Canine Coronavirus

Khalila WilliamsShow and Tell 2014

Definition and History

AKA: Canine Coronaviral Gastroenteritis

Canine Enteric Coronavirus; Type 2 CCoV

Highly contagious intestinal disease

First discovered in German military working dog in 1971.

Similar to the virus causing FIP in cats.

Within 10 years, the virus had spread

worldwide.

Etiology

Family: Coronaviridae Genus: Alphacoronavirus

Enveloped ssRNA virus, “crown-like apperance

Primarily infects GI tract and URT of mammals and birds

Humans: the “common cold,” SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

Dogs: primarily affects small intestine

Puppies < 6 weeks

Canine Respiratory Coronavirus

Canine Respiratory Coronavirus

Shown to cause respiratory disease in dogs

Referred to as Type 1 CCoV

First isolated in 2003 in England Found in the lung tissues of affected dogs Similar to strain OC43 of bovine and human

coronaviruses Also isolated on European mainland and Japan Dogs in US and Canada have been found to

have antibodies

Canine coronavirus antigen isolated in canine lung tissue (Wikipedia.com)

Pathogenesis

Fecal to Oral transmission

Virus enters through the GI, invades and replicates in the villi of of the small intestine

Infects cells covering the upper 2/3 of small intestine

Infected villi become damaged and blunted to such an extent that the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients

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Clinical Signs Incubation period = 1-3 days

Sudden onset: vomiting, diarrhea, depression

Dehydration, anorexia

Blood or mucous in feces (melena), fetid odor

Low grade fever often observed

Inflammation is generally complete within 1 week, so overall disease is normally mild

Concurrent infections can greatly increase severity (Parvovirus)

ocw.tufts.edu

ocw.tufts.edu

Microscopic Lesions

Diagnosis

Diagnosis: Antigen detection ELISA, Rapid test available: Ubio quickVET CCV

Electron microscopy examination of fecal material OR examination of small bowel from deceased dog. Deepening of crypts Atrophy and fusion of villi of SI

CCV Ag Rapid Tests

Easy to use by breeders and vets

Can be adapted for kennel management

Lateral flow immunochromatography tests

Tests results in 10 minutes

Detects virus from appearance of 1st symptoms

Results are comparable to PCR

Differential Diagnosis

Canine Parvovirus

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Pancreatitis/Gastritis/Gastroenteritis

Different infectious etiologies that affect the GI

Characteristics of Disease

Most cases usually mild CS

Fatalities are RARE

Puppies under 6 weeks most vulnerable

Weakens defenses to fight off other pathogens Parvovirus

Not life-threatening alone, but simultaneous infection may approach 90% mortality

Treatment and Prevention

No cure, treat symptomatically

IV fluid replacement to treat vomiting/diarrhea for cases

Prevention = Vaccination and Sanitation! Clean kennels Virus easily killed by common disinfectants (unlike

Parvo)

Vaccine available: Da2PPCV Dogs with high exposure: ie show dogs Begin at 6 weeks of age

References

Beers MH, Porter RS, Jones TV, Kaplan JL, Berkwits M (eds). The Merck Veterinary Manual, 10th Ed. Merck & Co., In., 2010.

Bonagura, John D. "Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIV, 14th ed. St. Louis Missouri: Saunders, 10 July 2008. Print.

Ettinger, S. J., and E. J. Feldman. Veterinary Internal Medicine. 7th ed. 2. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier, 2010. Print.

McGavin MD and Zachary JF. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed. (2011), Mosby. Print

Thank you!

Any Questions?!?!?

Question #1

Where in the body does Coronavirus have an affinity?

A. Lungs

B. Stomach

C. Small Intestine

D. Colon

Question #2

What is the most common histological lesion seen with canine enteric coronavirus?

A. Necrosis of peyers patches in the ileum.

B. Focal hemorrhagic lesions in the colon.

C. Blunting of the villi in the small intestine.

D. No obvious lesions are usually seen.

Question #3

What is the best way to prevent infection with coronavirus?

A. Keep puppies away from affected dogs

B. Treat exposed dogs prophylactically with antibiotics

C. Vaccination and proper sanitation

D. No known way to control/prevent this disease