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Diane McClymont Peace, Environmental Health Research Division, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Health Canada. Presentation at the HOUSING REALITIES FOR INUIT 2012 WORKSHOP organized by Inuit Tuttarvingat of NAHO, February 16, 2012.
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Climate Change and Health Adaptation Program for Northern First Nations and
Inuit Communities
Housing Realities for Inuit 2012 WorkshopFebruary 16, 2012
Diane McClymont PeaceEnvironmental Health Research DivisionFirst Nations and Inuit Health Branch
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Outline
Background on Health Canada’s Climate Change Program for Northern Communities
Climate Change in Canada’s Arctic Climate Change and Housing Contacts
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Background
This program aims to build capacity in Canada’s north by funding northern First Nations and Inuit communities to:
conduct research on the impacts of climate change on human health, and
develop tools and methods to adapt to these changes.
Communities determine the areas of study that are their priorities, not those of outside researchers.
The communities are encouraged to work with associations, academics, and governments for assistance and expertise.
These tools/materials are for decision-making for communities but can be applicable regionally, nationally and internationally.
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Proposals for Funding
Proposals are to include the following elements: community-based/centred research, which can include one or a
combination of the following: • identification of health risks including those affecting
vulnerable peoples,• analysis of the risks to health,• health risk assessment, exposure and/or modeling data
collection, development of adaptation approaches to climate change
impacts, plan for communicating results back to the affected
community/communities, and incorporation of local/traditional knowledge.
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Workshops
Capacity-building workshops were held to explain the program and provide training on proposal preparation. Training included: exploring environmental changes, determining those related to climate change, determining their effect on health, and designing research proposals and budgets.
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Workshops
A Pan-Arctic Results workshop was held February 8-10, 2011 to bring northern communities, who received funding under the program to showcase their research and results.
Over 150 attendees, mostly northerners but also government and non-government representatives, scientists, policy-makers, MPs and Aboriginal leaders actively participated in the workshop.
Their participation was a testament to the importance that communities held for their own research and for sharing information with others in the hopes of creating further awareness and policy change.
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Guides
Funding application guides and brochures have been developed and distributed.
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36 Funded Communities - 2008-2011
2008-092009-102010-11
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Climate Change in the Arctic
The Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on Earth.
These are contributing to major physical, ecological, social, and economic changes.
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Reduction in Sea Ice
x
The Fall Arctic ice cap is about 50 percent of its size in the 1950s.
1979
2003
2010
September 2011
September 2007
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Reduction in Sea Ice
xGaping new cracks in the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, the largest ice shelf left in the Arctic, in April 2008.
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Loss of Permafrost
A global mean temperature increase of 2o will hugely impact the permafrost zone
Although the global average is 0.7o , the average for Canada’s north has been 2.3o
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Erosion
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x
Unpredictable Weather
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Climate Change and Housing - Permafrost
Thawing permafrost especially in more susceptible areas (gullies, shorelines) is shifting houses, especially those that were build in sensitive areas or do not have free space between ground and floor.
Thawing and freezing permafrost is destroying roads and other infrastructure used for transporting water and waste in communities, making delivery of these essential items more precarious.
Melting ice is making ice roads unreliable and of shorter duration, which impacts delivery of building materials where there are ice roads.
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Climate Change and Housing - Erosion
With less sea ice protecting shorelines, and more frequent and higher winds, shorelines and housing is being destroyed.
Along rivers, roads are more frequently washed out or closed (Clyde River, Pangnirtung bridges)
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Climate Change and Housing – Sea-level Rise
Most Inuit communities are coastal. Melting sea ice, melting glaciers, warming oceans, ice-
free coasts, and storm surges are causing and will continue to cause or destroy houses and infrastructure;
Some areas will rebound where there is existing ice; Canada may see damage such
as that recorded in Alaska.
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Climate Change and Housing – Traditional Activities
Because people are less comfortable going out on the land or on the ice, they are spending longer periods of time in crowded houses.
This trend can increase the transmission of infections, increase exposure to indoor contaminants, and decrease physical activity, especially in the winter and shoulder seasons when people tend to be outside for shorter periods of time.
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Climate Change and Housing - Weather
The following weather factors are affecting housing: More violent storms, high winds, dust in summer; More extreme temperatures and fluctuations, e.g.,
more freezing rain; Warmer summers when houses have been designed
to keep the heat in (Iqaluit in 2009); More frequent and more intense forest fires where
there are trees; tundra fires - lightening, methane; Unpredictable weather in turn increases the risk of
depression, social stress and interpersonal conflict.
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Climate Change and Housing - Illnesses
Warmer and more humid air is making drying fish less safe, and thawing of underground food caches is also resulting in food spoilage. These can increase the incidence of food poisoning and transmission to other household members in crowded housing.
In humid coastal areas, especially Nunatsiavut, there in increased incidence of mould, which can increase when houses shift or crack.
Most houses do not have screens. These would allow more fresh air in during the summer and keep biting and stinging insects out. Many are moving north.
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The Way Forward
The Climate Change and Health Adaptation Program is bringing elders together with youth so they can learn about and experience the elders’ expertise and culture that have allowed them to survive for countless generations and to adapt to a rapidly changing world and environment.
The physical environment is inseparable from that of their culture.
This bringing together of generations is assisting the youth in regaining problem-solving and self sufficiency skills.
A focus on strengths, opportunities, potentials, and current capacities creates for a more positive approach than focusing on vulnerability, weaknesses, and
shortcomings.
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Discussion and Contacts
Diane McClymont PeaceDiane McClymont PeaceManager, Climate Change and Health AdaptationManager, Climate Change and Health AdaptationPhone: 613-946-9663 Phone: 613-946-9663 [email protected] Erin MyersErin MyersEnvironmental Research OfficerEnvironmental Research OfficerClimate Change and Health AdaptationClimate Change and Health AdaptationPhone: 613-957-2490Phone: [email protected]
