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Minding the research practitioner gap: The implementation of integrated landscape approachesGlobal Landscapes Forum, Lima Peru7th December 2014

Integrated Landscape Approaches: A systematic map

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EcoAgriculture Partners identified 78 (!!) different terms all alluding to integrated landscape managementThere remains no single agreed definition within the scientific community for a landscape approachPerhaps because one size does not fit all!

The terminology problem

LandscapesMulti-functional landscapesIntegrated landscape managementClimate smart agricultureEcosystem ApproachCommunity-Based AdaptionIntegrated landscape approaches

Landscape-scale ecosystem-based adaptationIntegrated natural resource managementConservation agricultureGreen GrowthLandscapes ApproachGreen Agricultural EconomyGreen Infrastructure Landscape MosaicsSustainable Intensification

Ecosystem Based Adaptation(just some of the) Current Terminology

Systematic MapsTransparent, repeatable, pre-determined methodology to review a given research topicCommonly used in medical researchRecently adopted by natural and social sciences (environmentalevidence.org)

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Our (current) primary research questions:

What is the landscape approach, and how has it evolved into current discourse and practice?How, and where, is it actually being implemented?

Three key objectives:Map the development of landscape approach theoryReview and synthesize current terminologyReview integrated landscape research by documenting current (and prior) examples of landscape-scale initiatives in the tropics

Objectives of the systematic map

MethodsEvolution of search terms and strategy:Internal/external consultationTwo stakeholder workshops (Kenya and Australia)Extensive scoping exercise using Web of ScienceDevelopment of inclusion/exclusion criteria for studiesProtocol published in peer-reviewed journal [in press]

Specialist databases:ScopusCAB DirectISI Web of KnowledgePubMed Internet searches:Google ScholarOther:Call for grey literature

Workshops (Nairobi, Cape Tribulation)Scoping (Refined original set of 58 terms which returned ~280,000 publications to 35 terms and use of Boolean operators returned 10,045 (WoS only))Word cloud (sub set of our search terms) which we applied to the literature sources on the right6

MethodsSpecific criteria for case studies:Clear and repeatable methodologyEvidence of integrating at least two land usesEvidence of integrating at least two institutional/sectorial stakeholdersOutcomes measured accurately and reliably

As we have two research questions (theory development and case studies) we developed these criteria specifically for the case studies and applied at full text and study quality screening.As there is no agreed definition for a landscape approach it was very difficult to create a priori criteria. However, by using the criteria of integrating only 2 land uses/stakeholders we have been very conservative.7

Progress271,974 Main terms expanded and trialed in WoK13,290 Publications captured with refined search terms47 Final studies of relevance382 Relevant after abstract screening 1,171 Relevant studies after title screening26,303 Initial scoping in WoK using main search terms Title screeningAbstract screeningFull text screeningStudy quality

Currently 295/382 (so final figure of 47 is expected to increase). Also have yet to start the grey literature screening.Concludes with a methodical overview of the quantity and quality of the evidence

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Preliminary Findings

No. of peer-reviewed articles13,2901,17138247

48%21%9%9%9%4%

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Preliminary FindingsMajority of studies started with single objective focus83% of case studies reported positive outcomesNo cases (thus far) of long term monitoring and evaluation of landscape metrics37% of papers explicitly acknowledge the need for a landscape approach

Main Project Focus27%27%16%13%13%4%

Where projects started as single objectives, they have expanded and considered other land uses/ variables as challenges have arisen (i.e. start with a reforestation program but then had to consider rural livelihood impacts)Positive outcomes.but often results based on short term data collection and soon after project implementation ( we will attempt to track the current progress of studies which have reported in the 2000s)10

Preliminary Findings

Despite the wealth of information on landscape approaches, there are very few case study examples in the peer reviewed literatureThis does not mean they are not out there: they are not being reported!Will including the grey literature in our screening provide the bridge for this gap in our knowledge base?

www.cifor.org/landscape-mapOnline Interactive Map

Each case study is summarized in terms of the organization responsible for the project, the timeframe in which it has been implemented, the landscape scale, the funding bodies, the target land uses and landscape configuration, terminology applied to the framework, and users can also access the source of project via a link to a pdf. The map is an ongoing process and will be updated as the systematic mapping processes is concluded. It is envisaged that there will be a considerable number of case studies collated from grey literature sources (due to take place over the next couple of months) and added to the interactive map. The map can be accessed at the address shown above.12

http://www.landscapes.org/ Special thanks: James Reed, Liz Deakin, Josh van Vianen

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