PANCHAVIDHA KASHAYA KALPANA

HOW TO MAKE SIMPLE MEDICAL PREPARATIONS FOR COMMON AILMENTS

DR.JANARDAN PANDAYJOINT ADVISOR(AYURVEDA)ADDL.DRUG CONTROLLER(ISM)

INTRODUCTION

• THE ENTIRE SCIENCE OF AYURVEDA HAS BEEN

FRAMED UPON TRISUTRAS (HETU, LINGA AND

AUSADHA), AMONG THEM, AUSADHA IS VERY

IMPORTANT.

• IT IS HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ALLEVIATION OF

DISEASE AS WELL AS THE MAINTENANCE AND

PROMOTION OF GOOD HEALTH.

• THE DRUG IS LIKE AN INSTRUMENTAL AID TO A

PHYSICIAN.

BHAISHAJYA KALPANA(PHARMACY/ PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE)

THE TERM COMPRISES OF TWO WORDS – BHAISHAJYA AND KALPANA.

• ANY SUBSTANCE CAN BE CALLED AS “BHESHAJA” IF IT CAN MITIGATE THE SEVERITY OF DISEASE. IT IS ALSO CALLED AS “AUSHADHAM” MEANS A SUBSTANCE HAVING THE CAPABILITY TO ALLEVIATE THE PAIN.

• KALPANA MEANS ‘YOJANA’ (PLANNING)I.E. THE IDEOLOGY OF MAKING USE OF DIFFERENT DRAVYAS

•IT IS THE PREPARED FORM LIKE SWARAS (JUICE), CHURNA (POWDER), KWATH (DECOCTION) ETC.

CONTD….

Hence 'Kalpana' is the process or modification through which a substance is transformed into medicinal form.

Any animal or plant or mineral product to be used as medicine can not be taken as it is in its raw form. It has to be converted into that form, by which it would be therapeutically fit for use.

This complete knowledge of drugs including identification, procurement, processing, preparation and application is studied under a separate branch of learning called “Bhaisajya-Kalpana”.

What is the purpose of various Kalpanas?

• It increases the potency of medicine by adding or generating special property (by sanskar i.e. vishesh gunantardhana). • It makes the medicine durable.• It makes the medicine palatable. • It removes the toxic effect of medicine by purification (shodhana karma).• As per the severity of the disease it helps the adjustment of dosha.• It makes the medicine as per need of patient and disease.

Bhaishajya Kalpana- Need & Importance

• From the Neolithic times, the early humans used stone slabs to

crush drugs and extracted juice or made powder.

• The literary treatises like the Rgveda, Atharvaveda, Samhitas,

Nighantu, etc. give a clearer picture of the existing

pharmaceutical practices, preparation of drugs and their

applications.

•The first systematic knowledge of Bhaishajya Kalpana is found

in Caraka Samhita.

•In Caraka Samhita, the word Kalpa is used for ‘preparations’.

Pancha vidha Kashaya Kalpana-Development

• From the Neolithic times, the early humans used stone slabs to

crush drugs and extracted juice or made powder.

• The literary treatises like the Rgveda, Atharvaveda, Samhitas,

Nighantu, etc. give a clearer picture of the existing

pharmaceutical practices, preparation of drugs and their

applications.

•The first systematic knowledge of Bhaishajya Kalpana is found

in Caraka Samhita.

•In Caraka Samhita, the word Kalpa is used for ‘preparations’.

Pancha vidha Kashaya Kalpana-Development

KALPA (PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

1 AUSHADH(MEDICINAL) 2 AHARA(DIETETIC) 1 KASHAYA KALPA (WATERY PREPARATIONS)2 SNEHA KALPA (FATTY PREPARATIONS)3 SANDHANA (FERMANTED PREPARATIONS) KALPA

4 OTHERS

KASHAYA KALPANA (WATERY PREPARATIONS)

1 SWARASA (EXPRESSED JUICE) 2 KALKA-CHURNA (PASTE-POWDER) 3 KWATHA/SHRITA (DECOCTION) 4 SHEETA/HIMA (COLD INFUSION) 5 PHANTA (INFUSION) (LAGHAVAH SYURYATHOTTARAM)LIGHTER IN DIGESTION IN DESCENDING ORDER

• THESE FIVE BASIC FORMS OF PREPARATIONS ARE USED TO PREPARE MEDICINES FROM BOTANICALS IN AYURVEDA

• THE WORD KASHAYA MEANS DISTORTION OF THE ORIGINAL SHAPE OF DRAVYA AND MAKING IT SUITABLE FOR USE

• THESE ARE MORE EFFICIENT IN POTENCY IN DESCENDING ORDER, AND ARE USED ACCORDING TO DIGESTIVE POWER, STRENGTH AND NEED OF THE DISEASED CONDITIONS

CONT.

Some Acharyas had described more than five basic forms as:

Shadvidh kashaya kalpana has been described by Acharya sushruta, by adding Kshira kalpana (medicated milk).

Saptavidh kashaya kalpana has been described by Acharya kashyap, i.e. by adding Curna, Abhishava,

BUT THEASE ARE ACCEPTED AS UPKALPANA

WHY ONLY THESE 5 KALPANAS?

• In the ancient times, there were no vessels to store or preserve the medicine.

• Vaidya used to keep medicine in earthen vessel as plastic bottles, jars , cork were not available at that time.

• Moreover, prepared medicines were not kept for long duration.

• Medicines were prepared for the patient and in front of patient and was given at that moment.

• SWARASA (EXPRESSED JUICE)

DRY HERBS FRESH HERBS HARD HERBS

COARSE POWDER CRUSHING PUTAPAKVASOAKE IN DOUBLE EXPRESSION VASA,NEEMQUANTITY AQUA BEL LEAF24 HOURSMACERATEDEXPRESSEDFILTERED

CONT.So, those preparations were considered or made

which were prepared in less time and with limited source. Also, these preparations have a shelf-life of 24 hours , so these were prepared and consumed quickly.

As there comes an advancement in the culture or technology, it becomes easy to store medicine and ways of preserving medicine for long duration were found.

The various sneha kalpana, asava-aristha kalpanas, which needs more time, more resources but the basis of all these other kalpanas are these pancha vidha kalpanas.

SWARASA KALPANA (JUICY EXTRACTION)

THE JUICE OF THE DRAVYA IS SAID AS ITS SWARASA.

IT IS THE MOST POTENT PREPARATION BUT IS HEAVY DOSAGE FORM.

METHOD OF PREPARATION

Crush the dravya properly by mechanical pressure with the help of machine or hand and filter it with the help of clean cotton cloth or sieve.

If fresh herbs are not available, make the powder of dry herb.

1 part herb powder : 2 parts water.

Keep this mixture in earthen pot for 24 hours. Extract the juice after proper grinding and straining through a cloth or sieve.

SWARAS CONT.

Putapakwa Method, first prepare kalka (paste) of the herb to be used from the clean and healthy part of the plant. Then wrap it in a leaf and tie it with a thread.

• Over this, mud should be smeared uniformly for about 1 cm thickness. Then it should be dried and heated.

• When it becomes red hot, Then it must be taken out and allowed to cool. The outer mud layer, leaves etc. should he removed and juice may be extracted straining the kalka though a clean cloth.

DOSAGE OF SWARASDose – 2 tola i.e. 24 grams

24 ml and 48 ml.

Normally, we can take it as 30 ml.

To make the preparation more palayable and to increase its potency, some dravya like honey, sugar, jiraka, etc, known as Prakshepa dravya are added. Quantity – 1 kola (upto 6 Grams).

Examples of swarasa

Tulsi Swarasa – cough and cold

Guduchi Swaras - good for heart, cough, breathlessness etc.

Ardraka Swarasa – cough and cold

Nimba Swaras – skin diseases, Diabetes

IMPORTANCE OF SWARASAs it is the most potent preparation , it can be

given in disease of acute nature , but to a patient who has a strong digestive power 

Most of the swaras are used as adjuvant . Adraka Swarasa, Jambira Swarasa, Tulasi Swarasa etc. 

Swaras can be used for processing (bhavana dravya) i.e. while preparing mercurial / mineral preparations.

It is useful in case of Sodhana and Marana of Rasadravyas (Mineral Preparations). Ex: Bhringaraja ras for Kasisa Sodhana, Vanga marana with Kumari Swarasa etc.  

Swarasa is also used in the preparation of secondary preparations like Asavaas, Sneha Kalpas, Syrups etc.

KALKA- PASTE

It is the paste of coarsely powdered drugs.

It is less potent (laghu) and easy to digest as compared to Swaras.

METHOD OF PREPARATION (KALKA)Crush the dravya properly to make its paste.

If there is dry herb, then add some water and crush and make a paste.

Examples : Nimba kalka – used in vrana ropana (wound healing) if applied locally and used in pitta vikar, kustha etc when taken orally.

Rasona kalka – used in vata roga, visama jvara etc.

Dosage of kalka – 1 tola or 12 grams (approx)

CONT (KALKA)

To increase its potency, some dravya like honey, sugar, jiraka, etc can be added.

Quantity:

i. Madhu, ghrita, taila – double the quantity of kalka.

ii. Sugar, guda – in equal quantity of kalka

iii. Drava – four times the quantity of kalka

UPKALPANA OF KALKA

Churna kalpana (Powder)

CHURNA ( POWDER)

Fine sieved powder of well shade dried herb/

Method of Preparation

Dry herbs are nicely (NLT 80mess)or coarsely powdered in Imamdasta or in Disintegrator or pulverizer machine. Sieved in 90 mess or with thin cotton cloth.Coarse powder or yavakut of 20-40 mess are kwatha churna

CAUTION

1-In formulation Ingredients are separately powdered sieved

& mixed as per formula.

2-salt .suger, camphor, hing mixed in last

KWATHA- DECOCTION

It is the aqueous extract of drug, prepared after boiling the drug with water

Method of preparation

Crush herbs coarsely (yavakut) , add water in 4/8/16 times to coarse powder quantity boil till the reduction of liquid to one-fourth/one-eighth and then filtered.

4/8 times water Reduced.to 1/4th liquid- for soft herbs(leaf,T.stem,flower)

16 times water Reduced to 1/8th liquid- for hard herbs(ht.wood,bark etc.)

8 tines water Reduced to 1/4th liquid for mixed quality(hard+soft herbs)

METHOD OF PREPARATION- CONT

Quantity of water -Based on quantity of Herbs for preparation of Kwatha

Herbs less then 4 tola in weight – 16 times water is required

Herbs weighing in between 5 to 16 tola – 8 times water is required

Herbs above 16 tola in weight – 4 times water is required

01 Tola =12 Gm.

KWATHA (CONT).

Examples –

Punarnavashtak kwath– indicated in sotha, sula, swasa roga etc.

Maharasnadi kwath– indicated in vata vyadhi.

Dosage of kwath – 4 tola (upto 48 ml max in one time)

Readymade Kwaths /kashayams are also available

KWATHA (CONT)

To increase its potency, some dravya like honey, sugar, jiraka, etc can be added.

Quantity–

Curna – 1 shana (3 gram approx)

Madhu – 1/16th, 1/8th,1/4th part for vata, pitta and kapha roga resp.

Sugar – 1/4th, 1/8th, 1/16th part for vata, pitta and kapha roga resp.

Drava – 1 karsha (1 tola) i.e. 1/4th of kwath

UPA KALPA OF KWATHA PRAMATHYA

A paste of the herbs boiled in 8 times quantity of water on low flame and reduced to 1/4th then macerated ( consumed unfiltered)

Pramathya of

bael, shunthi, dhaniya, hareetaki, nagarmotha

Is prescribed in diarrhea

In the dose of 2 pala ( 96gm) at a time.(

OR

Pramathya of

Nagarmotha,khas,bel-giri,shunthi & Dhaniya

Is good for acute and sub acute Diarrohea

UPA KALPA OF KWATHA LAKSHA RAS

Lac/gum of ficus religiosa (peepal tree)

boiled in the DOLA YANTRA

decanted & filtered 21 times

through a thin cloth is called laksha ras.

(Quantity Of water into DOLA YANTRA

need to be kept 6 times of laksha

& reduced to quarter)

Uaeful for

Muscular dystrophy

UPA KALPA OF KWATHA MAMSA RAS

Goat Meat when boiled at low flame in sufficient quantity of water by which bones are separated from the meat & its marrow comes out in the water & it remains in semi solid form is called mamsa ras.

Varieties :-

1.Krit mamsa ras – salt, pepper, cumin, ginger, asoefitide etc. along with ghee/oil are added.

2.Akrit mamsa ras – Above juice without spices.

VESHVAAR

Soup of the goat meat (boneless) mixed with rock salt, powder of piper longum, ginger, pepper& jaggery (guda) is called Veshvaar.

Indications :-

Preenan (nourishing)

Pranajanak (promoter of life force)

Swasa (asthama), kasa (cough), kshaya (T.B)

Hridya (cardiotonic), Bone union promoter (fracture)

Shukral (spermetogenic )

Bala vardhana (health promotor)

KSHEERPAK

When herbs boiled in 8 times of cow’s milk & 4 times of water to the milk (32 times) & reduced to the quantity of milk (8 times).

Herb 1 part

Milk 8 part of herb

Water 32 part of the herb

Reduced to 8 parts = ksheerpakPrecaution :-

sour, salty, astringent materials avoided

Important drugs :-

arjuna, rasona, shunti, chandan, shatavari, ashwagandha, gokshura, moong, mushli etc.

USHNODAK

Water boiled & reduced to ½, 4 or 8 is called ushnodak.

1.½ part for Shishira, Vasanta and Greeshma

2.4 part for Sharad

3.8 part for hemantha & Varsha (pravrit)

Indication:-

Obesity, constipation, Anorexia, phlegm,

dyspnea, fever

PANEEYA

Medicines boiled on a slow heat in the ratio of 1:64 & reduced to half, filtered, used after cooling in room temperature.

viz. – Shadangapaneeya for fever & thirst

VATYA MANDA

Coarse husk less Barley (Nistush) powder boiled in 14 times of medicated water till cooked completely & to be used after filtering by mixing sugar or salt or pepper, ginger as per taste.

Indication:-

Good for throat infections, improving taste, hemoptysis, mitigates kapha & pitta.

LAJA MANDA

Fried poped rice prepared in similar fashion of vatya manda.

Indication:-

Thirst, diarrhea, anorexia, cardio tonic, digestant

This can be used in children, aged, pregnant ladies (safe for evryone)

SHITA- COLD INFUSION

Also known as Hima kalpana.

Fourth kalpana among panca vidh kashaya kalpana.

Usually made from drugs with aromatic contents.

Cold water is used for dissolving contents of drugs.

METHOD OF PREPARATION

Dravya is crushed and cold water is added in ratio of 1 part (drugs): 6 (water) parts.

The mixture is kept overnight and is ground and filtered through a clean cloth/ sieve in the morning .

Examples- Dhanyaka hima – indicated in trsna and daha

Sarivadi hima – indicated in rakta vikar, pitta vikara.

Dosage – 1 pala/ 4 tola (48 ml approx.)

PHANTA-HOT INFUSION

It is the last kalpa among panch-vidha kalpana.

It is extremely light for digestion.

Hot water is used

METHOD OF PREPARATION

Dravya is crushed and hot water is added in ratio of

1 part (drugs) : 4 parts (water)

The mixture is ground & well filtered and used in luke warm condition.

Examples –

Sudarshan phanta – indicated in jvara

Panchkola phanta – indicated in indicated in kapha jvara, pratishaya.

PHANTA (CNTD)

Dosage –

4 tola – 8 tola (48-96 ml)

OTHER COMMON DOSAGE FORMS

Guggulu- Ayurvedic medicines prepared by the exudates. Exudates in small pieces are taken in a piece of cloth and boiled in gomutra or Dugdha or Triphala decoction until it becomes soft mass and then taken out of the the cloth and dried. After drying, the mass is formed into a paste by adding ghee till it becomes waxy.

CONT.

Rasa Aushadi- Ayurvedic medicines containing metals/mineral drugs as the main ingredients are called Rasa yogas. They are available in pill form or in powder form.

Metals, minerals such as Swarna (gold), Rajata (silver), Tamra (Copper) are used in bhasm form in these preparations. These are converted into Bhasma form with the help of other drugs which are added in small quantities, mixed well and grounded in the vessel to form fine powder.

ARKA - DISTILLATE

For Ingredients having Volatile Contents

Gulab Jal

Pudinah Arka

Ajowain Arka

Gomutra Arka

MEDICATED GHRIT - TAILA

Sneha kalpana- Ghrta or Taila are prepared by boiling prescribed kwath (decoction ) and kalka of drugs in oils/Ghrta according to the formula prescribed in Ayurvedic formulary.

External Application- Mahanarayan Tail, Saindhawadi Taila

Internal Use- Shadbindu Tail, Brahmi Ghrita, Mahatriphaladi Ghrita etc.

ASAV-ARISHTA

Specialized Preparation of Ayurveda

Asavas and Aristhas are made by soaking the herbs either in powder form or in the form of decoction in a solution of sugar or jaggery, as the case may be, for a specific period of time, during which it undergoes a process of fermentation and facilitates the extraction of the active ingredients contained in the herbs.

LEAP Pralepa - Cool

Pradeha - Hot

Aalepa – In b/w

Should be used fresh

Not indicated during Night

Dashang Lepa, Mukhkantikara Lepa

ALCOHOLIC PREPARATIONS

Sidhu – Sugarcane etc. sweet fruits

Sura- Yava (Barley), Wheat, Rice

Prasanna- Distilled Sura

Kadambari- Thicker than Prasanna

Jagal - Thicker than Kadambari

Medaka- Thicker part than Jagal (less alcohol)

Vakkas- Remaining part (without alcohol)

Maureyak- Asav+ Sura: Redistilled

Varuni-Kharjur

Kohal- Barley & Wheat made liquor

PREPARATION CAN BE USED AS DIET AS WELL AS DRUGS

Manda- No rice particles (14)

Peya- Some rice particles

Yavagu- More rice particles in liquid (6)

Vilepi- less liquid more rice particles (4)

Anna/Bhakta- Cooked rice (5)

Krishra – Khichdi 2:1

Yush- Soup – Krit & Akrit

Manth– Sattu (8)

Panaka- Panna (16)

UPNAHA

Poultice

Malhar• Ointment• Sarjaras Malhar,

Kshar

• Alkali preparations• Apamargkshara, Ksharasutra

MODERN DOSAGE FORMS ADOPTED IN AYURVEDA MEDICINES

Tablets

Capsules

Syrups

Gels / Creams