column technology, detectors,

analytical application of gas chromatography

11. Microbiological Assay of Antibiotics

Introduction, reference standard and units of

activity, agar diffusion assay, theory of zone

formation, factors affecting agar diffusion assay,

dose response curve, large plate assay using Latin

square design, statistical interpretation of

microbiological assay results.

12. Stereochemistry

1. General treatment of different types of

isomerisms


314

2. Geometric isomerism of alkenes and cyclic

compounds, cis, trans and (E), (Z) systems of

nomenclature

3. Conformational isomers- conformation of open

chain and cyclic compounds,

4. Chirality of molecules enantiomer, diastereomer,

racemic modification, meso compound, (R) and (S)

configuration, sequence rule, optical rotation

5. Asymmetric synthesis-preparation of enantiomer

by asymmetric synthesis and optical resolulion

method

6. Stereoselective and stereospecific reaction

7. Pharmaceutical importance of stereochemistry

13. Heterocyclic Chemistry

1. 5-Membered heterocyclic compounds: Pyrole,

furan, thiophene, pyrazote, imidazole, oxazole,

isoxazole, thiazole and lsthiazote- their

preparations, readions and pharmaceutical

affications

2. 6-Membered heterocyclic compounds: Pyridine,

piperidine, pyrimidine, pyradazine, pyrazine and

triazine: their preparation- reaction and

pharmaceutical applications

3. Benzofused 5-membered heteroatomic

compounds: Indole, benzofuian, benzothiaphene

and carbazole- their chemistry, synthesis and

pharmaceutical applications

4. Benzofused 6-membered heteroatomic

compounds: Quinoline and isoquinoline- their

chemistry synthesis and pharmaceutical

applications

14. Natural Product and Other Secondary

Metabolites

1. Vitamins: The clinical aspects of vitamins and

their effects on free radicals; synthesis of vitamins

such as vitamin B1, vitamin C, nicotinamide,

pyridoxine; mechanism of the action of vitamins

2. Alkaloids: Alkaloids as pharmaceutical raw

materials opium and analogues, synthesis of

papaverine and ephedrine, clinical comparison of

ephedrine and ephinephrine

3. Glycosides: Clinical and chemical aspect of

digoxin and other digitalis glycosides

15. Drug Discovery and Design 1. Source of drugs

2. Cost and place of development of drugs

3. Search for new drugs

4. Genesis of drugs

i. Serendipity

ii. Random screening

iii. Extraction from natural sources

iv. Molecular modification (general process,

special processing closure or opening, formulation

of lower or higher homologues, removal,

introduction or replacement of bulky groups,

isosteric substitution, change of position or certain

groups, introduction of alkylating moieties,

modification towards inhibition or promotion of

various electronic states); Methods of lead

optimization (Topliss sequential method),

Fibonacci search, sequential complex optimization,

v. Selection or synthesis of soft drugs, soft

analogues, activated soft compounds, natural soft

drugs, soft drugs based on the active metabolite

approach, soft drug based on inactive metabolite

approach

vi. Prodrugs

vii. Rational drugs design, antimetabolites, enzyme

inhibitors

16. Chemistry mode of action, SAR and

synthesis of the following groups of drugs

1. Antihypertensive agents (β-blockers)

2. H2-blockers

3. Antidiabetic drugs

4. Psychotropic drugs and antidepressants,

5. Semisynthetic penicillins, cephalosporins, and

quinolone derivatives

6. Oral contraceptives and steroidal hormones

17. Drugs Metabolism

Pathways of drugs metabolism, metabolism of

various groups of drugs, factors affecting drugs

metabolism, methods of studying drug metabolism,

new aspect of drug metabolism, metabolic products

of common drugs

Paper V

Pharmaceutical Marketing, Management, Law

and Ethics

1. Strategic Marketing Planning

Strategic planning process, resources and

opportunities affecting the planning process,

corporate, business-unit, and marketing strategies,

the marketing plan and implementation process and

the major approaches to marketing implementation.

2. Market Segmentation, Target Marketing and

Marketing Positioning Strategies

Identifying market segments, factors for

segmenting market, choosing a target marketing

strategy, market positioning for maximum

competitive advantages

3. Product Management

Concept of a product, classification of products,

product line, and product mix, products planning

and development, PLC, marketing strategies along

the product life cycle, brand building and brand

management.

4. The Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing

Practices

5. Nature and Principles of Management

Style of management, the MBO system and

improving decision-making


315

6. Organization Structures Social organization and legal organization, the sole

proprietorship, the general partnership, private and

public limited companies, their relative advantages

and disadvantages

7. Personal Management

Importance, principles, method, motivation, staff

requirement theory.

8. Inventory control

Methods-intuitive, systematic want book,

perpetual, inventory, open-to-buy, stock, record

card, economic order quality, selection of optimum

methods, effect of inventory control.

9. Purchasing

Formulating effective buying policies, needs and

desires, selecting the sources of supply,

determining terms of purchase, receiving, marking

and stocking of goods

10. Quality Control Overview

Introduction, general information & significance of

quantitative and qualitative analysis in quality

control, sampling technique; Pharmacopoeial tests

and specification, standardization of

pharmaceuticals and formulated products, quality

control systems for drugs and pharmaceuticals,

causer of poor quality theory and basic concepts of

GLP, ISO 9000, ISO 9001, ISO 17025 and ICH.

11. Terminology and Validation Overview

Introduction, terminology used in the validation of

analytical procedures, regulatory basis for process

validation.

12. Validation of Analytical Methods

Strategy and parameters for the validation of

methods, verification of standard methods,

validation of non-routine methods, analytical

validation within the pharmaceutical environment,

validation of standard operating procedures (SOP).

13. Regulations and Laws

Regulations and laws governing the practice of

Pharmacy in Bangladesh (The Pharmacy Ordinance

1976), role of Pharmacy Community of Bangladesh

14. Policies, Sates, Regulation and Laws

Concerning to the Manufacture, Possession,

Distribution, Sale of Drugs and Poisons

1. The Drug Act 1940 (xxiii of 1940)

2. The Drug Policy 1982

3. The Drug (control) Ordinance 1982 (Ordinance

No. VIII of 1982), its amendments

4. The Poison Acts 1919 and related amendments

5. The Narcotic (control) Act 1990

6. The National Drug Policy 2005 for regulation of

process of registration, manufacture, distribution,

sale, import, and export of drug in Bangladesh

15. Approval Process, Format and Registration

of Pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh


316


317

Time: 02: 30 minutes Marks: 150

Name: Roll:

Sl. Question Answer

Paper I

1. Who is considered as Father of Pharmacy in Bangladesh?

A. Dr. Abdul Jabbar B. Dr. Abdul Gani C. Dr. Mukarrom Hossain Knondhokar D.

Dr. Kamal Uddin Ahmed

A

2. The word Pharmacy was derived from Greek word –

A. Pharmakos B. Pharmakon C. Pharmacon D. Pharmacias

A

3. In the preparation of multi-layer tablets, which of the following is used for

hydrophilic matrix coating?

A. Bees wax B. CMC C. Stearyl alcohol D. Shellac

D

4. The diameter of the mesh aperture in the I.P. disintegration apparatus is given below.

Choose the correct size –

A. 2 mm B. 4 mm C. 1mm D. 0.5 mm

A

5. Diclofenac tablet with CAP has been administered to a patient. Where do you expect

the drug to be released?

A. Stomach B. Oral cavity C. Small intestine D. Liver

C

6. Which of the following flavor is used in a formulation containing sour taste?

A. Wild cherry B. Vanilla C. Citrus D. Chocolate

C

7. Durability of a tablet to combined effects of shock and abrasion is evaluated by using

–

A. Hardness tester B. Disintegration test apparatus C. Friabilator D. Screw guage

C

8. Which of the following retardant material forms a hydrophilic matrix in the

formulation of matrix tablets?

A. HPMC B. CAP C. Polyethylene D. Carnauba wax

A

9. Which of the following water soluble substance is used as coating material in micro

encapsulation process?

A. Polyethylene B. Silicone C. HEC D. Paraffin

C

10. Which of the following is used as a pH dependent controlled release excipient?

A. Carnauba wax B. HPMCP C. MC D. Glyceryl mono stearate

D

11. In the tablet coating process, inadequate spreading of coating solution before drying

causes –

A. Orange peel effect B. Sticking effect C. Blistering effect D. Picking effect

A

12. Crown thickness of a tablet is measured by –

A. Micrometer B. Pychnometer C. Hydrometer D. All the above

B

13. Friabilator is operated at –

A. 100 RPM B. 75 RPM C. 50 RPM D. 25 RPM

A

14. Enteric coated tablet disintegrate in _______ hours in simulated intestinal fluid

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

B

15. In dissolution test, flask is maintained at – A

Appendix

II Sample Question for ‘A’ Grade

Pharmacy Registration

Examination


318

A. 370 C ± 0.5

0 C B. 41

0 C ± 1

0 C C. 39

0 C ± 0.6

0 C D. 40

0 C ± 1

0 C

16. Capping is prevented by using one of the following punches –

A. Flat B. Circular C. Square D. Rectangular

A

17. Acacia trgacanth is used in the concentration of –

A. 10%-25 % B. 60%-70 % C. 40%-50 % D. 90%

A

18. Starch on heating hydrolyze into –

A. Glucose B. Fructose and sorbitol C. Fructose and mannose D. Dextrin and

glucose

D

19. pH of the small intestine is –

A. 1-2 B. 3-4 C. 6 D. 7-8

D

20. Aqua coat is a –

A. 30% w/v of ethyl cellulose dispersion B. Solution of HPMC C. 2% w/v of methyl

cellulose dispersion D. None of the above

B

21. Sub coating is done to –

A. Round the edges B. Increase the bulk of tablets C. Both A and B D. Make water

resistant

C

22. CAP dissolves at pH –

A. Above 6 B. Below 6 C. 4 D. 2

A

23. Which of the following one is used as opacifier?

A. TiO2 B. Mg C. Si D. All of the above

A

24. Type A gelatin is derived from an acid-treated precursor and exhibits an isoelectric

point in the region of –

A. pH 9 B. pH 6 C. pH 7 D. pH 3

A

25. Which treatment is used for solubility of gelatin?

A. Heat B. Formalin C. Water D. Alcohol

B

26. Chewable tablet contains the following base –

A. Manitol B. Glucose C. Lactose D. None of the above

A

27. Which of the following is not added in lozenges?

A. Sweetener B. Binder C. Disintegrant D. All of the above

C

28. Enteric coated tablet is disintegrated in –

A. Stomach B. Liver C. Intestine D. Mouth

C

29. HLB value required for wetting property should be–

A. 7-9 B. 5-6 C. 3-4 D. 1-21

A

30. Liquid solid interface is found in

A. Solution B. Suspension C. Emulsion D. All of the above

B

Paper II

31. Pharmacodynamic tolerance may involve changes in –

A. Number of drug receptors B. Affinity of drug receptors C. Function of drug

receptors D. All of the above

D

32. Pharmacodynamics involves the following?

A. Information about main mechanisms of drug absorption B. Information about

unwanted effects C. Information about biological barriers D. Information about

excretion of a drug from the organism

B

33. What kind of substances can’t pass through the membranes by passive diffusion?

A. Lipid-soluble substances B. Non-ionized substances C. Hydrophobic substances

D. Hydrophilic substances

D

34. What are factors that determine bioavailability?

A. Rheological parameters of blood B. Amount of a substance obtained orally and

quantity of intakes C. Extent of absorption and hepatic first-pass effect D. Glomerular

filtration rate

C

35. Which route of drug administration is most likely to lead to the first-pass effect?

A. Sublingual B. Oral C. Intravenous D. Intramuscular

B

36. What is characteristic of the oral route?

A. Fast onset of effect B. Absorption depends on GI tract secretion and motor function

C. A drug reaches the blood passing the liver D. The sterilization of medicinal forms is

obligatory

B

37. Which of these groups of drugs is used for asthma treatment?

A. Methylxanthines B. Muscarinic cholinoblocking agents C. β2 stimulants D. All

of above

D

38. Tick the drug belonging to non-selective β2 adrenomimics –

A. Salbutamol B. Isoprenaline C. Salmeterol D. Terbutaline

B


319

39. Select the side-effect characteristic for non-selective β2 adrenomimics –

A. Depression of the breathing centre B. Tachycardia C. Peripheral vasoconstriction

D. Dry mouth

B

40. Pick out the bronchodilator drug related to xanthine – A. Atropine B. Orciprenaline C. Adrenaline D. Theophylline

D

41. Pick out the bronchodilator drug belonging to sympathomimics –

A. Isoprenaline B. Ephedrine C. Atropine D. Salbutamol

B

42. What is apex beat?

A. Beat of AV node B. Beat of heart C. Lowest and outer most point of definite

cardiac pulsation D. None of the above

C

43. What is heart rate?

A. Number of heart beat per seconds B. Number of heart beat per minutes C. Number

of heart beat per hours D. Number of heart beat per 5 hours

B

44. All of the following statements regarding cardiac glycosides are true except –

A. They inhibit the activity of the Na+/K

+-ATPase B. They decrease intracellular

concentrations of calcium in myocytes C. They increase vagal tone D. They have a

very low therapeutic index

B

45. All of the following statements regarding cardiac glycosides are true except –

A. Digoxin is a mild inotrope B. Digoxin increases vagal tone C. Digoxin has a longer

half-life than digitoxin D. Digoxin acts by inhibiting the Na+/K

+-ATPase

C

46. Which is the most cardiac manifestation of glycosides intoxication?

A. Atrioventricular junctional rhythm B. Second-degree atrioventricular blockade C.

Ventricular tachycardia D. All the above

D

47. The manifestations of glycosides intoxication are –

A. Visual changes B. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias C. Gastrointestinal disturbances

D. All of the above

D

48. For digitalis-induced arrhythmias the following drug is favored –

A. VerapamilB. AmiodaroneC. LidocaineD. Propanolol

C

49. Bacteristatic effect is –

A. Inhibition of bacterial cell division B. Inhibition of young bacterial cells growth C.

Destroying of bacterial cells D. Formation of bacterial cells

A

50. Which of the following groups of antibiotics demonstrates a bacteristatic effect?

A. Carbapenems B. Macrolides C. Aminoglycosides D. Cephalosporins

B

51. Which of the following antibiotics contains a beta-lactam ring in their chemical

structure? A. Penicillins B. Cephalosporins C. Carbapenems and monobactams D. All of the

above

D

52. Tick the drug belonging to antibiotics-macrolides –

A. Neomycin B. Doxycycline C. Erythromycin D. Cefotaxime

C

53. Tick the drug belonging to antibiotics-carbapenems –

A. Aztreonam B. Amoxacillin C. Imipinem D. Clarithromycin

C

54. Tick the drug belonging to antibiotics-monobactams –

A. Ampicillin B. Bicillin-5 C. Aztreonam D. Imipinem

C

55. Which of the following coenzymes is of vitamin origin?

A. Riboxine B. Coenzyme Q10 C. Piridixal-5-phosphate D. Lipoic acid

C

56. Which of the following coenzymes is not of vitamin origin?

A. Coenzyme Q10 B. Magnesium C. Carnitine D. All of the above

D

57. Which of the following antienzymes is a MAO inhibitor?

A. Physostigmine B. Selegiline C. Acetazolamide D. Disulfiram

B

58. Which of the following antienzymes is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor?

A. Physostigmine B. Selegiline C. Aminocaproic acid D. Acetazolamide

D

59. Which of the following antienzymes is a xantine oxidase inhibitor?

A. Physostigmine B. Allopurinol C. Aminocaproic acid D. Acetazolamide

B

60. Which of the following antienzymes is an aromatase inhibitor used in cancer therapy?

A. Physostigmine B. Allopurinol C. Aminocaproic acid D. Aminoglutethimide

D

Paper III

61. Drugs present in the blood in the form of –

A. Colloidal dispersion B. Solution C. Suspension D. Emulsion

A

62. Sustained release dosage form follows –

A. Zero order release B. First order release C. Slow First order release D. Second

order release

C

63. Bioavailability of extra-vascular route is – B


320

A. >1 B. <1 C. = 1 D. ≥1

64. 1. Which statement best describes bioavailability?

A. Relation between the physical and the chemical properties of a drug and its systemic

absorption B. Measurement of the rate and amount of therapeutically active drug that

reaches the systemic circulation C. Movement of the drug into body tissues over time

D. Dissolution of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract

B

65. 2. The route of drug administration that gives the most rapid onset of the

pharmacologic effect is –

A. Intramuscular injection B. Intravenous injection C. Intradermal injection D.

Peroral administration

B

66. 3. The route of drug administration that provides complete (100%) bioavailability is – A. Intramuscular injection B. Intravenous injection C. Intradermal injection D.

Peroral administration

B

67. 4. After peroral administration, drugs generally are absorbed best from the – A. Buccal cavity B. Stomach C. Duodenum D. Ileum

C

68. 5. The characteristics of an active transport process include all of the following except

for which one? A. Active transport moves drug molecules against a concentration gradient B. Active

transport follows Fick’s law of diffusion C. Active transport is a carrier-mediated

transport system D. Active transport requires energy

B

69. 6. The passage of drug molecules from a region of high drug concentration to a region

of low drug concentration is known as –

A. Active transport B. Bioavailability C. Biopharmaceutics D. Simple diffusion

D

70. 7. Which equation describes the rate of drug dissolution from a tablet?

A. Fick’s law B. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation C. Law of mass action D. Noyes-

Whitney equation

D

71. 8. Which condition usually increases the rate of drug dissolution from a tablet?

A. Increase in the particle size of the drug B. Decrease in the surface area of the drug

C. Use of the free acid or free base form of the drug D. Use of the ionized, or salt, form

of the drug

D

72. 9. Dose dumping is a problem in the formulation of –

A. Compressed tablets B. Modified-release drug products C. Hard gelatin capsules

D. Soft gelatin capsules

B

73. 10. The rate-limiting step in the bioavailability of a lipid-soluble drug formulated as

an immediate-release compressed tablet is the rate of –

A. Disintegration of the tablet and release of the drug B. Dissolution of the drug C.

Transport of the drug molecules across the intestinal mucosal cells D. Blood flow to the

gastrointestinal tract

B

74. 11. The extent of ionization of a weak electrolyte drug depends on the –

A. pH of the media and pKa of the drug B. Oil to water partition coefficient of the drug

C. Particle size and surface area of the drug D. Noyes–Whitney equation for the drug

A

75. 12. The rate of drug bioavailability is most rapid when the drug is formulated as a –

A. Controlled-release product B. Hard gelatin capsule C. Compressed tablet D.

Solution

D

76. 13. The amount of drug that a transdermal patch (i.e., transdermal drug delivery

system) delivers within a 24-hrs period depends on the –

A. Patch composition, which includes an occlusive backing and an adhesive film in contact

with the skin B. Affinity of the drug for the formulation matrix relative to its affinity for

the stratum corneum C. Rate of drug partitioning and/or diffusion through the patch to

the skin surface D. All of the above

D

77. 1. Creatinine clearance is used as a measurement of – A. Renal excretion rate B. Glomerular filtration rate C. Active renal secretion D.

Passive renal absorption

B

78. 12. The earliest evidence that a drug is stored in tissue is – A. An increase in plasma protein binding B. A large apparent volume of distribution

(VD) C. A decrease in the rate of formation of metabolites by the liver D. An increase

in the number of side effects produced by the drug

B

79. 13. The intensity of the pharmacologic action of a drug is most dependent on the –

A. Concentration of the drug at the receptor site B. Elimination half-life (t1/2) of the drug

C. Onset time of the drug after oral administration D. Minimum toxic concentration

(MTC) of the drug in plasma

A

80. 14. Drugs that show nonlinear pharmacokinetics have which property? B


321

A. A constant ratio of drug metabolites is formed as the administered dose increases B.

The elimination half-life (t1/2) increases as the administered dose increases C. The area

under the plasma drug concentration versus time curve (AUC) increases in direct

proportion to an increase in the administered dose D. Both low and high doses follow

first-order elimination kinetics

81. 15. The loading dose (DL) of a drug is usually based on the – A. Total body clearance (ClT) of the drug B. Percentage of drug bound to plasma

proteins C. Fraction of drug excreted unchanged in the urine D. Apparent volume of

distribution (VD) and desired drug concentration in plasma

D

82. 16. The renal clearance of inulin is used as a measurement of –

A. Effective renal blood flow B. Rate of renal drug excretion C. Intrinsic enzyme

activity D. GFR

D

83. 17. All of the following statements about plasma protein binding of a drug are true

except which one?

A. Displacement of a drug from plasma protein binding sites results in a transient increased

volume of distribution (VD) B. Displacement of a drug from plasma protein binding

sites makes more free drug available for glomerular filtration C. Displacement of a

potent drug that is normally > 95% bound may cause toxicity D. Drugs that are highly

bound to plasma proteins generally have a greater VD compared with drugs that are highly

bound to tissue proteins

D

84. 18. The onset time for a drug given orally is the time for the drug to – A. Reach the peak plasma drug concentration B. Reach the MEC C. Reach the MTC

D. Begin to be eliminated from the body

B

85. 19. The initial distribution of a drug into tissue is determined chiefly by the –

A. Rate of blood flow to tissue B. GFR C. Stomach emptying time D. Affinity of

the drug for tissue

A

86. 20. Which tissue has the greatest capacity to biotransform drugs?

A. Brain B. Kidney C. Liver D. Lung

C

87. 25. If digoxin has a half-life of 35 hrs how long will it take for a toxic plasma

concentration of 8 ng/mL to decline to a therapeutic plasma concentration of 2

ng/mL?

A. 17.5 hrs B. 35 hrs C. 70 hrs D. 105 hrs

C

88. Two most important sites for drug elimination are – A. Pulmonary and liver B. Liver and gastrointestinal tract C. Kidney and liver D.

Skin and liver

C

89. Termination of pharmacological action of thiopental occurs mainly by – A. Metabolism B. Excretion C. Redistribution D. Absorption

C

90. Which of the following has hepatic high hepatic first pass effect?

A. Atenolol B. Propranolol C. Paracetamol D. Aspirin

B

Paper IV

91. Moisture content is determined from sample by –

A. Azeotropic distilation B. Gravimetric analysis C. Thermogravimetric analysis D.

Karl Fischer procedure

D

92. What is the wavelength of UV radiation?

A. 100-200 nm B. 200-400 nm C. 400-600 nm D. 600-800 nm

B

93. In UV analysis the sample should be in –

A. Solution form B. Suspension form C. Emulsion form D. Semisolid form

A

94. HPLC column are made of –

A. Glass B. Stainless steel C. Plastic D. Fiber

B

95. In size exclusion chromatography, which molecules come first?

A. Very small B. Small C. Large D. Intermediate

C

96. Which of the following is used in partition chromatography?

A. Aluminium B. Silica gel C. Carbon D. Cupper

B

97. The infrared radiation will result in which molecular activity?

A. Molecular vibration B. Molecular rotation C. Molecular ionization D. Molecular

movement

A

98. For UV/VIS spectroscopic study a chemical compound must contain –

A. Functional group B. Ring structure C. Halogen D. Chromophore

D

99. Gas chromatography may be –

A. Absorption chromatography B. Adsorption chromatography C. Column

chromatography D. Partition chromatography

C

100. Usually the length of the column of gas chromatogram is – D


322

A. 4-10 feet B. 5-17 feet C. 8-15 feet D. 6-12 feet

101. Light source used in IR spectrophotometer is –

A. Duterium lamp B. Sodium lamp C. Tungsten lamp D. Zirconium lamp

A

102. What is determined by UV spectrophotometer?

A. Chemical structure B. Functional group C. Double bond or triple bond D.

Molecular weight

C

103. What is determined by IR spectrophotometer?

A. Chemical structure B. Functional group C. Double bond or triple bond D.

Molecular weight

B

104. Which one is Lambert’s low?

A. I = I0 10-ax

B. I = I0 10-a

C. I = I0 10-acx

D. I = abc

A

105. Maximum moisture allowed for non-aqueous titration is –

A. 0.2 % B. 0.05 % C. 0.005 % D. 0.75 -5

B

106. Drug design may –

A. Structure based B. Ligand based C. Both B and C D. None of the above

C

107. Rofecoxib was withdraw from the worldwide market on –

A. 2010 B. 2006 C. 2004 D. 2000

C

108. Which of the following carbocation is more stable?

A. 10 B. 2

0 C. 3

0 D. 4

0

C

109. Isoniazide is derived from –

A. Glucoronidation B. Esterification C. Methylation D. Acetylation

D

110. What is the size of the resin bed used in solid phase synthesis?

A. 30-120 µm B. 80-200 µm C. 50-300 µm D. 70-400 µm

B

111. Ranitidine contains ring of –

A. Furan B. Pyrrole C. Thiophane D. Benzene

C

112. Ppaverine contains ring of –

A. Indole B. Isoquinoline C. Imidazole D. Quinoline

B

113. Acetaminophen and aspirin combinely form –

A. Paracetamol B. Simethicone C. Benorylate D. Xanthinol

D

114. Which type of drug may accumulate in the body fat?

A. Highly lipophilic B. Poorly Lipophilic C. Highly hydrophilic D. Hydrophilic

A

115. In solution phase synthesis –

A. Purification is easy B. Scale up is expensive C. Easy automation D. Reaction

monitoring is easy

B

116. Merifield solid phase synthesis can be used in –

A. Peptone synthesis B. Peptide synthesis C. Polysaccharide synthesis D. Lipid

synthesis

D

117. Lead optimization can be performed by –

A. Soft drug synthesis B. Hard drug synthesis C. Topliss sequential method D.

Sequential simplex optimization

C

118. What are drug target?

A. Enzyme B. Receptor C. Carrier D. All of the above

D

119. Histamine synthesis needs –

A. HCHO B. HCl C. CH3CHO D. CH3COOH

B

120. n-Butane and iso-butane are the example of –

A. Chain isomer B. Structural isomer C. Position isomer D. None of the above

A

Paper V

121. What do you mean by 4P?

A. Product, price, place, promotion B. People, price, place, promotion C. Product,

price, place, prince D. Product, price, people, promotion

A

122. Marketing is best defined as –

A. Matching a product with its market B. Promoting and selling products C.

Facilitating exchange relationships D. Distributing products at the right price to stores

C

123. A physical, concrete product you can touch is –

A. Service B. Good C. Idea D. Concept

B

124. Staffing is behaviorally related to – A. Organizing B. Controlling C. Managing D. Proceeding

A

125. POS stand for –

A. Point of structure B. Point of sale C. Product of structure D. Product of sale

B

126. The overall recruit process will be controlled by – A. HR B. GM C. Manager D. In charge

A


323

127. The fundamental purposes for the existence of any organization is described by its – A. Mission B. Politics C. Vision D. Strategy

A

128. Which of the following is not an operating strategy? A. Response B. Differentiation C. Marketing D. Low cost leadership

C

129. The acronym SWOT stands for –

A. Strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats B. Strengths, weakness, opportunities

and transport C. Strengths, weakness, opportunities and transport D. Special weapons

for operations timelines

A

130. The UPC is also known as the – A. Price level B. Product code C. Bar code D. Product level

C

131. One of the most important activities in business is the management of the 4M’s A. Men, machines, material and money B. Mind, machines, material and money C.

Mom, machines, material and money D. Market, machines, material and money

A

132. Mary Parker Follet termed management as – A. The use of people and other resources to accomplish objectives B. The process of

designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in

groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims C. The act of getting things done through

people D. A process, by which managers create, direct, maintain, and operate purposive

organizations through systematic, coordinated, cooperative human effort

C

133. What are the functions of manager? A. Planning, organizing, staffing, leading and carping B. Planning, organizing, staffing,

leading and controlling C. Planning, organizing, staffing, leading and caring D.

Planning, organizing, staffing, leading and cling

B

134. During the early 1970s, Robert K. Kalz identified three kinds of skills for

administrators. These are –

A. Technical, human and leading skills B. Technical, human and controlling skills C.

Technical, human and organizing skills D. Technical, human and conceptual skills

D

135. Which one of the following is considered as father of scientific management? A. Taylor B. Gisvold C. Foy D. Graham Petrick

A

136. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Society (BPS) published the –

A. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal B. National Formulary of Bangladesh C.

Pharmachronicle D. All of the above

D

137. In education sector, the regulatory affairs are supervised by the PCB empowered by

the Pharmacy ordinance of – A. 1975 B. 1976 C. 1982 D. 2005

B

138. In case of pharmaceutical industry sector, the regulatory affair are supervised by the

–

A. PCB B. DGHS C. DGDA D. DGFP

C

139. At present we have _______ drug testing laboratory A. 5 B. 3 C. 2 D. 7

C

140. The Bengal drug rule was promulgated in – A. 1946 B. 1947 C. 1952 D. 1976

A

141. Poison act was promulgated in – A. 1946 B. 1982 C. 1919 D. 1991

C

142. For paracetamol tragedy which one is responsible? A. Ethylene glycol B. Diethylene glycol C. Glycerol D. Propylene glycol

B

143. Narcotic drug law contains – A. 41 sections B. 09 sections C. 05 sections D. 56 sections

D

144. BPS was formed in –

A. 1950 B. 1968 C. 1982 D. 1919

B

145. In 1990-1993, paracetamol tragedy killed _______ children in Bangladesh A. 339 B. 393 C. 993 D. 333

B

146. Patent law protect the right of – A. Inventor B. Investor C. Employer D. Merchandiser

A

147. The duration of DTAB is –

A. 2 years B. 3 years C. 5 years D. 6 years

B

148. The penalty for hawking of drug in the open places is – A. 2 years B. 5 years C. 7 years D. 9 years

A

149. The number of ex-officio member in PCB is – A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 12

A

150. The Drug (Control) Ordinance 1982 contains – A. 25 sections B. 27 sections C. 37 sections D. 34 sections

A


324

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Amran & Prince

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About the Authors

Md. Shah Amran was born in a respectable Muslim family on 15th

June, 1969 in the village of

Dowati of Kachua Upazela under Chandpur District. Md. Amran is the Professor in the Department

of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has

occupied 8th

position in the combined merit list in the SSC examination from Comilla Board, and

received Chancellor´s award for this and he has passed HSC from Dhaka Govt. College. He has

passed his Bachelor of Pharmacy and Master of Pharmacy degrees (with the 1st class in each) from

the Department of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Md. Amran has obtained his

PhD degree from the University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan. He worked as a Pharmacist in the

Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gazipur, Bangladesh. Md. Amran is actively engaged in research and

has published more than 70 research articles in the peer reviewed national and international journals.

He has authored eight books entitled “Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sector and Healthcare”,

“Introduction to Pharmacy”, “Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Standards”, “Quick Pharmacy

Review”, “Muktizuddhe Chandpur Kachua Upazela”, “Chandpurer Kachua Upazelar Etihash-

Oitirjya”, “Adorsholipi o Borno Porichoy” and “Jagche Manush Jagche Manobota”.

Md. Sahab Uddin was born in a respectable Muslim family on 25th July, 1992 in the village of

Chandpur of Akhaura Upazela under Brahmanbaria District. Md. Uddin is a distinct person in the

research field of Neuropsychopharmacology. He has authored a number of method, research and

review articles in the peer reviewed international scientific journals. Md. Uddin passed the SSC

examination from Gopinathpur Shahid Babul High School, Brahmanbaria in 2007 and HSC

examination from Cambrian College, Dhaka in 2009. Later on he has passed the Bachelor of

Pharmacy degree in 2014 securing 1st position from the Department of Pharmacy, Southeast

University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has developed and validated five methods of

neuropsychopharmacology for the assessment of attention, memory and cognition in human. Md.

Uddin is a scientific minded author and researcher, his numerous articles and books are waiting for

publication.

Health & Medicine

Pharmakon comprehensive pharmceutical pharmacology by md. s. amran, md. s. uddin