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Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company Understanding Anatomy & Physiology Understanding Anatomy & Physiology A Visual, Interactive Approach A Visual, Interactive Approach Chapter 12 The Endocrine The Endocrine System System

Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Page 1: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Chapter 12

The Endocrine The Endocrine SystemSystem

Page 2: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Page 3: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

EndocrineEndocrine systemsystem

Uses hormones Distributes hormones

via the bloodstream Responds slowly Exerts long-lasting

effects Adapts slowly to

continual stimulation

NervousNervous systemsystem Uses

neurotransmitters Secretes

neurotransmitters into a synapse

Responds quickly Exerts short-lived

effects Adapts quickly to

continual stimulation

Page 4: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

HormonesHormones

Steroid hormone

Nonsteroid hormone

Page 5: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Which is a characteristic of endocrine glands?A.They employ neurotransmitters to relay messages.B.Ducts carry their secretions to the body’s surface.C.They exert a long-lasting effect.D.They respond quickly to stimuli.

Page 6: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Correct answer: C

Rationale:The nervous system employs neurotransmitters; it also responds quickly to stimuli (whereas the endocrine system responds slowly). The endocrine system releases hormones to the bloodstream, not the body’s surface.

Page 7: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Pituitary and hypothalamusPituitary and hypothalamus

Infundibulum

Page 8: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary

Page 9: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Hormones released by hypothalamusHormones released by hypothalamus Gonadotropin-releasing hormoneGonadotropin-releasing hormone: Promotes

secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormoneThyrotropin-releasing hormone: Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormoneCorticotropin-releasing hormone: Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Prolactin-releasing hormoneProlactin-releasing hormone: Promotes secretion of prolactin

Prolactin-inhibiting hormoneProlactin-inhibiting hormone: Inhibits secretion of prolactin

Growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormoneGrowth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone: Promotes secretion of GH

Page 10: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Hormones of anterior Hormones of anterior pituitarypituitary

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin

Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin

Page 11: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Posterior pituitaryPosterior pituitary

View animation of stimulation and release of hormones from anterior and posterior pituitary glands

Antidiuretic hormoneOxytocin

Page 12: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Control of pituitary Control of pituitary secretionssecretions

By central nervous systemBy central nervous system

Brain monitors conditions.

It triggers hormone release as needed.

By negative feedbackBy negative feedback Pituitary stimulates

gland to release hormone.

Hormone is fed back to pituitary, which halts release of tropic hormone.

<View animation on "Negative feedback loop">

Page 13: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

A key difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary is that the posterior pituitary:A.consists of glandular tissue.B.secretes hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus.C.receives hormones from the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system.D.stores hormones released from the hypothalamus.

Page 14: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Correct answer: D

Rationale: All of the other statements are characteristics of the anterior pituitary.

Page 15: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Pineal glandPineal gland

Pineal gland

Page 16: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

ThymusThymus

Thymus

Page 17: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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ThyroidThyroid

Thyroid gland

Page 18: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Thyroid tissueThyroid tissue

Parafollicular cells

Thyroid follicle

Page 19: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Parathyroid glandsParathyroid glands

Parathyroid glands

Page 20: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Calcium homeostasisCalcium homeostasis

View animation of regulation of blood calcium levels

Page 21: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Which endocrine gland has a role in the immune system?A.ThymusB.ThyroidC.PinealD.Pituitary

Page 22: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Correct answer: A

Rationale:Hormones secreted by the thymus have a role in the development of the immune system, making it part of both the endocrine and immune systems. The other glands listed are not part of the immune system.

Page 23: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

Page 24: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Classes of adrenal cortex Classes of adrenal cortex hormoneshormones

MineralocorticoidsMineralocorticoids: Aldosterone GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids: Cortisol Sex steroidsSex steroids: Sex steroids

Page 25: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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PancreasPancreas

Pancreas

Islets of Langerhans

Acini

Page 26: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Regulation of blood glucoseRegulation of blood glucose

View animation of regulation of blood glucose levels

Page 27: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Regulation of blood glucose (cont’d)Regulation of blood glucose (cont’d)

Page 28: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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GonadsGonads

OvariesOvaries Primary sex organ

(females) Secrete estrogen

TestesTestes Primary sex organ

(males) Secrete testosterone

Page 29: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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The chief role of insulin is to:

A.stimulate cells to take up glucose.B.stimulate the liver to break down stored glycogen.C.stimulate the pancreas to release glucagon.D.trigger the conversion of fatty acids and amino acids into glucose.

Page 30: Chapter12 - Endocrine System

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Correct answer: A

Rationale:Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose. Declining blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to release glucagon. Glucagon triggers the conversion of fatty acids and amino acids into glucose.