38
Factors in the Development of Diseases Reported by: Patrick Sagario and Ellyza Cua III-Boyle

MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Factors in the Development of Diseases

Reported by: Patrick Sagario and Ellyza Cua

III-Boyle

Page 2: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Contents:• Modern Concepts of Diseases• Factors that Cause Diseases - Host - Agent - Environment• Six Essential Factors in the Developm

ent of the Infection Process

Page 3: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

The Modern Concepts of DiseasesDISEASES...• may be defined as a failure of the adaptive

mechanics of an organism to counteract adequately the stimuli and stress to which it is subjected, resulting in a disturbance in function or structure of some parts of the body.

• may be described as a departure from a positive state of health or well-being.

• exists whenever there is an impairment of the normal state of organisms that affect the performance of vital functions.

Page 4: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

The Modern Concepts of DiseasesDISEASES...• results when, in the struggle between the

organism and the individual, there is a visible evidence of the interaction.

• is the detectable reaction of the individual, the human host to a parasite (an infectious agent in a particular environment).

Page 5: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Factors that Cause Disease

Host (man)

Agent Environment

Page 6: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

The Host

MAN MAY...a) become an obligate host where the

microbiological agent has been established in man and only in man for its survival. Man is an obligate host to the virus of measles. Only in cells of man can the virus of measles survive. Man is its only reservoir.

b) be a principal host for some diseases where he is chiefly responsible for the propagation of the parasite as in salmonella infection (typhoid). Man is the reservoir of infection.

c) be an occasional host. Animals are the principal reservoir; man is an unimportant reservoir.

Page 7: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

The Host

EXAMPLE:

Rabies – principal host is animal - occasional host is man

The host accidentally steps in the life cycle of the organisms.

Page 8: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Disease Agents

EFFECTS OF MICROORGANISMS ON THE BODY:1. Destroy body cells and tissues, e.g., boils,

tuberculosis2. Cause mechanical injury, e.g., due to rapid

multiplication3. Secrete toxins or poison, e.g., bacterial diseases,

sore throat, diphtheria, tetanus, typhoid fever4. Cause uncomfortable bodily reactions such as

fever and aching, e.g., influenza

Page 9: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Disease Agents

TYPES OF AGENTS:

• biological – amoebic dysentery• chemical – fluorosis• physical – trauma or accident• nutritional – anemia, goiter, beri-beri, etc.• psychological – stress, tension, neurosis,

psychosis

Page 10: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Environment

THE FAVORABLE ECOLOGICAL FACTORS:

• good heredity• good environment• proper nutrition• adequate medical care• satisfying work and recreation• personal-social fulfillment• emotional maturity, etc.

Page 11: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Environment

THE UNFAVORABLE ECOLOGICAL FACTORS:

• poor heredity• poor environment• low living standards• stress, pathogenic organisms• psychogenic-emotional factors• aging• unhealthful practices

Page 12: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

KEEP IN MIND THAT...• Disease occurs when an imbalance exists

between the host and the disease agent as they interact in the environment.

• Health is maintained when a state of balance exists between the three forces.

• Infection is the successful entry, lodgement and multiplication of disease agents in the body.

• The presence of parasites alone do not result in disease, while disease results when the parasites overcome the resistance of the host and cause destruction or disturbance in the function of the body.

Page 13: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Six Essential Factors in the Development of the Infection Process.

Reservoir of Source of Infection

Causative Agent

Modes of Escape

Modes of Transmission

Portals of Entry

Susceptible Host

Page 14: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Causative Agent1.) Bacteria – are microscopic organisms. Most bacteria have one of three basic shapes: rod (bacilli), round (cocci), or spiral (spirilla).

Toxins – waste that poison the body.

Page 15: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Causative AgentCLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA ACCORDING TO THEIR SHAPE:

1. Cocci or round shape – common diseases produced are tonsillitis, pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, septic sore throat, furuncles, pimples, gastroenteritis and pneumonia.

2. Bacilli or rod-shaped bacteria – common diseases produced are diphtheria, cholera/el tor, leprosy, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, dysentery.

Page 16: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Causative AgentCLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA ACCORDING TO THEIR SHAPE:

3. Spirilla or spiral-shaped bacteria – common diseases produced are syphilis and tropical

ulcer.

ANTIBIOTICS-interfere w/ the growth of bacteria.

Page 17: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Causative Agent2.) Fungi – are organisms that feed on animal or plant tissues. The fungi that cause disease in humans grow either on skin surface or on mucous membranes. The fungi take nutrients form the cells of these tissuesRingworm , athlete’s foot and tinea flava ARE COMMON HUMAN DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI.

Page 18: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Causative Agent3.) Rickettsiae – are small bacteria that can be produced only within living cells. Rickettsiae usually live in the cells of insects such as lice, mites, and ticks. Some rickettsiae can cause disease in humans. • An infected organism, like a tick, spreads the

rickettsiae when it bites a human or an animal. The rickettsiae then spread and reproduced inside the cells of an animal / human.

• Rocky mountain spotted fever and typhoid fever are two diseases caused by rickettsiae. Untreated rickettsiae diseases may be fatal.

Page 19: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Causative Agent4.) Protozoans – are one-celled organisms. A few protozoans can cause diseases. They live on or in other organisms known as hosts. Protozoans absorb food from these hosts. Some protozoans live part of their lives in humans and part in other organism.

LIFE CYCLE OF A MALARIA

Page 20: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Causative Agent5.) Viruses – are made up of genetic materials surrounded by a protein shell. Viruses are NOT cells. They are smaller than any known cell.• Viruses must live inside cells in order to

reproduce.• Viruses are responsible for more diseases

as cold, influenza, mumps, measles, chicken pox, rabies, and lupus.

• Viruses are also suspected to cause some forms of cancer and arthritis.

Page 21: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Reservoir or Source of Infection

MAN....• is recognized as the most important reservoir and

source of infection at the same time. Reservoir of infection are man, animals, plants, soil or inanimate and organic matters, in which an infectious agent lives, multiplies, and depends primarily for survival.

• serves as a reservoir during an attack of a disease and during convalescence. He may be a carrier who carries the germs in his body for long duration sometimes throughout his lifetime but is unaware of his condition because no symptoms of the disease bother him.

Page 22: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

Mode of Escape

As long as humans or animals serve only as reservoirs, new infection does not take place. These organisms must be able to escape from their sources. The most important ways by which microorganisms escape are through the following.

1. respiratory tract2. gastrointestinal tract3. urinary tract4. skin5. mechanical escape like the sucking of insects

that brings out the infected blood.

Page 23: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

TONSILITIS & PHARYNGITIS

Page 24: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

RHEUMATIC FEVER

Page 25: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

FURUNCLES

Page 26: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

PIMPLES

Page 27: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

GASTROENTERITIS

Page 28: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

PNEUMONIA

Page 29: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

DIPHTHERIA

Page 30: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

CHOLERA/EL TOR

Page 31: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

LEPROSY

Page 32: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

TUBERCULOSIS

Page 33: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

TYPHOID FEVER

Page 34: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

DYSENTERY

Page 35: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

SYPHILIS

Page 36: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

TROPICAL ULCER

Page 37: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

LIFE CYCLE OF A MALARIA

Page 38: MAPEH Report - Diseases Churva

prepared by: azylle

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!