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NATURAL POLYMER : ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONS

PRESENTED BY- MISS.VRUSHALI BENDALE.GUIDED BY-MRS.VIJAYA BHOGALE.DR.L.H.HIRANANDANI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,ULHASNAGAR

2CONTENT1. INTRODUCTION2. CLASSIFICATION3. NATURAL POLYMERIC MATERIAL4. MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATION5. NEW NATURAL POLYMER AND MODELING6. ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL POLYMER7. DISADVATAGES OF NATURAL POLYMER8. APPLICATIONS9. MARKETED PRODUCTS10.CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

INTRODUCTION From the Greek word “POLYMERS”

“Poly” “Meros” means Many mean Parts

Many parts=POLYMER

Natural polymer synthetic polymer Polymers that occurs in nature produced from living organisms

• The polymers are defined as macromolecules composed of one or more chemical units (monomers).

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4 WHAT IS NATURAL POLYMER ?

• A natural polymer is a polymer that is found in nature and is not man made all natural or organic polymers come from living organisms.

GUAR GUM POWDER

Why great attention for natural polymer ?

Biodegradable, BiocompatibleNon-toxic

5CLASSIFICATION

NATURAL POLYMER

PLANTS

POLYSACCHARIDESE.G.CELLULOSE,STARCH

ANIMALS

PROTEINSE.G.GELATINE,ALBUMIN

POLYSACCHARIDESE.G.CHITIN,CHITOSAN

MICROBES

POLYESTERE.G.POLY-HYDROXYALKONATE

POLYSACCHARIDESE.G.HYALURONATE,

6NATURAL POLYMERIC MATERIALPolysaccharides from plant originCELLULOSE• Major sources of cellulose are

plant fibers like cotton (genus-Gossypium, Family-Malvaceae)

• Linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4) linked D glucose units having the formula (C6H10O5)n.

• cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin.

• MCC-Diluent/binder in tablet• Cellulose acetate Fibers-wound

dressing.• Carboxylated MCC-Film coating

agent. Structure of cellulose

AGAR• Dired Gelatinous substance.• Gelidium amansii (Gelidaceae)• Mixture-agarose and agaropectin.• Suspending agent, emulsifying

agent, gelling agent in suppositories, surgical lubricant, tablet disintegrants, medium for bacterial culture, laxative.

• jellies, confectionary items,

Agar agar seaweed

STARCH• maize (Zea mays),rice (Oryza sativa), wheat

(Triticum aestivum) (Graminae) , and potato (Solanum tuberosum) (Solanaceae)

• Carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds.

• Mixture-amylose and amylopectin• Use-Packaging,container,films,textile sizing.

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9Polysaccharides from animal originCHITINSource- mollusks, annelids, arthropods.• constituent of the

mycelia and spores of many fungi.

Application- • Nanoparticles &

microparticles [controlled drug delivery]

• Mucosal, nasal, peroral drug delivery.

Structure of chitin

Structure of Chitosan

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XANTHAN GUMSource- Product of gram negative bacteria Xanthomonas CampestrisComposition-Cellulose derivative contains a cellulose backbone ( -D-glucose residues) and a trisaccharide side chain of -D-mannose- D gluronic acid – -D-mannose attached with the main chain of alternate glucose residues.Application-• Oral and topical formulations,

cosmetics, food industry as a suspending and stabilizing agent.

• Sustained release matrix tablet.

Structure of xanthan Gum

11ALGINATESource-Alginate is a water-soluble linear polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed. ( Phaeophyceae include Laminaria hyperborea)Composition-1–4 linked -L-glucuronic and –D mannuronic.

Sodium Alginate powder

Structure of alginates

Applications:

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PSYLLIUM (PSYLLIUM MUCILAGE SEED)Source-Plantago ovata ( Plantaginaceae)Applications- • Tablet binder• Psyllium husk hydroxypropyl

methylcellulose prepare a novel sustained release, swellable and bioadhesive gastro retentive drug delivery systems for ofloxacin.

PSYLLIUM PLANTAGO

Psyllium Husk

Powder

13 Proteins from Animal Sources

COLLAGENSource-• Primary protein component of

animal connective tissues.• pig skin, bovine hide, and pork and

cattle bones.Composition-• 27 types of collagen exist & is

composed of different polypeptide , (glycine, proline, hydroxyproline and lysine)

Applications-• Collagen films-ophthalmology DDS

for slow release of drug.• Tissue engineering-skin

replacement, bone substitutes, and artificial blood vessels and valves.

Structure of collagen

GELATIN

Properties and composition• Translucent, colorless• A high molecular weight polypeptide• It consist of 19 amino acid.• Water soluble• Proteins from animal source -Elastin,

albumin and fibrin.

Applications• Tablet coating• Suppositories• Gelatin emulsions• Microencapsulation• Gelatin as nanoparticle &

microparticles

Soft gelatin capsules

Hard gelatin capsules

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15 Proteins from vegetal sources

WHEAT GLUTEN

Source-Product of the starch fabrication.Composition- main groups: proteins, gliadin and glutenin.Advantages-• Fastest degradation

rates. • Biodegradable, non-

toxic• Available in high quality

& low costApplication-film forming agent

SOY PROTEIN

Source & composition-Soy protein isolate -form of soy protein +90% proteins. Applications-• Health benefits• Helps in heart

problems.

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POLYESTERS

CUTIN

SUBERIN

POLYHYDROXY-

ALKONATE

CUTIN• It is a complex combination of nonpolar

lipids which form part of the waxy layer that envelops the plant on the outermost layer, protecting it against water loss to the environment.

• outermost layer is referred to as cuticle ; it is the structure thought to be a major enabler of plant evolution from water to dry land due to the enhanced water retention capacity it provides.

• discovery of natural polyester from plant cuticle came later than that of polysaccharides and proteins.

SUBERIN –• similar role as cutin of protecting the root

tissue against water loss. It is commonly used industrially as the main constituent of cork.

Polyhydroxyalkanostes- Found in bacteria, synthesized in plant,particularly in leaves.

Cutin Pathway

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Polyesters used in pharmaceutical blister packaging

Polyester used in medicated cotton coil

Cleanroom Polyester Swab

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List of some polysaccharides from various sources

SOURCE POLYMER

Cell walls of plant PectinSeeds and Roots GalactomannansSeaweeds Carrageenan, Alginates, agarAnimal cell walls HyaluronanShells of aquatic animals ChitinSkins and bones of animal and scales of fish

Gelatin

Bacteria Xanthan , Hyaluronan , gellan

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• Linking together of a large molecule of small molecule termed as monomers with each other to form a macromolecule or polymer molecule through chemical reaction is termed as polymerization.

MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATIO

N

• Chemical reaction in which polymer is formed.• Small molecule of by-product with a lower molecular weight is

released.• Reaction can take place between two similar or different

monomers, known as step-growth polymerization.

Condensation Polymerization or Step-growth Polymerization

• No elimination of any molecule.• It is obtained by linking together the monomer molecules by a

chain reaction to give a polymer whose molecular weight is exactly an integral multiple of that of the monomer.

Addition Polymerization

or Chain Polymerization

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New natural polymer and modeling

• Computer based techniques –Used to design and predict the properties of polymers

• The potential of emerging computer based methods to predict conformation, interactions and properties of natural polymers, their chemical derivatives and blends is immense.

• Computer modeling may well become the "screening method" of choice to identify new polymers without having to go through the long and tedious process of synthesizing or "growing" every possibility.

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22 Advantages And Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES

Biodegradable

Biocompatible and non-toxic

Low cost

Environmentall

Local availability (especially in developing countries.

DISADVANTAGES

Microbial contamination Batch to Batch variation The uncontrolled rate of hydrationSlow processHeavy Metal contamination

23Applications:

APPLICATION OF NATURAL

POLYMERS IN NANODRUG DELIVERY

APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL POLYMER IN

DRUG DELIVERY

APPLICATION OF NATURAL

POLYMERS BLENDING IN PACKAGING INDUSTRIES

APPLICATION OF NATURAL

POLYMER IN NATURAL

EXCIPIENTS.

Application of natural polymers in nanodrug deliveryPolysaccharides

STARCH

• use of starch in pharmaceutics is extensive.

• Use as co-polymer and excipient in controlled drug delivery.

• magnetised iron-oxide nano-particles coated with starch were used – targeting brain tumor.

Maize starch modified and un-modified – used as as polymeric material to formulate different types of nano-particles.

2 different types of nano-particles – cross linked with epichlorohydrin and phosphoryl chloride (POCl3 ) using both the gel and emulsion methods.

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25Chitosan• A nonvirus carrier, chitosan has excellent

biocompatibility and biodegradation, which has led to increasing application of chitosan nanoparticles in gene drug delivery.

Non-viral gene delivery vectors

• Chitosan itself has a certain antitumor activity.• chitosan nanoparticles can increase drug

concentration in the tumor site and improve therapeutic effects.

Carrier of anticancer chemical drugs

• Nano-particles fabricated with chitosan - to investigate the controlled release of anti-retroviral drug, lamivudine.

• chitosan and polyoxometalates (POM) were tested as anti-cancer preparation.

• starch nano particles – used to chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) to coat lipid based carriers in order to enhance ocular drug delivery

Other applications

Applications of Natural polymer in drug delivery

GUMS BIOLOGICAL SOURCE APPLICATIONSXanthan Xanthomonas campestris Pellets,controlled drug deliveryTamarind Tamarindus indica Hydrogels, ocular mucoadhesive

drug deliverySodium alginate Macrocytis pyrifera Bioadhesive microspheres,

nanoparticlesPectin Citrus aurantium Beads, floating beads, colon drug

delivery, pelletizationOkra Genus-Hibiscus

Species-Abelmoschus esculentus

Hydrophilic matrix for controlled release

Locust bean Ceratania siliqua Controlled release agentKaraya Sterculia urens Mucoadhesive

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27Bhara gum Terminalia bellerica. Microincapsulation

Gum ghatti Anogeissus latifolia Binder, emulsifier, suspending agent.

Albizia Albizia zygia Tablet binder.

Gellan Pseudomonas elodea Ophthalmic drug delivery, sustaining release agent, beads, Hydrogel.

Ispagol Plantago psyllium,Plantago ovata

Colon drug delivery, gastro retentive.

CONTINUE…

Application of natural polymer in natural excipient

XANTHAN GUM• free flowing powder• soluble in both hot and cold

water to give viscous solutions at low concentrations.

• Thickener and stabilizer-creams, eye gels.

• In emulsions and suspesions for pharmaceutical use xanthan gum prevents the separation of insoluble ingedients, e.g., Barium sulphate in X-ray contrast media.

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CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES

• Biodegradable, biocompatible and less toxic.• used as a mucoadhesive, oral absorption enhancer and in protein

and gene delivery.• Chitosan, typically isolated from the shell of shrimp, has the ability

to react with DNA and compact it to produce a nanoparticle. Such nanoparticles are more readily taken up by cells.

PECTIN• soluble in pure water• binding agent in tablets.• Used to prepare beads by ionotropic gelation technique,

sustained release drug delivery using calcium pectinate gel bead.

• Pectin hydrogels can be used in controlled release matrix tablet formulations.

• Using a extruder/spheronizer, spherical pellets containing calcium pectate were prepared.

• These were then coated in pectin solution resulting in the formation of insoluble calcium pectinate gel around the pellets..

Structure and powder of pectin

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CARRAGEENAN• Chondrus crispus• Gelling agent• A good substitute for gelatin

(animal-based product) in hard and soft gel capsules.

• Thickening agent in hand lotions and shampoos

• Carrageenan has unique properties like viscosity, continuous phase gel formation and specific interactions with the abrasive.

• Combination of these properties helps in stabilizing the toothpaste preparations.

CELLULOSE ETHERS• Pure cellulose as such is

insoluble in hot or cold water

• Cellulose is converted to cellulose esters or cellulose ethers derivatives which are water soluble

• Modified cellulose derivatives enhance water retention capacity, pseudoplastic behavior,film forming properties and complexation.

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Application of natural polymers blending in packaging industries

Food packaging-NON-EDIBLE

EDIBLE

Starch+PE

Polysaccharides

Proteins Lipid

Polysaccharides

Chitin/Chitosan

Collagen/gelatinSoya proteins

Bees wax

Polylactic acid(PLC)

Starch Wheat glutenwhey

Carnauba wax

Polyvinyl alcohol

Pectin Corn Zein Free fatty acid

Pharmaceutical Industries-• To protect the

product for distribution, storage and until the process involved in finishing of material products.

• Quality and effectiveness.

Maintaining the quality of products.

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32Marketed products of natural polymer-

SR.NO.

DRUG CATEGORY METHOD POLYMER

1. Venlafexine Anti-depressent Wet Granulation Bees wax, Carnanuba wax

2. Ibuprofen Anti-inflammatory Wet Granulation EC

3. Miconazole Anti-fungal Direct compression/wet granulation

Pectin,HPMC

4. Verapmil Ca+2channel blocker Direct compression HPMC5. Diethyl

carbamazepine citrate

Anti-filarial Wet granulation Guar Gum,HPMC

6. Amlodipine Anti-arrythmatic Direct compression HPMC,EC

Conclusiono Polymers play a vital role in the drug delivery system. So, the selection of

polymer plays an important role in the manufacturing of drugs.o Natural biodegradable polymers have received much more attention in the

last decades due to their applications in the fields related to environmental protection and the maintenance of physical health.

o Natural polymers can be good substitute for the synthetic polymers and many of the side effects of the synthetic polymers can be overcome by using natural polymers.

Future scopeo The polymers have great future, because of its increased demand and

usage. Researches are being carried out to use polymers more effectively.

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1. Kusum Kaushik, Ram Bhau Sharma, Shweta Agarwal, “Natural polymer and their applications” Int. J. Pharm.Sci. Rev.Res.,37(2), March-April 2016, Article no.5,Page no.31 to 34

2. Shradha Tomar, Lalit Singh, Vijaya Sharma, “Miraculous Adjuvants: The Pharmaceutical polymers,” Int. Res. J. Pharm, (8)2016

3. Jaswinder Singh, “Natural polymer Based Drug Delivery system,”A Review article,volume5,ISSUE 4,ISSN 2278-4357, March-2016,P.806

4. Abitha M H, Flowerlet Mathew, “Natural polymer in pharmaceutical formulation”, a review Int.J. of institutional pharmacy and life science, 2015, 206

5. Krishna Sailaja, P.Amareshwar,P.Chakravarty, “Chitosan nanoparticles as a drug delivery system”Research journal,July-sept.2010,volume-1,P.g.481,ISSN:0975-8585

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7. Ikoni J.Ogaji, Elijah I Nep and Jennifer D Audu-Peter, “Advance in Natural Polymer as pharmaceutical Excipients.” A Review, 2011,P.2-16

8. Rishi Kumar, Rishabha Malviya and Pramod Kumar Sharma,” Pharmaceutical Application and Patents in Natural polymer Based Drug Delivery System,” Research article 9(1),IDOSI Publications, 2015, P,25

THANK YOU

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