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GOOD AFTERNOON!!!!!

Fillers in composite resins

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Page 1: Fillers in composite resins

GOOD AFTERNOON!!!!!

Page 2: Fillers in composite resins

FILLERS IN COMPOSITE RESINSDEEPTHI P.R.FINAL YEAR BDS

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IntroductionMaterials usedTypes of FillersMethods of PreparationMethods of IncorporationFunctions of Fillers Factors Influencing the Functions

of Fillers

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Advantages & Drawbacks of different Materials

Classification of Composite Resins based on Fillers

Recent AdvancesSummaryReferences

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INTRODUCTION

Composite In materials and science, a solid

formed from two or more distinct phases that have been combined to produce properties superior to or intermediate to those of the individual constituents

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Dental CompositeHighly cross-linked polymeric

materials reinforced by a dispersion of glass, crystalline or resin filler particles and/or short fibers bound to the matrix by silane coupling agents

Dr. Ray L. Bowen (1962)

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Basic ComponentsMatrixFillerCoupling agent

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FILLERS

‘The inorganic and/or organic resin particles that are designed to strengthen a composite, decrease thermal expansion, minimize polymerization shrinkage and reduce the amount of swelling caused by water sorption’

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FILLERSDispersed phase of composite

resins

1950’s- Quartz in MMA filling materials

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MATERIALS USEDQuartzAmorphous SilicaGlass fillers with metalsColloidal SilicaCeramicsOrganically modified

Ceramics/ORMOCERS

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TYPES OF FILLERS3 filler categories- 35 years

ConventionalMicrofineHybrid

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CONVENTIONAL FILLERIrregular glass or ceramic4µm - 40µmUsed in 1960’s- 1970’sFirst generation Composites: 1-

50µm 60-80 wt%Currently: 1-5µmBa, Sr, Zn, Yb glasses- fine fillers -Radiopacity

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MICROFINE FILLER

Pyrogenic silica: 0.01µm- 0.1µmColloidal silica30-60 wt%Rare earth metal compounds-

RadiopacityHomogeneous & Heterogeneous

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HYBRID FILLERConventional glass/ ceramic filler

particles-Zirconia/ Silica: 0.5µm - 10µmPyrogenic silica: 0.01µm - 0.1µmBariumaluminoborate & Sr

glasses- Radiopacity78-85 wt%

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MEGAFILLER

Pieces of glass: 0.5mm – 2mmInsertsComposites at points of heavy

occlusal contact or high wear

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METHODS OF PREPARATIONGrinding or milling Quartz/

Glasses: 0.1µm-100µm

Microfillers:Pyrolytic or Precipitation process

fumed silica- SiCl4 in O2 & H2 macromolecule

chains of SiO2

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METHODS OF PREPARATION

Colloidal particles of Sodium silicate to water & HCl colloidal silica

Organic fillers: Pulverized precured resin:5µm-

30µmSilane treated colloidal silica to the

monomer at slightly elevated temperature

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METHODS OF PREPARATION

Composite paste heat cured with Benzoyl Peroxide

Cured composite : ground into particles of size larger than traditional

fillers

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METHODS OF INCORPORATION

CONVENTIONAL FILLER PARTICLES Surface coating of ‘Coupling

agent’Then blended with resin

MICROFILLER PARTICLESOrganic fillers + silane treated

colloidal silica blended with monomer

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METHODS OF INCORPORATION

1. Homogeneous :Microfiller loaded directly to the resin

2. Heterogeneous Microfiller compressed into clumps:Sintering, precipitation, silanization or

condensationFumed silica added to a heated resin

at ~70 wt%

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METHODS OF INCORPORATION

Increase Filler loading Sinter colloidal silica particles:

Several tenths of a µm Reduces compromise in the

rheology Grinding prepolymerized

composite highly loaded with colloidal silica particles

Particles then incorporated

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FUNCTIONS OF FILLERSStrengthen the compositeReduce the amount of matrix

materialReinforcement of the matrix

resin: increased hardness, strength & decreased wear

Reduction in polymerization shrinkage

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FUNCTIONS OF FILLERSImproved workability by

increasing viscosityReduction in water sorption,

softening & stainingIncreased radiopacity &

diagnostic sensitivity

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FUNCTIONS OF FILLERSReduction in thermal expansion &

contractionIncreased compressive strength,

tensile strength, modulus of elasticity

Increase in abrasion resistanceIncreased fracture toughness

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FUNCTIONS OF FILLERSEnhances physical & mechanical

properties to the level of tooth tissue clinical performance & durability

Increases translucency

Improves handling properties

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS

FILLER SIZELarge : ‘plucking’ – rough surface - increased wear - reduced flexural strengthSize can’t be reduced beyond

limits- technical problems

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS

INCORPORATION OF RADIOPAQUE COMPOUNDS

Sr/Ba glass & other heavy metal compounds

Rare earth metal compounds

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS

FILLER CONTENTAs it increases:Reduced polymerization

shrinkageCoefficient of thermal expansion-

more like tooth structureIncreased hardness & abrasion

resistance

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FUNCTIONS OF FILLERSIncreased color stabilityIncreased depth of cureIncreased stiffnessReduced resistance to toothbrush

abrasion & wear by hydroxyapatite

SILANE COATINGIncreased resistance to hydrolytic

degradation

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FUNCTIONS OF FILLERSFILLER SHAPESpherical shape: Incorporates more inorganic fillersImproves fracture strength

REFRACTIVE INDEXMatches that of resin ~ 1.50Translucency similar to the tooth

structure

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ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS

FILLER ADVANTAGES DRAWBACKS

Quartz .Clinically inert (insoluble).Strong & hard.Difficult to grind into very fine particles.Adequate Refractive index.Highly esthetic

.Difficult to polish

.Potentially abrasive to opposing teeth or restorations

Amorphous silica

.Composition & Refractive index same as quartz

.Less hard

.Not crystalline

Glass fillers with heavy metals

.Adequate Refractive index

.Provide radiopacity.Not as inert as quartz & amorphous silica.Leaches &weakens in acidic juices & oral fluids.More susceptible to wear.Shorter functional lifetime .Attacked by APF gels/solutions

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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES BASED ON FILLERS

I. Based on the filler particle Size & Size Distribution

Traditional (large particle) 1-50 µm Hybrid (large particle) : (1) 1-20 µm glass (2) 0.04 µm silica Hybrid (midifiller) : (1) 0.1- 10 µm glass (2) 0.04 µm silica

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Hybrid (Minifiller/ Small Particle Filled):

(1) 0.1-2 µm glass (2) 0.04 µm silica

Packable Hybrid: Midifiller/ Minifiller Hybrid but with

lower filler fraction

Flowable Hybrid: Midifiller Hybrid, but with finer

particle size distribution

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Homogeneous Microfill: 0.04 µm silica

Heterogeneous Microfill: (1) 0.04 µm silica (2) Prepolymerized

resin particles containing 0.04 µm silica

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II. According to Skinner Traditional/Conventional: 8-12 µm Small Particle Filled Composites: 1-

5µm

III. Philips & Lutz Classification Macrofiller Composites: 0.1- 100

µm Microfiller Particles: 0.04 µm Hybrid Composites: different sizes

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IV. Based on Mean Particle Size of the filler

Traditional Composite resinsHybrid Composite resinsHomogeneous Microfilled

CompositesHeterogeneous Microfilled

Composites

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V. According to Bayne & Heyman

Megafill : 1-2mmMacrofill: 10-100µmMidifill: 1-10µmMinifill: 0.1-1µmMicrofill: 0.01-0.1µmNanofill: 0.005-0.01µm

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VI. Williams ClassificationDensified Composite Midway

filledUltrafine Midway filledFine Midway filledUltrafine cement filledFine cement filled

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Homogeneous Microfine Composite

Heterogeneous Microfine Composite

With splintered prepolymerized filler

With agglomerated prepolymerized filler

With spherical prepolymerized filler

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RECENT ADVANCES

NANOFILLED COMPOSITESNanomers (5nm-75nm) &

‘nanocluster’ agglomerates (0.6 µm -1.4 µm)Primary Zirconia/ Silica

nanoparticles(5nm-20nm) fused; infiltrated with silane

‘Nanohybrid’ Composites: Incoporation of nanoparticles into composite formulations

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RECENT ADVANCES

PROPERTIES :Nanofilled vs OthersPhysical & mechanical- similar to

microhybridWater sorption similar to midifill

& microfillSignificantly better polish & gloss

retentionLower solubilityReduced scattering of curing light

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RECENT ADVANCESNanohybrid variety :- properties similar to / better than

microhybrid- inferior compared to nanofilledNanodiamond filler:Improve wear resistance & flexural

strength in proportions of 0.005%-0.008%

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RECENT ADVANCES

FLAKE SHAPED GLASS FILLER(FSG)

Thin glass platelet with a flat, smooth surface

Good transparencyIncreased hardnessCompressive strength ~

commercial compositeHigh flowability

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RECENT ADVANCES

POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE(PMMA) FILLER PARTICLES2wt% additional PMMA fillersInhibit crack propagationEnhance compressive strengthNo significant change in water

sorption/ water contact angle of the surface

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RECENT ADVANCES

SILANE COATED GLASS FILLERSFluoroboroaluminosilicate glass

coated with3-

methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane

Or 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilaneGreater amount of fluoride

releaseHigher pH value

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RECENT ADVANCES

LEUCITE CONTAINING CERAMIC FILLER

IPS Empress ingots ball milled; passed through an 800 mesh sieve

Significant wear resistance

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SUMMARYFillers – reduce curing shrinkage-- improves physical propertiesComposite characteristics change:- Material- Size & size distribution- Load- Shape- Surface modifiers- Optical index

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REFERENCESPhilip’s Science of Dental

Materials- Anusavice,11th EditionApplied Dental Materials-John F

McCabe & Angus,W.G.Walls,8th Edition

Introduction to Dental Materials- Richard van Noort,2nd Edition

Tooth colored Restoratives, Principles & Techniques- Albers,9th Edition

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REFERENCESThe Clinical Handing of Dental

Materials-Smith,Wright,Brown,2nd Edition

Clinical aspects of Dental Materials-Gladwin&Bagby

Dental Materials-Carol Dixon,Hatrick,Eakle

Dental Materials- John M Prowers,John C.Wataha

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REFERENCES

Sturdevant’s Art & Science of Operative Dentistry- 4th Edition

Textbook of Operative Dentistry- Nisha Garg & Amit Garg

Textbook of Dental Materials-Sharmila Hussain

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REFERENCESConstantinos Masouras et alDental Materials Vol 24 No.7 July

2008: 932-939Lim YK et alDental Materials Vol 24 No.1

January 2008Tahimoto Y et alActa Biomaterials 2006 Nov;2(6):

633-639

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REFERENCESKondo Y et alDental Materials J,2010 October

14;29(5): 596-601Itota T et alDental Materials J,2010 August

7;29(4):362-368Arikawa H et alDental Materials J,2007 Jan

26(1):38-44

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REFERENCESH St.Germain et alJournal of Dental Research Feb

1985 Vol64 No.2:155-160Dr Moraes RR et alOperative Dentistry 2009 Sep-

Oct;34(5):551-557Berger SB et alBrazil Dental Journal

2009;20(4):314-318

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REFERENCESJ. Mat.Sci.Mater Med.2007

Jun;18(6):1157-1162 Clinical Materials Review Inside Dentistry July/August 2007

Vol 3,Issue 7Motohiro UO et alJournal of the Ceramic Society of

Japan,Vol 118 (2010), No.1378 June :425-427

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REFERENCESZhong –Yu- Xiu et alEffects of Nanodiamond Filler on

Compressive strength & Microhardness of Composite Resins

www.cnki.com.cn

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