Rajendra Public School, Panjuwana

Topic: Sporting Performance on Food

Submitted By:YashpreetParshilSupriyaClass 11 Science

AGEAge affects physical maturity which in turn, affects performance: Flexibility – Decrease with age. Strength – Increases till fully

grown. Oxygen Capacity – Decreases with

age. Skill Level – Can improve with age. Recovery from injury - Takes

longer as get older.Age divisions overcome this problem.

PHYSIQUE/BODY TYPESomatotype may determine which sport you may find easier or more difficult:EndomorphWide hips, shoulders and high body fat. Suitable for Weightlifter. Unsuitable for Weight bearing exercise such as cross country runningMesomorphBroad shoulders with muscular arms and legs. Suitable for a football player. Sprinter etc.EctomorphNarrow shoulders and hips. Thin lean build with little body fat. Suitable for Ballet dancer, a gymnast, long distance runner etc. Unsuitable for Power/strength sports.  TRAININGLevel of participationThe higher the level, the more training required

Available TimeProfessionals have the most time available for training because participation is their full time commitment. Amateurs have to fit in a high level of training with competing demands.

Available FundsThe more funds available, the better training will be, e.g. better facilities and equipment, specialist coaches, etc. . 

GENDERThere are a number of physical differences between men and women: Physique –Women generally smaller

and higher % of fat. O2 carrying capacity –Lower for

women due to smaller heart and lungs. Strength and Power – Lower for

women due to less muscle mass. Hormone Imbalance –Affects women

due to menstruation. Metabolic rate –Lower for females due

to higher % body fat and lower muscle mass.

Opportunities for females are increasing

CULTUREPositive Impact on ParticipationSome ethnic groups are interested in certain sports, which can encourage participation.Negative Impact on Participation Single sex rules Strict dress code Traditional values followed

Individual Differences

DisabilityFour categories: physical, mental, permanent, temporaryFacilities legally have to cater for disabled people:Access (widened doorways, wheelchair access and ramps), parking (disabled bays), provision (disabled toilets, activities).Sporting adaptations:All sports can be adapted to cater for specific needs, e.g. wheelchair basketball and football for the blind (ball-bearing in ball)Disability classifications: Exist for all activities to make competition fairOpportunities for disabled people are increasing # 400 took part in 1960 Olympics. In 2012 4,00 athletes took part. 

Activity LevelsCompetitive or RecreationalCompetitive activities require a higher level of commitment due to training and competition. Professional competitors focus on their sport/activity full time.Performance LevelAs the level increases, more commitment is required.Individual FactorsMay influence the demands placed on them, e.g. age – younger people tend to have more time available for participation.Benefits to the ParticipantThe level of participation affects the benefits received, e.g. health benefits of high level competition are greater than infrequent recreation. 

Risk and ChallengeSome people participate in physical

activity for the element of risk or challenge.

OAA activities such as rock climbing and white water rafting have challenges and risk.Risk Assessment: Before activity assess the level of risk and check there are no potential dangersRisk Control: Its important to continue the activity safely after initial assessment. This is the responsibility of the participants (correct clothing, not wearing jewellery), and organisers (e.g. correct warm up, not mixing age).

EnvironmentWeather: Affect ability to trainPollution: High levels of pollution are serious health risk.Altitude: Living and training at high altitude can be advantageous, particularly for endurance events.Humidity: High levels of humidity and heat make it difficult to keep the body cool and increase dehydrationTerrain: Some sports require a specific landscape, e.g. skiers

What is fatigue? A state of extreme tiredness resulting from extreme exertion; can be physical or mental

What is stress? The body’s reply to a change requiring physical, mental or emotional adjustmentConsequences of Fatigue• Muscular fatigue can

cause you to have to stop the activity completely

• Decline in concentration levels

• Make mistakes• Incorrect execution of

techniques• Can lead to injury if you

don’t stopWho experiences stress?More commonly experienced by individual performers due to increased focus on that person, but also experienced in team games.

Negative feedback/CriticismParticipants that are fatigued may appear to spectators to not be putting enough effort in, and are subject to criticism

Boredom/TediumParticipants who get bored during training or practice are less likely to achieve in their sport

Link between Stress and AnxietyFeelings of anxiety can increase tension and agitation

Consequences of Stress• Aggression• Increased arousal• Muscle tightness

(caused by excitement, suspense or nervousness)

• Decline in motivation

Fatigue and Stress

Abide by the Rules

Players should ensure that they follow the rules of their sport to help prevent injury to others.

There are specific rules for safety, e.g. no slide tackling in rugby.

‘Play Safe’ policies in schools are in place to ensure activities are taught in line with safety legislation.

Lifting and CarryingIt is important to use the correct technique when lifting or carrying to avoid injury.Bend the knees, keep the back straight and keep the object close to your body.If something is too heavy to carry on your own, get help

Health, Safety and Well-Being of Others

FootwearSome sports require specific footwear to be worn for safety and practicality:

Athletics: track runners must wear spiked shoes

Games: studs need to be worn on grass to prevent player slipping

Gymnastics: no footwear required

Clothing

Most sports have a kit that must be worn for competition, but any suitable clothing can be worn to training.

Some sports have specific requirements, e.g. loose clothing can not be worn during trampolining in case it gets caught, and outdoor adventure activities may require warm, waterproof clothing to be worn to prevent getting too cold, etc.

EquipmentAlmost all sports

require safety equipment to be

worn.

e.g. ice hockey players must wear a helmet, gloves and

pads

Rules Relating to Sport and Equipment

The Demands of Performance

Causes of Injury• Incorrect execution of technique

can lead to injury to the individual or their opponent, e.g. going in for a sliding tackle.

• Overuse injuries caused by over training, e.g. tennis elbow.

• Sudden injuries caused by movements such as stretching and twisting, e.g. damage to ACL during a netball pivot.

• Foul play from the opponent, e.g. pulling shirt

• Impact injuries, e.g. with equipment or playing surface

• Equipment/clothing: faulty equipment or badly fitting clothing, e.g. football boots causing blisters.

• Accidents: accidents occur, despite precautions to try to prevent them.

How can Injury be prevented?

• Carry out and follow a risk assessment

• Carry out a warm-up

• Enforce and follow code of conduct

• Wear the correct safety equipment/ clothing

Injury

Arteries• Carry blood away from the

heart (always oxygenated apart from the pulmonary artery which goes to the lungs)

• Have thick muscular walls• Have small passageways for

blood (internal lumen)• Contain blood under high

pressure

Veins• Carry blood to the heart

(always de-oxygenated apart from the pulmonary vein which goes from the lungs to the heart)

• Have thin walls• Have larger internal lumen• Contain blood under low

pressure• Have valves to prevent blood

flowing backwards

Capillaries• Found in the muscles and

lungs• Microscopic – one cell thick• Very low blood pressure• Where gas exchange

takes place. Oxygen passes through the capillary wall and into the tissues, carbon dioxide passes from the tissues into the blood

Functions• Transports nutrients and waste• Delivers oxygen to the working

muscles• Removes heat (temperature

regulation)• Dilutes/carries away lactic acid

(acidic balance)

Blood Vessels

Cardiovascular Endurance:The ability of the heart, blood vessels, blood and respiratory system to supply oxygen and fuel to the muscles at a steady rate for a considerable length of time.

Circulatory/Cardiovascular System

Effects of Exercise• Increase in breathing rate• Increase in heart rate• Increase in blood

pressure

Testing CV Endurance• Resting pulse rate – lower

it is the better your endurance

• Pulse recovery rate – the quicker HR returns to normal, resting rate, the higher your endurance levels are.

Characteristics and Benefits of Leisure and Recreation• Leisure time refers to the time left over after eating, sleeping, school, work, etc. when you can choose what you would like to do.

• Recreation refers to time to relax and enjoy yourself, and is a good opportunity to do something active and healthy.

• Physical recreation refers to participating for intrinsic rather than extrinsic reward. For example, participating for health benefits.

• Outdoor recreation refers to activities with an element of challenge, such as climbing, caving and white water rafting, in which you have to cope with the natural environment.

• Lifelong sports are sports that can be carried on throughout life, such as swimming, and allow maximum benefit gained.

• Being active during leisure time helps people to live a healthy lifestyle.

Leisure and RecreationIn recent years, there has been an increase in

opportunities for leisure time due to:• Greater unemployment, giving people more free

time.

• Shorter working week, allowing people to finish work earlier and therefore have more time in the

evenings.

• Advances in technology, such as labour-saving devices like washing machines, allowing more time to be spent on leisure activities rather than household

chores.

The leisure industry(local authorities and private clubs) have grown to meet the increased demand for leisure

provision.

Specific ‘user’ groups have been identified and the leisure industry has targeted their provision at them. For example, mothers and toddlers, unemployed people and

shift workers.Fairness and Personal and Social Responsibility

Etiquette in sport refers to taking part in the correct way and following the unwritten rules.

Some examples are:• Kicking the ball out of play when a player goes down

injured

• Shaking hands with opponents before and after a game

• Bowing to your opponent in certain martial arts

• Respecting the official’s decisions

• Adhering to the rules and the spirit of the game

This allows the games to be played fairly and safely.

Maintaining a

balanced diet

The nutrients that make up a balanced diet are shown in the ‘eat well’ plate

below

Dietary ImbalanceIf you do not maintain a balanced diet, it could lead to dietary imbalance:• Malnutrition – insufficient nutrient

intake causing physical weakness• Obesity – overweight caused by

overeating, leading to many health problems

• Anorexia – self-starvation due to the fear of gaining weight, usually occurring in females

Whole-School Food Policy• Healthy eating is one component of the

National Healthy Schools Programme• The aim is to give children the

confidence and knowledge to make healthy food choices for themselves.

• Healthy food and drink must be available across the school day.

• Works with the School Food Trust to support schools in delivering this programme.

• Whole-school approach is required, including pupils, parents, staff and the community, in order to successfully deliver the programme

Aerobic respiration

• Occurs in the presence of oxygen• Glucose + Oxygen- Energy + Carbon

Dioxide + Water• Used during sustained exercise• Constant supply of oxygen to the body is

requiredAnaerobic respiration

• Occurs in the absence of oxygen• Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid• Used during short bursts of exercise• During anaerobic respiration oxygen is

‘borrowed’, which is then ‘owed’ to the body – this is called the oxygen debt. It causes a build up of lactic acid in the muscles which causes pain. Completing a cool-down allows the lactic acid to disperse.

The Recovery Period

After exercise:• We take in extra oxygen to replace the

oxygen debt.• We expire carbon dioxide and other waste

products.• We perspire to remove excess sweat and let

heat escape.• We excrete urine and faeces to remove

excess water and other waste products from lactic acid.

The Role of the Blood• Transport oxygen and glucose to working

muscles for respiration.• Transports water, carbon dioxide and other

waste products away from working muscles.• Produces antibodies to fight infection.• Clot to seal open wounds• Regulate body temperature.

Specific Diets• Carbohydrate loading – used

by endurance athletes, e.g. marathon runners. Involves eating excess starch-rich foods one week prior to an event to increase glycogen stores in the muscles. This helps delay tiredness by providing a slow release of energy.

• High-protein diet – used by bodybuilders to gain muscle and lose fat. However, eating extra protein does not directly add muscle and can be difficult to digest

School LunchesSchools have to meet national nutritional standards for school lunches:• Regular servings of quality meat and oily fish• A minimum of two portions of fruit and veg with each

meal• Bread, cereals and potatoes regularly available• Maximum of two portions of deep-fried food per week• No fizzy drinks or confectionaries in meals or vending

machines

Nutrient What is it for? Which foods contain it?

Carbohydrates

Main source of energy Simple carbs, e.g. glucose and sugarComplex carbs e.g. pasta, bread and rice.

Fats Major source of energy

Cheese, cream, meat, oils, butter

Proteins Important for growth and repair of tissue

Animal products and plant foods

Vitamins Essential for good health

Fruit and veg

Minerals A number of different functions, required in small amounts

Vegetables and meat

Water/fluids Lack of water leads to dehydration

Water

Fibre Aids the digestive system

Cereals, wholegrain bread, oats

Healthy Active

Lifestyle

It’s easy to incorporate good exercise habits in everyday life!Here are some examples:

• Walk or cycle short distances instead of driving.

• Get off the bus one stop early.

• Take the stairs instead of the lift or escalator.

There are a number of factors which affect how much physical activity different people do!

Type of job is a major factor. Jobs involving manual labour or being on your feet all day will incorporate a lot more physical activity compared to a SEDENTARY office job

Components of FitnessStrength Strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force on an object.

There are three types:1. Dynamic strength – strength required to support weight or exert force against an object ( kicking a football)

2. Explosive strength – strength required for a short burst of movement (Sprinting , long jump take off or pushing a shot putt)

3. Static strength – strength applied to a static object (holding a position on gymnastic rings)

Speed Speed is the ability to move as fast as possible.

It is the combination of reaction time and movement time.

It is affected by strength and the percentage of fast twitch fibres.

Power Power is the combination of maximum speed and maximum strength. Such as pushing the shot putt as far as possible.

Strength training increases power.

Cardiovascular Endurance

This is the ability of the heart and lungs to function efficiently during endurance exercise.

Training can improve cardiovascular endurance.

Flexibility Flexibility is the range of movement at a joint.

It can improve the effectiveness of a performance, reduce risk of injury and improve posture

Agility Agility is the ability to move at speed, changing direction and speed

Balance Balance is the ability to distribute weight evenly and remain in a steady and upright positionIt is important for most sports, but more so in sports such as gymnastics.It is linked to agility.

Coordination Coordination is the ability to produce a smooth movement by efficiently linking all parts of a movement together.Good hand-eye coordination is required for some sports, e.g. darts and any sport that requires catching.

Reaction Time Reaction time describes the time taken for a response to occur after a stimulus.It consists of a simple reaction time (reacting to something as it happens) and choice reaction time (deciding when to react after analysing a situation).

Muscular Endurance/

StaminaThis is the ability of a muscle to do sustained, continuous work.

Timing Timing is coinciding movements in relation to external factorsIt is a combination of decision-making, reaction time and coordination.

Skeletal & Muscular SystemFunctions of Skeletal System:• Protection - the cranium and ribs protect

the brain and vital organs in the chest.• Shape - gives shape to the body and makes

you tall or short.• Support - holds your vital organs in place

when playing sport. The vertebral column holds the body upright.

• Movement - muscle are attached to bones, which are jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move.

• Blood production - red blood cells (to carry oxygen) and white blood cells (to protect against infection) are produced in the bone marrow of some bones.Synovial joints and Connective

Tissue Functions:• Cartilage reduces friction. Acts as a shock

absorber.• Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.• Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid.• Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling

movement.• Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the

joint

Movement Description

Abduction Movement away from the mid-line of the body

Adduction Movement towards the mid-line of the body

Extension Straightening limbs at a jointFlexion Bending the limbs at a joint.

Rotation A circular movement around a fixed point

Type of bone Example Function in sport

Long Femur, humerus

Movement - to generate strength and speed

Short Carpals, tarsal Shock absorption - spreading load

Flat (Plate)

Ribs, cranium

Protection of vital organs, attachment of muscles to help

movement

Irregular Vertebrae, face Provide shape, protection

Name of muscle Function Example in sport

Triceps Extend the arm at the elbow Press-up, throwing a javelin

Biceps Flex the arm at the elbow Pull-up, drawing a bow in archery

Deltoids Move the arm in all directions at the shoulder Bowling a cricket ball

Pectorals Adduct the arm at the shoulder Forehand drive in tennis

Trapezius Hold the shoulders in place, move head back and sideways

Holding head up in rugby scrum

Gluteals Adduct and extend leg at the hips Pulling back leg before kicking a ball

Quadriceps Extend the leg at the knee Kicking a ball jumping upwards

Hamstrings Flex the leg at the knee Bending knee before kicking a ball

Gastrocnemius Pointing the toes, help to flex the knee Running

Latissimus dorsi Adduct and extend the arm at the shoulder Butterfly stroke in swimming

Abdominals Flex the trunk across the stomach Pulling the body down when hurdling

Muscles and Movement:Muscles only provide one type of movement as they can only pull and not push. All muscles work in pairs, with one muscle pulling while the other relaxes, and then vice versa. These are called an ‘Antagonistic Pair’.

The Prime mover muscle contracts to start a movement. It is also known as the ‘agonist’.The Antagonist muscle relaxes to allow movement to take place.

Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the fixed bone.Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves.

Muscle ContractionsMuscles contract when they work. If a muscle contracts to create movement, it is called an isotonic contraction.An isotonic contraction can be concentric, which is where the muscle shortens as the fibres contract or eccentric, where the fibres contract as the muscle lengthens.When a muscle contracts with no resulting movement, it is an isometric contraction.

SkillUsing knowledge or expertise to succeed efficiently and effectively in achieving a particular objective and ability, which has been acquired by training.

Basic skills• Often fairly simple and straight forward

activities, e.g. throwing, catching, running, jumping, hitting an object

• Must be able to perform basic skills easily before attempting higher level tasks.

Complex skills• Take quite a long time to learn as they involve

high levels of coordination and control.• Higher level skills will be sport-specific due to

the uniqueness of that activity, e.g. performing the pole vault requires a coordinated combination of several complex skills.

Types of Skill

Open Skills• Occur in situations that are constantly changing,

such as any invasion game activity where the environment around the performer is constantly changing.

• Skills may have to be adapted according to the demands of the game. For example a football pass will be affected by your position, the position of your opponents and your team mates as well as playing conditions e.g. wind/wet pitch, etc.

Closed skills• These occur in situations that are constant and

unchanging so they are not affected by the sporting environment.

• An example is performing a trampolining routine or a dance routine.

Types of GuidanceIn order to acquire skill, performers often need addition guidance

Visual• Seeing a demonstration, example or even

watching their own performance played back

Verbal• Being told what needs to be done, what went

well or what needs improvement through constructive criticism.

Manual• Being physically guided through something,

such as being helped with a hand stand

Types of FeedbackA performer finds out how good their performance was through:

Knowledge of results• This is a form of terminal feedback at the end

of a performance and could be as simple as winning or losing.

Knowledge of Performance• This relates to how well the performance was

carried out rather than just the end result

The most common ways of feedback are:

Intrinsic: this is sensed or felt by the performer while they are actually performing

Extrinsic: this comes from sources other than the performer themselves, such as sounds or things they can see.

Types of PracticeThese are the ways a performer tries to gain skills they have particularly identified.

Whole: a complete performance is carried out with all aspects of performance covered, e.g. the high jump technique.

Part: complex skills are broken down into parts and each part is practised.

Fixed: a set session or aspect is concentrated upon.

Variable: a combination of all of the above

Skill Acquisition

Altitude Training

Carrying out aerobic exercise at high altitude

Oxygen levels are lower at high altitude

It increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

Warm Weather Training

British weather is unpredictableAnd, therefore, athletes often trainAbroad in warm weather whereTraining will not need to be cancelled.

Key Term Definition

FITTFrequency – how often we trainIntensity – how hard we trainTime – the length of time we trainType – the method of training chosenThe requirements of a certain activity areMatched with training

Specificity Matching training to the requirements of your sport

Progression Making training gradually harder the fitter you are

Overload Overloading your body by increasing the frequency, intensity or duration of exercise

Reversibility Physical benefits gained from training will be reversed when you stop

Rest Recovery timeRecovery Allowing body tissues to recover and repair

following training or competitionIndividual

Differences/Needs

Take into account a person’s body build / level of fitness, the sport (and position played) and their particular aims

Repetitions

In weightlifting, the number of times you move the weights

Sets In weightlifting, the number of times a weight activity is carried out, e.g. a set of repetitions

Thresholds The minimum heart rate that must be achieved in order to improve fitnessMaximum Heart rate (MHR) = 220 - Age

Training Zone

The heart rate zone in which a training effect will occur

Training Session

Training session is split into phases: Warm-up, Fitness phase, skill phase and a warm-down.

Types of Training

Interval training involves a short intense work period followed by a rest period.Advantage: good for game players because you can mix aerobic and anaerobic exercise.Disadvantage: can become boring.Fartlek means ‘speed play’ and involves fast and slow running over a variety of terrain or hills. Its useful for individual sports, e.g. athletics and team sports, e.g. football. Advantage: can be easily adapted for different sports and fitness levels. Disadvantage: difficult to see how much effort is being exerted.

Circuit training involves a number of exercises set up at stations. It may incorporate skills. It can be useful to team sports, e.g. football, racquet sports, e.g. tennis and individual sports e.g. running. Advantage: varied, so doesn’t get boring. Disadvantage: requires a lot of equipment and time to set up. Weight training uses resistance

either by weight lifted or the number of repetitions the exercise is performed. It is useful for sports which require strength, e.g. long jump and rugby. Advantage: improves muscular strength and tone. Disadvantage: muscles can be sore after.

Continuous training is slow and steady training. It is useful to improve aerobic fitness in, for example, cycling, running, and also for a sedentary adult who has not trained for a period of time. Advantage: doesn’t require much equipment. Disadvantage: not useful for game players because it doesn’t improve anaerobic fitness.

Aspects of Traini

ng

Further Trainin

g Method

s

Principles of Training

Range of Physical Activities

Give three examples for

each. Roles of Participant

s

GamesOutwitting opponents

to succeed in competition

e.g. Football, netball, hockey

GymnasticsAccurately repeating

movements, which can be

put together to form a routine

e.g. handspring, somersault, cartwheel

DanceCommunicating ideas and emotions through

choreographed routines to an audience

e.g. Ballet, ball room, street dance

Fitness and Health Activities

Exercising safely to improve health, fitness

and well-being

e.g. Aqua aerobics, yoga, Zumba

Outdoor and Adventurous Activities

Overcoming adventurous challenges through

problem solving

e.g. rock climbing, canoeing, rafting

AthleticsA variety of track and field events

whereby athletes compete in terms of

speed, height, distance, strength

or accuracy

e.g. hurdles, pole vault, discus

Player/Performer

Aims to improve performance in a particular sport or

activity by developing good knowledge, skills,

tactics, positioning, technique and

movement

Organiser

Responsible for bringing everything together at the right

time and place.

Needs to have good managerial and

organisational skills

Has a range of duties including booking facilities and managing

funds

Leader/Coach

Specialises in a particular activity or

sport

Helps the player/performer to

improve their performance

through appropriate training.

Influences achievement of

goals and behaviour in sport.

Official

Responsible for controlling a sport or activity, based on the rules and regulations of the

game

Ensures that the activity is played or performed safely and

fairly

e.g. referee, umpire, judge, marshal, timekeeper

Influences on Physical

Activity Participatio

n

School InfluencesNational Curriculum• Teaching PE is a legal requirement.• Aims to improve health and fitness, provide a balance with other

subjects by offering a practical element, prepare pupils for physical activity post-school, provide qualifications and teach the value of physical activity and sport in society.

• Opportunities for PE in school: timetabled lessons, extra curricular activities, clubs, sports performance awards, links with local clubs and outside visits.

• Cross curricular links between PE and other subjects, e.g. Science, ICT and Maths.

• Consists of a variety of categories, such as games activities, dance and outdoor adventurous activities.

National Healthy school Programme• Long term initiative• Aim: to help young people be able to make informed health and life

choices• Whole-school approach: everyone needs to be involved in order to

successfully achieve the aim, e.g. pupils, parents, staff and the community

• Four core themes:1. Personal, social and health education (PSHE) – sex, relationship and

drug education2. Healthy eating – teaching healthy food choices and providing

nutritious food and drink3. Physical activity – provide pupils with a range of opportunities for

participation, and teach why it is important4. Emotional health and well-being – support provided for vulnerable

pupils, bullying and behaviour and reward policies in place, and confidential pastoral support system available.

Organisations that provide increased opportunities for physical activity participation

Sport EnglandSport England is a government agency which aims to help people to ‘start, stay and succeed’ in sport, particularly focusing on priority groups. Its main role is to provide funding a facilities, and measure participation.

National Governing Bodies (NGBs)

NGBs are responsible for their particular sport. They provide funding to support the development of talented athletes and competition at different levels. They also provide support to coaches and officials in sport.

E.g. The FA (football), England Netball (netball)

Youth Sport Trust (YST)YST aims to increase the participation of young people in PE and school sport. It is responsible for managing national school sport competitions, as well as leadership and volunteering programmes.

Dame Kelly Holmes Legacy

Aims to inspire young people to participate and mentor them, using elite sport role models.

Positive Effects Negative Effects

Peers• Support your views and participation• Encouragement, e.g. watch you play• Listen to advice, e.g. your friend tells you its

important• Admire/follow their example• Join in with them

• Go along with negative views of physical activity, PE lessons, etc.

• Choosing not to be active because your friends aren’t• Not going to training when your friend doesn’t go

Family• Role model: set a good example by being

active• Financial support, e.g. buying new

equipment • Provide transport for training and matches• Encouragement and motivation

• Poor role model: set a bad example by leading an inactive lifestyle

• Lack of financial support• Lack of social support/ encouragement• Pressure to focus on academic work

Gender

• Less of an issue than previous years• More opportunities for women to play same

sports as men• More opportunities for female roles within

sport

• Some gender differences do still exist, e.g. professional male football players get paid more than professional female football players.

Ethnicity

• Role models: there has been an increase in ethnic minority participation in elite sport

• Traditional views don’t always support participation, e.g. some religions don’t encourage females to take part in PE due to clothing issues

• Influenced by visibility of role models of a similar racial background, e.g. there are few black people in sports such as tennis and golf compared to football.

• Incidences of racial abuse in sport

Extra -Curricul

ar Provisio

ns

Cross- Curricular Links

Extra -Curricul

ar Provisio

ns

Activity Range

Only traditional sports need to be offered during PE lessons.

Extra curricular activities offer a wider range of activities.

Activities can be recreational or competitive.

Facilities

Some schools lack facilities, while others are well resourced and

have extra staff and facilities to offer other

activities.

Outside Visits

Provides more opportunities for schools which lack

facilities, e.g. dry ski slopes , ice rinks, etc..

Attitudes of Staff

Attitudes, interests and abilities affect what activities

they offer.

A negative attitude to helping out with after-school

activities will reduce the number of opportunities

available to pupils.

Club Links

Schools can develop

links with clubs to

offer a wider range of extra-

curricular activities,

e.g. hockey, basketball,

health clubs and golf clubs.

PE Links with number of other subjects:

English: speaking and listening skills and specialised vocabulary

Mathematics: scoring, measuring distances and calculating speeds

Science: biology and physiology links

Geography: orienteering, landscapes and weather

Food technology: diet, nutrition and energy balance

Citizenship: themes and values, such as trust, responsibility, inclusion, respect, etc.

Vocational Opportunities

Sports performers: professional (sport is their full time job and they get paid), amateur (they take part in the sport/activity alongside their

job, as a hobby and don’t get paid), semi-professional (work but play sport in their spare

time for payment).

Open sports enable amateurs to get paid through loopholes, e.g. sponsorship, expenses

payments and scholarships.

Careers: many opportunities, e.g. PE teacher, coach, physiotherapist, manager, personal

trainer, etc.

Different roles that people can adopt:

Performer, leader/coach, organiser,

or official

Further Qualifications

BTEC, GCSE and GCE

Sports performance awards (e.g. leadership awards)

Proficiency testing and awards (available through

NGBs and delivered by schools, e.g. swimming

awards that qualify people as lifesavers

CompetitionsInternational Sport

and Events

Science and ICT in

Sport

What is it? Advantages

Disadvantages

Knockouts

One team plays another.

The winner progresses to the next round and loser drops out of competition.Usually played in rounds.Darts is an example

Can be organised quickly and easily.

High numbers can participate due to drop out.

Competition is over quickly if you lose your first game.

Qualifying events or byes may be required to get the right number in each round.

Ladders Set number of players/teams on the ladder.

Challenge people higher up the ladder to games and take their place if you win.

Suited to racket sports such as squash, badminton and tennis.

Easy to run and administer.

Slow progress.

Only small number of participants can take part.

Combination

Combination of some or all types.

For example qualifying leagues, and winners’ progress to further leagues or knockout.

The Football World Cup is an example

Can play as many games as you like.

More than one opportunity to qualify.

A large number of teams can participate.

Its time consuming.

‘Meaningless’ games may be played where teams have already qualified for the next stage.

Examples of high profile events include football and rugby world cups, cricket test matches, athletics world

championships, formula One world championships, Wimbledon, Super Bowl and the Olympic Games.

Advantages of hosting international sporting events:

• Likely to make profit through sponsors, media rights and selling merchandise.

• Facilities are updated / new facilities are built especially for the event but can be used in the future.

• Raising the profile/reputation of the host country worldwide.

Disadvantages of hosting international sporting events:

• Security/risk of terrorist attack• Political protests or boycotts• Expensive to provide facilities and security

Developments in sport through the contribution of science:

• Equipment: e.g. lighter rackets made of fibreglass, Kevlar and Titanium instead of wood; stronger pole vault poles made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of bamboo; lighter cricket pads made of high density compressed foam; and lighter and aerodynamic bicycles.

• Materials: e.g. Lycra swimsuits which are more streamlined, artificial pitch surfaces and footwear made of a combination of natural and synthetic material with increased strength and flexibility.

• Facilities: e.g. purpose-built facilities for gymnasts, indoor tennis areas to allow play to continue when its raining, stadiums with retractable roofs, air conditioning and humidity control, and fitness gyms with significantly updated equipment.

Developments in sport through the contribution of ICT:

• Storing, analysing and presenting large data sets using computers.

• Using software and hardware to record and analyse performance, e.g. Dartfish allows individuals to review their own performance through video playback and ProZone, used by professional football clubs, allows analysis of an individual player, such as distance run and passes made.

• Performance aids, e.g. fitness monitoring devices such as heart rate monitors, Hawk-Eye technology used in tennis and cricket to track the trajectory of the ball, and video officials used to support referees’ decisions.

• Interactive games and devices, such as games consoles, allowing people to play interactive games and improve their fitness.

THE

MED

IATelevision• One of the most powerful forms

of media• Increase in the amount of

televised sport when digital transmission was introduced

• Large numbers of channels dedicated to sport are now available

• The government set rules regarding events shown on TV, e.g. ‘listed events’ such as the FA Cup Final cannot be shown exclusively on ‘pay per view’ or satellite/ cable channels.

Radio• Increase in the number of radio

stations broadcasting sport since the introduction of DAB

• There are now a number of stations dedicated to sport

• Cheaper to broadcast via radio than TV, and cheaper and more accessible/portable for listeners

Information Technology

• Lots of information available on CD-ROMS and the Internet

• Increasing number of sites on the Internet broadcasting TV and radio

Magazines

• Often contain sport stories

• Increasing number of specialised magazines in specific sports

Newspapers

• Have dedicated sports section at the back

Books

• E.g. textbooks, autobiographies, novels

How Can The Media Influence Performance and Participation?

• High standards of performance are shown – gives and example of people to follow

• Slow motion replays allow good points to be emphasised and the viewer can learn from it

• Promotion of physical activity and its health benefits

Edited Coverage• Writers or directors can edit coverage so that an

inaccurate representation of the action is seen by the viewer

Different Types of Output• Informative – sports news• Educational –

documentaries• Instructional – coaching

DVD• Entertainment – live

matchesRole ModelsRole models are people that others aspire to be like, and should therefore set a good example.

How can role models shape attitudes?• The way in which they play, e.g. fairly, abiding

by rules or playing unfairly against the rules.

• Setting trends• The way in which they conduct themselves in both

their sporting and private life.

How can role models influence participation?• By being an inspiration• By being successful through good performances• By representing a group, e.g. ethnic group, gender

group or disability

SponsorshipRange and Scope of Sponsorship• Individuals: individual

sponsorship deals whereby the athlete gets given money to endorse a good, e.g. wearing a specific brand of footwear.

• Teams and clubs: payments made to the team, and used for equipment, kit etc.

• Sports: major sponsorship associated with the sport to promote leagues or competitions.

• Events: big events such as the Olympic Games attract many sponsors because it increases publicity

Unacceptable Sponsorship• Anything

associated with poor health, e.g. smoking and alcoholEffects of

Sponsorship

• Provision of equipment, clothing accessories, facilities, transport/travel

• Entry fees and expenses paid, e.g. hotel bills

Advantages of Sponsorship

• Financial support for the athlete

• Promotion of the sport

• Raise profile and image of sport

• Increased revenue for the sponsor, and gives them a good image

Disadvantages of Sponsorship

• Sponsors may start to dictate changes, e.g. to the rules, clothing, timings etc.

• Sponsors can withdraw if the image of the sport is damaged

• Difficult for minority (less well-known) sports to get sponsorship