Mini Project 1: SurveyNM4102 Advanced Research

Group 1: Miranda Michael Nicholas Hui Qing Victoria

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Introduction

To study the relationship between the attitudes towards social networking sites (SNS), circadian rhythm sleep disorder consistent with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) and the social environment, of undergraduates in NUS.

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BackgroundCommon knowledge that undergraduates sleep late. According to Walters and Pilcher (1997), many college students actually deprive themselves of sleep voluntarily during the week and then compensate with sleeping long hours on the weekend. Unstable sleep patterns exacerbate and may even cause the symptoms related to delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) (Brown, Soper, Buboltz, 2001). 

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCR/is_3_35/ai_80744660/?tag=content;col1

Undergraduates are also very adept at using social networking sites and spend a considerable amount of time on these sites daily. Recent study of 200 University of Maryland students where they were asked to abstain from media for one full day and then blog about the experience. Students reported feelings of anxiety and withdrawal, very much like addiction to alcohol or drugs leading to the conclusion that college students are addicted to social media (Whittaker, 2010). http://www.zdnet.com/blog/igeneration/students-addicted-to-social-media-oh-cmon-this-again/4752

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Literature Review Media use lacks a clear start and end and is likely to be extended. 

Leads to heightened alertness, physiological arousal and difficulty falling asleep

(Li, Jin, Wu et. al., 2007) 

According to Young (1998), the Internet itself is not addictive, specific features affect the way people use an application. The more interactive the application (such as on social media), the higher the inclination to use it and extend its usage because it appears to strengthen online relationships, reinforce offline ones and fulfill real-life unmet social needs. The perceived benefit of using social networking sites (SNS) is therefore significant in determining one's usage of the SNS.  

Interesting to find out if there is a relationship between sleeping late and social media among NUS undergraduates. 

Most of our friends sleep late or don't sleep and almost all are on some form of social media. 

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Theoretical frameworkSocial Cognitive Theory (SCT)

A person's behavior is partially shaped and controlled by the influences of social systems and the person's cognition (e.g., expectations, beliefs) (Chiu et al, 2006)and if possible include the factors under the headings like 

Behaviour: Sleeping pattern

Personal factors: attitudes toward SNS

Environment: social environment (friends and family)

Behavior

Personal Environmental

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Theoretical FrameworkSocial environment can be operationalised as one's social network (interpersonal relationships). being part of a social network means that an individual has internalised the social norms. 

Measurement of the perceived similarity of an individual's attitudes towards SNS and sleeping habits, with their peers, will reflect the salience of the norms in his or her lifestyle.Source: Pajares (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy. 12-8-04. From http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/eff.html.

Due to time and sample constraints, we are not studying the social environment but we believe that it has a reciprocal relationship with both behaviour and an individual's cognition. 

Focus of our survey and analysis is on sleeping behaviour related to the attitudes that students have of SNS

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Conceptual Definitions1. Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) is one type of circadian rhythm sleep disorders affecting the timing of sleep among individuals. This is characterized by:                                                        (American Academy of Sleep, 2001)

Later than desired sleep times

Later than desired wake times

Little or no difficulty in maintaining sleep

Difficulty waking up at desired wake times

Inability to shift sleeping hours to an earlier one                    

2a. Social networking sites (SNSs) 

SNSs is defined as web-based services that provide a virtual community in which people with a shared interest may communicate. (Boyd & Ellison, 2008)

2b. Attitudes toward social networking sites 

Outcome expectation: An individuals expected outcomes of using SNSs

Self efficacy: people’s judgment of their capabilities to organise and execute course of action required to attain designated types of performances.” (Spielberger, 2004)

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Operational DefinitionsVariables Operational Definition Measures Question and Scales

DSPS (DV) Mild: inability to fall asleep within a mean of two hours of the desired sleep timeModerate: Inability to fall asleep within a mean of three hours of the desired sleep timeSevere: Inability to fall asleep within a mean of four hours of the desired sleep time

Nominal Q: On average what time do you go to sleepA: Before 9pm, 9-10pm, 10-11pm

Outcome expectations (IV)

Measures outcome such as: ones ability to stay in touch and be kept up to date with peers ones expectation of expanding social circlesones perception of how they will be perceived by other in terms of the use of SNSs  

7-point likert Q: If I use SNSs, I will be kept up to date with what people who are important to me are doingA: Strongly agree (1) - Strongly Disagree (7) 

Self-efficacy (IV)Measures:ones perceived ability to use SNSs without assistanceone perceived ability to use SNSs with the help of friends

7-point likert Q: I could use if I had seen someone using it before trying it myselfA: Strongly agree (1) - Strongly Disagree (7)

(American Academy of Sleep, 2001)(Compeau, Higgins & Huff, 1999)

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Hypotheses

H1: DSPS is dependent on outcome expectations towards the use of social networking sites 

H2: DSPS is dependent on self-efficacy towards the use of social networking sites 

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Methodology

Pre-test of 20 NUS Undergraduates

85 NUS undergraduates surveyed

Convenience sampling

Online Survey

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Survey reliability

Variables Chronbach’s Alpha Reliability

Outcome Expectation 0.828 Self Efficacy 0.706

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ProcedureDSPS - Nominal

Sleeping time: How many hours does it differ from 12am?

Outcome Expectations - Ordinal

1. Took the mean for 6 questions for each subject

2. Found the median: 3.833

3. Low < 3.833 < High

Self Efficacy - Ordinal 

1. Took the mean for 4 questions for each subject

2. Found the median: 3.000

3. Low < 3.000 < High

Ran Pearson's Chi Square for:

1. DSPS*OutcomeExpectations

2. DSPS*SelfEfficacy

12AM AND BEFORE2AM3AM

4AM AND AFTER

NO DSPSMILD

MODERATESEVERE

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Results from Descriptive StatisticsMode and Median

DSPS score

Mode = 2 (Sleep at 2am)

Most NUS students have mild DSPS

Outcome Expectations

Mode = 4 (Neutral)

Median = 3.833

 A majority of the respondents are neutral with regard to outcome expectations when using social networking sites

Self Efficacy

Mode = 2 (Agree)

Median = 3 

A large number of respondents perceive themselves capable of using social networking sites to achieve desired performances

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Results from Inferential StatisticsChi Square Test of Independance

A chi-square test of independence was calculated comparing DSPS score and outcome expectations. No significant relationship was found (chi square= 1.71, chi square critical = 7.815 (3df), p > .05). This indicates that DSPS is not dependent on outcome expectations towards the use of social networking sites 

A chi-square test of independence was calculated comparing DSPS score and self-efficacy. No significant relationship was found (chi-square (2) = 0.60,chi square critical = 7.815 (3df), p > .05). This indicates that DSPS is not dependent on self-efficacy of using social networking sites 

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Frequencies for OE and SE

Frequencies for DSPSChi-Square

DSPS*OutcomeExpectations

Chi-SquareDSPS*SelfEfficacy

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Interpretation

H1: Delayed sleep pattern consistent with DSPS is dependent on outcome expectations towards the use of social networking sites 

H2: Delayed sleep pattern consistent with DSPS is dependent on self-efficacy towards the use of social networking sites 

We fail to reject H0 for both hypotheses.

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Conclusion

Μost of our respondents are suffering from some form of DSPS

Other factors that may have a relationship to DSPS  

Implications: a change in the time classes start? A campaign to change sleeping habits? 

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LimitationsLimited pool of samples: NUS students, mostly from FASS

Students from other faculties may have a different sleeping pattern

Only able to study how personal factors influences personal behavior (one aspect of the SCT) but SCT has 3 components in total

Behaviour, personal factors, social factors

To derive at more measurements for DSPS

Wake time (later than desired norm)

Actual sleep time is the same every night

No difficulty in maintaining their sleep pattern

Ability to enforce a conventional sleep and wake times18

Future Directions

Social cognitive theory:

a.       the relationship between an individual’s social environment (friends and family) and an individual getting DSPS  

b.      the relationship between an individual’s social environment and its influence on the individual’s behaviors and attitudes

 The relationship between DSPS and its subsequent effect on academic performance

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Thank YouThe End

Group 1: Miranda Michael Nicholas Hui Qing Victoria

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ReferencesAmerican Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2001). The international classification of sleep disorders, revised: diagnostic and coding manual. Illinois, IL:  American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Social network sites: definition, history and scholarship. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 13, 210 - 230. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=8&sid=e213a797-f1e7-45f1-b2e1-992ca576251a%40sessionmgr11&vid=4

Brown, C.F., Soper, B. & Buboltz Jr., W.C. (2001). Prevalence of delayed sleep phase syndrome in university students. College Student Journal. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCR/is_3_35/ai_80744660/?tag=content;col1

Chiu, C.-M., Hsu, M.-H.,  & Wang, E. (2006). 

Understanding knowledge sharing in virtual communities: An integration of social capital and social cognitive theories. Retrieved February 9, 2011 from Communications and Mass Media Complete 

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ReferencesCompeau, D., Higgins, C. A., & Huff, S. (1999). Social cognitive theory and individual reactions to computer technology: A longitudinal study. MIS Quarterly, 23(2), 145-158. Retrieved February 9, 2011 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/249749 .

Hendriks, P. (1999) Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledge sharing. Knowledge and Process Management, 6 (2), 91–100.

Lin, S., Jin, X., Wu, S., et al. (2007). The Impact of Media Use on Sleep Patterns and Sleep Disorders among School-Aged Children in China. SLEEP, 30(3), 361-367  

Pajares, F. (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy. Retrieved February 9, 2011 from http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/eff.html 

Spielberger, C. D. (2004). Encyclopedia of applied psychology. Retrieved February 13, 2011 from Google books

Whittacker, Z. April 24, 2010. 'Students addicted to social media': Oh c'mon, this again?. ZD Net. Retrieved from http://www.zdnet.com/blog/igeneration/students-addicted-to-social-media-oh-cmon-this-again/4752

Young, K. (1998). Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder. Cyberpsychology and Behaviour, 1(3), 237-244  

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Appendix: Survey QuestionaireSurvey Questionnaire

We are a group of students from NM4102 Advanced Research for Communications and New Media and we are conducting a survey to investigate National University of Singapore (NUS) undergraduatesʼ sleeping habits and social media usage. Your response is greatly appreciated and we will ensure that all information will be kept strictly confidential. Thank you for your participation.

Section 1: Sleep Patterns In this section, we would like to understand your personal sleeping habits as a student in NUS. Please read the questions carefully and check the answers that are most applicable to you. 1. On average, what time do you go to sleep? o Before 9pm

o 9.01pm – 10pm

o 10.01pm – 11pm

o 11.01pm – 12am

o 12.01 am – 1am

o 1.01am – 2am

o 2.01am – 3am

o 3.01am – 4amo After 4.01am 2. How many days a week do you sleep at this time (as mentioned in Qn1)?

o Less than 1 day

o 2 – 3 days

o 4 – 5 days

o 6 – 7 days

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Appendix: Survey Questionaire3. What are some of the reasons that keep you from going to sleep? Please check all that are applicable.

o School worko Talking on the phoneo Watching TVo Reading leisurelyo Houseworko Using the internet for:

a. Social network (Facebook, Twitter, Four Square)b. Streaming of entertainment programsc. Online shoppingd. Checking emailse. Others, please specify: ______________________________________________________________

Section 2: Your attitude towards Social Networking SitesIn this section, we would like to understand your use of social network sites. Recently, social networking sites has been a popular phenomenon. In this survey, social networking sites is defined as web-based services that provide a virtual community in may communicate. Examples of SNSs include LinkedIn, Facebook, MySpace, Flickr, Foursquare, Twitter, Bebo, Blogs

4. What are the SNSs that you use? FacebookLinkedInTwitterMyspaceFlickrFoursquareBlogs (e.g. Livejournal, Tumblr, Wordpress)Others: please specify

5. How much time do you typically spend on SNS in a day? Not at allLess than 1 hour1 - 2 hours3 - 4 hours5 - 6 hours More than 6 hours

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Appendix: Survey QuestionaireQuestions 6 AND 7. Please circle ONE of the numbers that best describes how you feel with 1 being STRONGLY AGREE and 7 being STRONGLY DISAGREE.

(Note: People who are important to me refers to friends, family member are people who I keep in contact with frequently)

6. If I use social networking sites...

...I will be able to stay in touch with the people who are important to meStrongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree

...I will be kept up to date to with what people who are important to me are doingStrongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree

...I will be seen highly by the people who are important to me Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree

...I will be seen as more sociable by the people who are important to me Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree

...People who are important to me will perceive me as highly competentStrongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree

...I will be able to expand my social circle Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree

7) I could use SNS...

...If there was no one to tell me how to use the social networking sitesStrongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree

...If I only had a brief idea of what the social networking sites doesStrongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree

...If I had seen someone using it before trying myselfStrongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree

...If someone had showed me how to use the social networking sitesStrongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree

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Appendix: Survey QuestionaireSection 4: Personal Details (Please select where applicable)

Gender: Male FemaleAge: ___________Year of Study:Faculty: This is the end of the survey. Thank you for your participation

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Appendix- Descriptive statistics 

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Appendix- Descriptive statistics 

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Appendix- Descriptive statistics 

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