26
Political Communication Theories

Teori teori komunikasi politik

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Teori teori komunikasi politik

Political Communication Theories

Page 2: Teori teori komunikasi politik

Short history of political communication • Plato and Aristoteles Era• Walter Lippman and Public Opinion• Harold Lasswell and Propaganda Analysis• Paul F. Lazarsfeld and the Erie County Study• World War II and the Beginnings of Communication Study• RESEARCH ON MEDIA EFFECTS• Agenda-Setting• Diffusion of News Events• NEW COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Rogers, E. M. (2004). Theoretical diversity in political communication. In Kaid, L. L. (Ed.). (2004) Handbook of political communication research, 3-16.

Page 3: Teori teori komunikasi politik

Agenda SettingAgenda setting is a theory of mass communication effects which holds that news media, through the editorial selection process, transmit to the public the salience of political objects, which affects the relative importance of these objects to the public. According to agenda-setting theory, the news media may not tell the public what to think (for example, what position to take on a political issue or what candidate to support in an election), but they tell the public what to think about (for example, what issues are important or what candidates are viable).

Page 4: Teori teori komunikasi politik

Pippa Norris et al. On Message (Sage London 1999)

Page 5: Teori teori komunikasi politik
Page 6: Teori teori komunikasi politik

• Media agenda• The pattern of news coverage across major print and broadcast media as

measured by the prominence and length of stories.

• Public agenda• The most important public issues as measured by public opinion surveys.

Page 7: Teori teori komunikasi politik

• Media Agenda → Voters’ Agenda• Or

• Voters’ Agenda → Media Agenda

• Index of curiosity• A measure of the extent to which individuals’ need for orientation

motivates them to let the media shape their views

Page 8: Teori teori komunikasi politik

Frame the news • Framing describes the practice of thinking about news

items and story content within familiar contexts. The media can be instrumental in creating these frames by introducing news items with predefined and narrow contextualisation. Frames can be designed to enhance understanding, or are used as cognitive shortcuts to link stories to the bigger picture.

(Lilleker, 2006 : 82)

Page 9: Teori teori komunikasi politik

• Framing – James Tankard• The selection of a restricted number of thematically related attributes

for inclusion on the media agenda when a particular object or issue is discussed.• the media not only set the agenda for what issues, events, or

candidates are most important, they also transfer the salience of specific attributes belonging to those potential objects of interest

Page 10: Teori teori komunikasi politik

Levels of agenda setting…• The first level• the transfer of salience of an attitude object in the mass media’s pictures of

the world to a prominent place among the pictures in our head

• The second level• the transfer of salience of a dominant set of attributes that the media

associate with an attitude object to the specific features of the image projected on the walls of our minds

• The third level • The media may not only tell us what to think about, they also may tell us how

and what to think about it, and perhaps even what to do about it

Page 11: Teori teori komunikasi politik

CULTIVATION THEORYCultivation theory, also known as cultivation analysis, is one approach to finding answers to broad questions concerning television and its effects on children. It is the third component of a research paradigm that investigates (1) the institutional processes that underlie the media and the production of its content, (2) the prevalent images in media content, and (3) the relationships between watching television and audience beliefs and behaviors. Simply, cultivation analysis is designed to assess the contributions television viewing makes To people’s conceptions of social reality. In Its simplest form, cultivation analysis asks if those who watch more television have views that are more reflective of what they see on television compared to people with similar demographic characteristics but who watch less television.

Page 12: Teori teori komunikasi politik
Page 13: Teori teori komunikasi politik

DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS• Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is iltered through certain

channels over time among the members of a social system. An innovation is an idea, practice, or object perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption. This novelty necessarily means that an individual experiences a high degree of uncertainty in seeking information about, and deciding to adopt and implement, an innovation. Although most observers agree that the diffusion of innovations is fundamentally a communication process,communication scholars constitute only one of the many research traditions in diffusion along with geography, education, marketing, public health, rural sociology, agricultural economics, general economics, and political science.

Page 14: Teori teori komunikasi politik
Page 15: Teori teori komunikasi politik
Page 16: Teori teori komunikasi politik

DRAMATISTIC APPROACHES TOPOLITICAL COMMUNICATIONDramatism is an approach to thinking about political xbehavior that employs the metaphor of “life as theater.Most dramatists, however, do not consider their mode of understanding to be a metaphor; they believe that the framework accurately describes the behavior of politics. A playwright uses language in dialogue to create a world within which his/her characters act. Like the playwright, politicians and citizens use language to organize the world they encounter and within which they act. With this language political actors characterize real events of the world, shape understanding of them, organize relationships of power around them, and guide response to them. Political conflict arises from the differences in these interpretations and responses.

Page 17: Teori teori komunikasi politik

http://cdn-2.tstatic.net/makassar/foto/bank/images/aburizal-bakrie-dan-jokowi.jpg

http://cdn-2.tstatic.net/makassar/foto/bank/images/aburizal-bakrie-dan-jokowi.jpg

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRcJaaaVKZXgh0hJTtYV5O4X441l0Hh3gnR9SBBKctQzVncLPca

http://cdn-2.tstatic.net/lampung/foto/bank/images/jokowi-dan-muhaimin-iskandar.jpg

Page 18: Teori teori komunikasi politik

MASS POLITICAL BEHAVIORIn democracies, the study of mass political behavior focuses attention on voting decisions, voter turnout, and unconventional political behavior. Each is reviewed in turn in this entry. Generally speaking, there are three approaches to understanding voting: the sociological model, the social-psychological model, and the rational voter model.

Page 19: Teori teori komunikasi politik

https://securepointaccess.com/digitalmediaclub/web-social-media-resource/content/twitter/types-of-twitter-users.jpg

Page 20: Teori teori komunikasi politik

PROPAGANDA Propaganda is a communicative technique that seeksto manipulate the opinions and attitudes of a targeted audience.

War propaganda (also termed psychological warfare, public diplomacy, psychological operations)

“Sociological” propaganda in totalitarian regimes.

Political propaganda in democracies.

Page 21: Teori teori komunikasi politik

Public Spherethe relevance of the public sphere as a particular concept and as a general perspective is particularly compelling, even if the notion of the public sphere brings with it a number of contested issues.

Page 22: Teori teori komunikasi politik

SYMBOLIC CONVERGENCETHEORYSymbolic convergence theory (SCT), brainchild of Ernest G. Bormann, attempts to explain how communication can create and sustain group consciousness through the sharing of narratives or “fantasies.”

Page 23: Teori teori komunikasi politik
Page 24: Teori teori komunikasi politik
Page 25: Teori teori komunikasi politik

TWO-STEP FLOW MODEL OF COMMUNICATIONThe two-step flow model of communication stipulates that mass media content first reaches “opinion leaders,” people who are active media users and who collect, interpret, and diffuse the meaning of media messages to less active media consumers ... The theory of the two-step flow of mass communication was further developedwby Lazarsfeld together with Elihu Katz in the book Personal Influence (1955). This book explains that people’s reactions to media messages are mediated by interpersonal communication with members of their social environment.

Page 26: Teori teori komunikasi politik

https://coldwellw.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/two-step-flow-of-communication.jpg