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ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGEWE CANMAKE A DIFFERENCEDate -06.01.2016Power Point Presentation ContestAdamas UniversityBY KAKALI ROYRASHMI CHHETRI

BY KAKALI ROYRASHMI CHHETRI

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, M.SC SEM -IIADAMAS UNIVERSITY

WATER SCARCITY

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Out of all the water available on the Earth, 97 % of water is saline and is in oceans, 3% of water isfreshwater available in rivers, streams and glaciers. There is enough freshwater available on the planetfor current population of the world but it is distributed unevenly.Source;http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/wp-ploads/2013/11/why_water_3.jpg

Climate change causes change in frequencies of droughts and floods.Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as a result of population growth.Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff.Threats to fresh water resources

Percentage of Population Using Improved Drinking Water Sources

Competing Water Uses for Main Income Groupes of Countries

PER CAPITA USE OF WATER

Simply put, water scarcity is either the lack of enough water (quantity) or lack of access to safe water (quality). Currently affects around 2.8 billion people around the world, on all continents, at least one month out of every year and more than 1.2 billion people lack the access to clean drinking water.There are two types of water scarcityPHYSICAL SCARCITYPhysical access to water is limited. It is when the demand outstrips the lands ability to provide the needed water. For the most part, dry parts of the world or arid regions are most often associated with physical scarcity. ECONOMIC SCARCITY When a population does not have the necessary monetary means to utilize an adequate source of water. It is about a unequal distribution of resources for many reasons, including political and ethnic conflict.

WHAT IS WATER SCARCITY?

Water stress Water stress refers to the ability, or lack thereof, to meet human and ecological demand for water. Compared to scarcity, water stress is a more inclusive and broader concept. It considers several physical aspects related to water resources, including water scarcity, but also water quality, environmental flows, and the accessibility of water

water stress" is when annual water supplies drop below 1,700 cubic meters per person per year, according to the Falkenmark Water Stress IndicatorWHAT IS WATER STRESS ?

Overuse of Water:Water overuse is a huge issue that a lot of people are dealing with.Pollution of Water:Water pollutionis a huge problem, especially when youre looking at areas that dont necessarily have a good sewage system. Conflict:If there is conflict over an area of land, it may be difficult to access the water that is located there.Distance:There are a number of areas throughout the entire world that deal with water scarcity because they just arent close to anywhere that has water.Other : Population growthFood productionClimatic change and variabilityLand useWater qualityWater demandSectoral resources and institutional capacityPoverty and economic policyLegislation and water resource managementInternational watersSectoral professional capacityPolitical realitiesSociological issues

Causes of Water Scarcity

Lack of Access to Drinking Water:The biggest problem that happens when you have water scarcity is that people are not able to get fresh, clean drinking water.Hunger:If there is no water that can be used in order to help water the crops, then you are going to have people that are going hungry. Animals will also die, which will result in a lack of meat as well.Lack of Education:Water scarcity makes it difficult for people to get the education that they need or that they deserve.Diseases:If you dont have clean water access, then you will be more likely to get diseases from the water that you do have.Sanitation Issues:Without access to clean water, there is no way to clean food, dishes, or people. It also causes mental health issues, including depression and anxiety.Poverty:All in all, people who are dealing with water scarcity are often stuck in poverty as well. These people are not able to get the resources that they need in order to be able to thrive, and instead are just barely surviving through these difficult times.

EFFECTS OF SCARCITY

Health |Life |disease| Agricultural

1 out of every 4 deaths under the age of 5 worldwide is due to a water-related disease.

Fresh Water Stress by Country

Another popular opinion is that the amount of available freshwater is decreasing because ofclimate change. Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds. Many aquifers have been over-pumped and are not recharging quickly. Although the total fresh water supply is not used up, much has become polluted, salted, unsuitable or otherwise unavailable for drinking, industry and agriculture. Climate change and water scarcity

1 billion - nearly 1/6th of the worlds population - are already facing water shortages on a daily basis.The United Nations'FAOstates that by 2025, 1.9 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. 780 million people lack access to clean water.Inadequate access to safedrinking waterfor about 884 million people.In the 20th Century, Population grew 3 fold but Water demand grew to 6 folds!According toWWF, some 1.1 billion people worldwide lack access to water, and a total of 2.7 billion find water scarce for at least one month of the year.Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural.

WORLD WATER SCARCITY

WATER SCARCITY IN INDIA

At the time of Independence in 1947, the per capita availability of water in India was 6,008 cubic metres a year. It became 1,820 cubic metres a year in 2001. According to midterm appraisal (MTA) of the 10th Plan, per capita availability of water is likely to fall down to 1,340 cubic metres in 2025 and 1,140 cubic metres in 2050.

WATER SCARCITY IN INDIA

DIFFERENT CITYS OF INDIA AND WATER DEFFICIENCY

Water Supply & Demand in India

Per capita Water Availability in IndiaSource: Standing Sub-committee of Ministry of Water Resource, Development Alternatives, KPMG Analysis &Pan IIT Conclave, 2010

WATER STRESS IN INDIA

POOR WATER QUALITY IN INDIA

Solutions for Water ScarcityRecycle WaterAdvance Technology Related to Water ConservationImprove Practices Related to FarmingImprove Sewage SystemsSupport Clean Water Initiatives

Solutions for Water Scarcity

Desalination of sea water can be done either via distillation or membrane process.Both process requires large amount of energy and thus costly, which means desalination remains an expensive option for providing reliable fresh water supply, restricted to only economically well-off countries.Desalination of sea water as fresh water supply

Let your parents know about leaks in your houseLeaks are easily fixable and save you water and moneyTell your parents about high-efficiency washers, faucets, and toiletsRun your dishwasher or washing machine only with full loadsTurn off the faucet when brushing or shavingTake shorter showers

Water Conservation Tips for Indoors

GREY WATER REUSE

WHAT IS GREY WATER?Grey water or sullage is defined as waste water generated from wash hand basins, showers and baths (but not from a kitchen sinks or toilets) which can be recycled on-site for uses such as Water Closest (WC) flushing, landscape irrigation and constructed wetlands. WHAT IS BLACK WATER?Grey water is distinguished from Black water which is wastewater from WC flushing, kitchen sinks. Black water should not be reused in the home because of high risk of contamination by bacteria, viruses and pathogens.INTRODUCTION

Combats Water Scarcity-Grey water makes up the largest portion of wastewater from you home up to 40 gallons per person each day. Grey water reuse cuts overall consumption. Replenishes Groundwater-Grey water irrigation helps the natural hydrologic cycle to keep functioning. Reduces the strain on your septic system or treatment plant

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF GREY WATER REUSE

Should be used for... Should not be used for ...Subsurface Irrigation Root zone irrigation of plant beds, shrubbery and trees.Donot irrigate root crops, or edible parts of food crops that touch the soil without adequate treatment and disinfectionToilet and Urinal Flushing Do not apply untreated Grey water onto lawns, or fruits and vegetables that are eaten raw.Irrigation of firebreaks in arid climatesDo not recycle untreated Grey water with sprinklersDo not use to wash patios walkways or driveways

HOW GREY WATER CAN/CANNOT BE USED

The Bio cell Grey Water Treatment System provides a low cost passive filter which requires no power or chemicals to drive the treatment process and turns grey water into safe reusable water that can be utilized for the following uses:Watering Your Lawns and GardensWashing Your Car, Boat, Bike or Truck

Cleaning Your WindowsHosing Your PathwaysToilet FlushingWater FountainsCooling TowersHard Stand WashingBoiler Water

GREY WATER SOLUTION MISSIONS

GREY WATER RECYCLE PROCESS

Filtration-Filtration Preventssolid materials like hair, lint, food particles from entering into the Grey water. It can be accomplished by the sand filtration method or other commercial methodsSand Filtration- A slow sand filter which includes bottom to top, shallow layers of stone, medium gravel, and then pea gravel covered by a deep layer of sand.

GREY WATER REUSE PROCESSES

Commercial Water Filtering- Commercially available water filters are also used for Grey water.These includes activated:charcoalcellulose ceramic cartridgesThese are generally designed for higher quality water and may require excessive maintenance if used with Grey water.

For kitchen sink water collection a grease trap is need to remove fats and grease, which is necessary to prevent filter clogging.

INDUSTRY GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Settlement and Flotation Disinfection-One of the most common methods of disinfection is to add chlorine, often (in the case of on-site systems) through the use of chlorine tablets.There are other types of disinfection being tested currently for treatment of Grey water, Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection and Ozonation disinfection.

Grey water pipe separation is a relatively easy low cost when planned into a new smaller-scale residential construction. Cost and space savings can even be gained by reducing the wastewater treatment system, especially for septic systems. Other potential benefits includes:

Reduces the amount of potable, fresh water used by households.Reduces the flow of wastewater entering sewer or septic systems.Minimizes the amount of harmful chemicals used by homeowners.Supports plant growth without using expensive potable water.Helps recharge groundwater when applied outdoors.Raises public awareness of natural water cycles.Saves money on water bills.

BENEFITS

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