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CORONARY VASULAR DISEASE KEY WORDS TO BE ABLE TO DEFINE: CVD ATHEROSCLEROSIS ATHEROMA ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBUS EMBOLUS ANEURYSM STROKE CHD

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CORONARY VASULAR DISEASEKEY WORDS TO BE ABLE TO DEFINE:CVDATHEROSCLEROSISATHEROMAARTERIOSCLEROSISTHROMBUSEMBOLUSANEURYSMSTROKECHD

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From the EDEXCEL specification:• Describe the blood clotting process thromboplastin release, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin and its role in cardiovascular disease (CVD).

• Explain the course of events that leads to atherosclerosis endothelial damage, inflammatory response, plaque formation, raised blood pressure

• Describe the factors that increase the risk of CVD genetic,diet, age, gender, high blood pressure, smoking and inactivity

• Describe the benefits and risks of treatments for CVD antihypertensives, plant statins, anticoagulants and platelet inhibitory drugs

• Analyse and interpret data on the possible significance for health of blood cholesterol levels and levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

• Describe the evidence for a causal relationship between blood cholesterol levels (total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol) and CVD.

• Discuss how people use scientific knowledge about the effects of diet (including obesity indicators), exercise and smoking to reduce their risk of coronary heart disease.

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CVD– why learn about it?

• In 2011, almost 160,000 people in the UK died from CVD.

• 74,000 of these deaths were caused by coronary heart disease - the UK's single biggest killer.

• Other types of cardiovascular disease include heart valve disease and cardiomyopathy.

http://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/conditions/cardiovascular-disease.aspx

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CVD – Coronary vascular disease. CVD includes all the diseases of • Heart and circulation • Coronary heart disease • Angina and heart attack• Heart failure• Congenital heart disease• Stroke• Aneurysm

It is also known as heart and circulatory disease

Coronary artery

Coronary vein

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Atherosclerosis caused by Atheromamain cause of strokes, heart attacks and angina

ATHEROSCLEROSIS is a narrowing of the artery caused by built up fatty deposits called ATHEROMA

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Atheroma• It begins as fatty streaks, accumulations of

white blood cells that have taken up low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

• LDLs are the “bad” form of cholesterol.

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Atheroma• Fatty streak laid down by LDL-carrying white blood cells.• Streaks start to enlarge to form a

PLAQUE (commonly occur in larger arteries).

• The plaques bulge into the lumen of arteries and restrict the flow of blood, increasing blood pressure

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• Sources:-– Made by the liver

during the metabolism of saturated fats.

– Ingestion of dairy products

• Insoluble in blood plasma so transported as lipoproteins.

CHOLESTEROL

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LIPOPROTEIN

2 types:- Low density:-

– Transport cholesterol from liver to tissues,

– Deposit cholesterol. High density:-

– Transport cholesterol from tissues to liver,

– Remove cholesterol from vessels.

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Thrombosis• As the blood flow is restricted,

blood pressure increases.• This causes some damage to the

lining (endothelium) of the artery.

• Platelets start to aggregate and lay down a BLOOD CLOT

• This is now called a THROMBUS

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Thrombosis• Sometimes a thrombus may

become dislodged and move around the body now called an EMBOLISM

• This mobile thrombus can settled elsewhere and block other arteries and veins.

• This is particularly problematic if the thrombus moves to the lungs.

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Aneurysm• Atheromas that lead to the

formation of a thrombus also weaken the artery walls.

• These weakened points swell to form a balloon-like blood-filled structure called an ANEURYSM.

• Aneurysms frequently burst, leading to haemorrhage.

• This then leads to a loss of blood in that region of the body.

• A brain aneurysm is known as a cerebrovascular aneurysm (CVA), or stroke.

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Myocardial infarction• Also known as a HEART ATTACK.• The term literally means a reduced

supply of oxygen to the muscle of the heart.

• MI is a symptom of CHD.• MI results from a blockage in one of the

coronary arteries. • If the blockage is close to the junction of

the coronary artery and the aorta, then the heart will stop beating because the blood supply is completely cut off.

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Artery in brain bursts or is blocked.

Part of the brain is starved of oxygen.

Effects usually on one side only.

Effects depend upon site. Prognosis depends upon

site.

STROKE

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Write definitions for the following terms

• Atheroma• Thrombosis• Aneurysm• Myocardial infarction

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AtherosclerosisANGINA- In time, your arteries may become so narrow that they cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to your heart. This can cause chest a pain or discomfort.

THROMBUS- If a piece of the atheroma in your arteries breaks away it may cause a blood clot to form.

EMBOLISM- If the blood clot moves to other parts of the body causing blockage

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION/HEART ATTACK- If the blood clot blocks your coronary artery and cuts off the supply of oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle, your heart muscle may become permanentlydamaged

STROKE- When a blood clot blocks an artery that carries blood to your brain

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What are the risk factors for CHD?

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What are the risk factors for CHD?

• Smoking• High blood pressure• Blood cholesterol• Diet

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Saturated Fats (lipids)

• Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms.

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Unsaturated Fats

• An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond

• A fat molecule is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond.

• Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms are eliminated.

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How do you think these factors increase the risk?

• Smoking• High blood pressure• Blood cholesterol• Diet

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SmokingThere are two main constituents of tobacco

smoke which increase likelihood of heart disease:

Carbon monoxideNicotine

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Carbon monoxide• Combines irreversibly with Hb of RBCs.• This means that the oxygen carrying capacity

of the blood is reduced.• This will remain throughout the whole lifespan

of the RBC (~120 days).• This could lead to insufficient supply of oxygen

to the heart during exercise.

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Nicotine• Stimulates the production of adrenaline which

increases heart rate and blood pressure.• This increases the risk of CHD or CVA.• Nicotine also makes RBCs more “sticky” –

leading to a higher risk of thrombosis.

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High Blood Pressure• As there is already pressure in the arteries, the

heart must work harder to pump blood into them and is therefore more prone to failure.

• Higher blood pressure within the arteries means that they are more likely to develop an aneurysm and burst.

• To resist the higher blood pressure within them, the walls of the arteries may become hardened and thickened – leading to restricted flow of blood.

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Blood cholesterolCholesterol is an essential component of

membranes. As such, it is an essential biochemical which must be transported in the blood. It is carried in the plasma in tiny spheres of lipoprotein (lipid and protein). There are two main types:

High-density liproprotein (HDLs)Low-density liprorotein (LDLs)

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HDLs• These remove cholesterol from tissues and

transport it to the liver for excretion. They help protect arteries against disease.

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LDLs• These transport cholesterol from the liver to

the tissues, including the artery walls, which they infiltrate, leading to the development of atheroma and hence heart disease.

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DietThere are a number of aspects of diet which

increase the risk of heart disease, both directly and indirectly:

• High levels of salt raise blood pressure.• High levels of fat increase LDL level and hence

blood cholesterol concentration.