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Neonatal Sepsis, Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Download more documents and slide shows on The Medical Post [ www.themedicalpost.net ]
Dr. Kalpana MallaMD Pediatrics
Manipal Teaching Hospital
Neonatal Sepsis
Clinical syndrome of bacteraemia characterized by systemic signs and symptoms of infection in the first four weeks of life
Bacterial invasion and multiplication in the blood
11/04/2023 2
Incidence
In India - 3.9 % of all imtramural births - 20 – 30 % develop meningitis
In developed countries - 1 in 1000 live births - Term - 4 in 1000 live births - Preterm - 300 in 1000 VLBW babies
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Common - E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus,
Others- Staph. aureus, streptococcus ssp, acintobactor, H. inlfluenzae, Anaerobes, L monocytogens, GBS, Enterococcus,Citrobacter
11/04/2023 4
Etiology
Maternal Risk Factors1. Intrapartum - Maternal Infection - Purulent / foul smelling liquor - Fever (>380C)
- Leucytosis (WBC >18000 / mm3) 2. Premature rupture of membranes 3. Prolonged rupture of membranes > 12 hours 4. Premature onset of labour (<37 weeks 5. Maternal UTI
6.Meconium stained liquor7.Chorioamnionitis
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Neonatal Risk factors 1. Low Birth Weight Baby/Preterm 2. Perinatal asphyxia 3. Male gender
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CLASSIFICATION
1. Early onset – • < 72hrs of age - Before or during delivery
ⓐ PROM →Ascending Chorioamninitis ⓑ During passage through birth canal ⓒ Resuscitation at birth – added risk in the OT & LR
• Organisms from - maternal genital tract, LR,OT
Organisms :• E coli., Klebsiella, GBS,
CLASSIFICATION
2. Late-onset • >72hrs-30 days of age mostly end of 1st week.
ⓐ Nosocomial infection/Hospital inf. Source: Organisms from NICU, postnatal
ward. Incubators, Resuscitators, Ventilators, Catheters, Infusion sets, Face masks.
Organisms• Staph aureus . epidermidis, E.coli, Klebsiella,
pseudomonas, proteus (2/3 are by gram –ve bacilli), Enterobacteriae
CLASSIFICATION
ⓑ Community infection • After discharge from hospital Source - mother, family, contacts, baby care
units,Organisms: • Strepto pneumoniae • Tuberculosis • Viruses
CLASSIFICATION
3. Late-late onset• After 30 days of ageOrganisms- saph. epidermidis, E.coli, candida,
Tuberculosis Viruses
Early vs Late onset sepsis
Early onset Late onset Age <72 hours >72 hours Risk factor Prematurity Prematurity Amnionitis, Maternal infection Source Maternal genital Environmental tract (nosocomial) Presentation Fulminant slowly progressive Multisystem focal Pneumonia frequent Meningitis frequent Mortality 5-50% 10-15%
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Symptoms of Neonatal Sepsis1. CNS Lethargy, Refusal to suck, Limp, Meningitis seen in 1/3 of all cases-
bulging fontanelle. High pitched cry, excessive crying, convulsions, Not arousable, Irritable, Hypothermia in preterm, fever in older babies
2. CVS Shock-pallor, Cyanosis, Cold and clammy skin cap filling>2 sec 3.Respiratory Tachypnoea, Apnoea, Grunt, Retractions
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Symptoms of Neonatal Sepsis
4.GIT
Vomiting, Diarrhoea, Abdominal distension, NEC,blood in stool
5.Haematological Bleeding manifestations-DIC, pulmonary Hge, IVH , NNJ
6.Skin
Rashes, Purpura, Pustules, Sclerema (skin thick, unpinchable, involves face ,chest, legs)
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SEPSIS SCREEN
At Birth Major risk factors 1. Rupture of membranes > 24 hrs 2. Maternal intrapartum fever > 100.40 F (>38oC) 3. Chorioamninitis 4. Sustained fetal heart rate >160/minMinor risk factors 1. Rupture of membrane > 12 hours 2. Maternal intrapartum fever > 99.50 F , ≥37.5oC 3. Maternal WBC > 15000 / mm3 4. Low apgar score(< 5 at 1 min, < 7 at 5min) 5. LBW ( < 1500 g ) 6. Preterm labour ( < 37 weeks)
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Minor risk factorsMinor risk factors 7.Foul smelling liquor/ meconium stained 8.Maternal WBC Count >15,000 9.Maternal GBS colonization 10.Low APGAR score(<5 at 1min) 11.Multiple gestation 12. > 3 vaginal exam **1 major or 2 minor risk factors
Laboratory Diagnosis of NNS
1. Direct methods
- Blood culture - CSF culture - Urine culture
2. Indirect methods / Screening tests - TLC < 5000 / mm3) - ANC <1800 / mm3) - Total immature neutrophils (Band neutrophil count
>20% - Immature neutrophil (Band N) to total neutrophil ratio ( > 0.2) - Micro ESR( > 15 mm / 1st hour )
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2. Indirect methods / Screening tests - Acute phase reactants- CRP - positive - Buffy coat examination - Smear of gastric aspirate- >5 neutrophil /HPF - C3d - Toxic granules, cytoplasmic vaculation, dhole bodies in PS
Lab diagnostic criteria
• Septic screen- if 3 are abnormal chance of infection 90%
A) TLC>20,000 or <5000B) Bands >20% or band: neutro>0.2C) abnormal neutrophils-toxic granulesD) micro ESR>15mm/1st hr E) CRP >8mcg/mlOthers-elevated haptoglobin,alpha-1antitrypsin
fibrinogen
Management of Neonatal Septicemia
1. Antibiotic Therapy2. Supportive Therapy3. Immunotherapy
Antibiotic Therapy
• Antibiotic started on clinical grounds tillC/S reports: Initial choice
**EOS – Aminoglycoside + Ampicillin or Crystallin Pencillin + Gentamycin / Amikacin
**LOS – Aminoglycoside + Cloxacillin• Pseudomonas: Ceftazidime• Staph. Aureus: Vancomycin
++Meningitis – aminoglycoside +Cefotaxime• Duration: Septicemia- 10 to 14 days• Pneumonia- 14 days• Meningits- 21 days
Supportive care:
• IV fluids, glucose, • Vit K, anticonvulsants• Blood transfusion,• Shock-Dopamine, Dobutamine,Steroids• Phototherapy, Oxygen• Hypoglycemia: 10% dextrose• FFP• Ventilatory support
Immunotherapy
• IVIG• Exchange blood transfusion - if there is
sclerema, DIC, Neutropenia
• Granulocyte transfusion - Colony Stimulating Factors
• Prognosis-upto 50% mortality
Natural course of sepsis Bacteria Focal infection Bacteraemia
sepsis
Sepsis syndrome
Early septic shock
Refractory septic shock
MODS Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
DEATH
11/04/2023 24
Evaluation of symptomatic infant for sepsis - Sepsis screen - Chest X-ray - Lumbar puncture - Blood culture Begin Antibiotics
Culture positive No risk factors for sepsis Presence of focal infection Culture negative Sepsis screen positive Sepsis screen negative LP abnormal Symptoms resolve by 24 hrs Symptoms persists 72 hrs
Treat pneumonia 7-10 days Treat for 48-72 hrs Septicaemia 10-14 days and discharge Meningitis 14-21 days
Superficial Infections
- Pustules - After puncturing, clean with betadine and apply antimicrobial
- Conjunctivitis- Chloramphenicol eye drops
- Oral thrush - Local application of Nystatin or Clotrimazole
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Prevention of Infection
- Exclusive breastfeeding
- Keep cord dry
- Hand washing by care givers
- No unnecessary intervention
- Better management of IV Lines
- Disinfection of Equipments
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Hand Washing
- Single most important means of preventing nosocomial infections
- Very Simple
- Cheap
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Hand Washing
- Two minutes, hand washing to be done before entering baby care area
- 10 seconds hand washing to be done before and after touching every baby, and after touching unsterile surfaces and fomites
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Steps of effective hand washing
- Roll sleeves above elbow - Remove wrist watch, bangles, ring etc - Using plain water and soap, wash parts of the hand in the following sequence
- Palm and fingers (web spaces) - Back of hands - Fingers and Knuckles - Thumbs - Finger tips - Wrists and forearm up to elbow
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Steps of Effective Hand Washing
- Keep elbow always dependent - Close the tap using elbow - Dry hands using single use sterile paper / napkin - Do not keep long or polished nails Rinsing hands with alcohol is NOT A SUBSTITUTE for PROPER HAND WASHING
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• An idiopathic coagulation necrosis and inflammation of the intestine in a neonate.
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Definition
NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
• 0.5 - 3.5/1000 live births
• Affects mostly premature infants (10% occur in FT)
• Increased incidence with decreasing BW and GA
• Hypothesis - the risk of NEC is determined by maturity of the GI tract
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Incidence
• The age of onset is highly variable but rarely occurs in the first three days of life
• The lowest GA (24-28 weeks) tend to develop NEC after the second week of life
• Intermediate GA (29-32 weeks) develop it within 1-3 weeks
• Term infants or >32 weeks tend to develop it in the first week of life
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Age of Onset
• low APGARS,• UAC • severe RDS, • PDA’s (ie gut ischemia),• Aggressive and early enteral feeding in a premature
infant • Prematurity (with immature GI tract and host
defenses) is the primary risk factor
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Risk Factors
• Bell’s staging criteriaStage I (suspected NEC)
Stage II (definite NEC)
Stage III (advanced NEC, severely ill) IIIA (without perforation) IIIB (with perforation)
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Clinical Manifestations
• Stage I• Systemic signs
• Intestinal Signs
• Radiological signs
• Temp instability
• Mild abdominal distention, emesis
• Normal or mild dilatation or ileus
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Clinical manifestations
Stage II• Systemic signs
• Intestinal signs
• Radiologic signs
• Same as Stage I with metabolic acidosis and mild thrombocytopenia
• Same as Stage I with decreased bowel sounds and abdominal tenderness
• Intestinal dilatation, ileus and pneumatosis intestinalis
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Clinical Manifestations
Stage III (A & B)• Systemic signs
• Intestinal signs
• Radiologic signs
• Same as II plus hypotension, severe apnea, DIC, neutropenia, anuria
• Same as II with generalized peritonitis, marked tenderness and distention, and abdominal wall erythema
• Same as II with portal vein gas, definite ascites pneumoperitoneum
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Clinical Manifestations
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• Generalized bowel distention (earliest sign)• Pneumatosis Intestinalis• Pneumoperitoneum• Large distended immobile loop on repeated x-rays
(persistant loop sign-may indicate a gangrenous loop of bowel)
• Gasless abdomen (perforation and peritonitis)• Portal venous air
11/04/2023 43
Radiologic findings
• Mortality is 30-60%• Stricture formation is 25-35%• Bowel obstruction in 5%• Enterocutaneous fistulas • FTT secondary to short bowel syndrome and malabsorption• Central line sepsis
11/04/2023 44
Complications
• Suspected NEC (Bell’s stage I)Hold enteral feedsObtain an x-ray to view bowel gas patternGastric decompression with an NG tube to
suctionRule out Sepsis with initiation of IV antibiotics
11/04/2023 45
Treatment strategies
• Definite NEC (Bell’s stage II)Follow serial exams and serial x-ray's with left lateral decubitus
films to screen for perforation
correction of metabolic disturbances(acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia etc), hypovolemia, thrombocytopenia, and DIC
Intubation if needed
Consider surgical consult
11/04/2023 46
Treatment Strategies
• Advanced NEC (Bell’s Stage III)Same management as Stage II with increased
monitoring of BP, other vitals)Vigorous fluid resuscitation, inotropes, ventilator
supportSurgery as indicated
11/04/2023 47
Treatment Strategies
• Surgery indication :- Absolute indications
1) pneumoperitoneum 2) intestinal gangrene
Relative indications 1) progressive clinical deterioration 2) fixed abdominal mass, portal vein gas, abdominal
wall erythema 3) persistently dilated bowel loop
11/04/2023 48
Treatment Strategies
• Antenatal steroids decreased the incidence of NEC • Use of human milk • GI priming with cautious advancement of enteral
feeding.
11/04/2023 49
Prevention
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