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MASTER SEMINAR ON “EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON SOIL, AIR AND WATER QUALITY AND THEIR CONTROL MEASURES’’ Presented by BHOLE SHANKAR PAIKARA Soil Science & Agricultural chemistry

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MASTER SEMINAR ON

“EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON SOIL, AIR

AND WATER QUALITY AND THEIR

CONTROL MEASURES’’

Presented by

BHOLE SHANKAR PAIKARA

Soil Science & Agricultural chemistry

CONTENT

• POLLUTION

• SOIL POLLUTION, CAUSE,EFFECT & CONTROL MEASURES

• AIR POLLUTION ,CAUSE,EFFECT & CONTROL MEASURES

• WATER POLLUTION ,CAUSE,EFFECT & CONTROL MEASURES

POLLUTION

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light.

Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

Forms of PollutionAir pollution

Noise pollution

Soil pollution

Thermal pollution

Water pollution

Plastic pollution

Radioactive contamination

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/pollution.html

SOIL POLLUTIONSOIL

Soil is the natural medium for the growth of plants.

Soil has also been defined as a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) thatare composed of weathered mineral materials, organic material, air and water. Soilis the end product of the combined influence of climate, topography, organisms(flora, fauna and human) on parent materials (original rocks and minerals) overtime. As a result soil differs from its parent material in texture, structure,consistency, color, chemical, biological and physical characteristics.

According to FAO

Soil Pollution

The Soil Pollution is defined as the presence of materials in the soil which are harmful to the living beings when they cross their threshold concentration levels.

Source : http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/about/all-definitions/en/

Source of Soil Pollution

Acid rain

Excess application of pesticide and fertilizer

Disposal of Industrial waste

Urban solid waste

BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

• The major sources of biological agents

causing soil pollution are human excreta,

animals and birds excreta, municipal wastes,

faulty sanitation.

• The industrial parasites are

among the most threatening

biological agents,

HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS

• Heavy metal in soil are basically due to industrial discharge.

• E.g.. Zn,Cu,Ni,Cd,As and Pb are also present in significant levels insewage sludge and reach the soil where they become part of life cycleand affects adversely.

Environmental Quality Standards for Soil Pollution

Substance Target level of soil quality examined through leaching

and content tests

cadmium 0.01 mg/l in sample solution and less than 0.4mg/kg in rice for agricultural

land

lead 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution

chromium (VI) 0.05 mg/l or less in sample solution

arsenic 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution, and less than 15 mg/kg in soil for

agricultural land (paddy fields only)

total mercury 0.0005 mg/l or less in sample solution

copper less than 125 mg/kg in soil for agricultural land (paddy fields only)

dichloromethane 0.02 mg/l or less in sample solution

carbon tetrachloride 0.002 mg/l or less in sample solution

thiuram 0.006 mg/l or less in sample solution

simazine 0.003 mg/l or less in sample solution

benzene 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution

selenium 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution

source;https://www.env.go.jp/en/water/soil/sp.html

SOIL QUALITY PARAMETER

Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is the use of living green plants for in situ risk reduction and/or removal of contaminants from contaminated soil, water, sediments, and air.

METHODS OF PHYTOREMEDIATION

Phytovolatilization

Phytodegradation

Phytostabilisation

Phytoextraction

(Phytoaccumulation)

Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences

Online ISSN 2277-1808 Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. Volume 2 [2] January 2013: 52- 63 © 2012, Academy for Environment and

Life Sciences, India Website: www.bepls.com

Best Plants For Phytoremediation

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) White Willow (Salix species)

Poplar tree (Populus deltoids)Indian grass

(Sorghastrum nutans)

Sunflower

(Helianthus Annuus L.) https://landarchs.com/5-best-plants-for-phytoremediation

Bio remediation of Soil Pollution

• Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi & plants to break down of chemicalcompounds that have accumulated in the environment

Pseudomonas fluorescens

HCN → CO2 + NH2

• It is a method that treats the soils and renders them non-hazardous, thus eliminatingany future liability that may result from landfill problems or violations.

Source https://www.google.co.in/search?q=bioremediation+of+soil+pollution&source

Control of Soil Pollution3 Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

• Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide use:

• Applying bio-fertilizers and manures can reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide use.

• Biological methods of pest control

• Reusing of materials:

• Materials such as glass containers, plastic bags, paper, cloth etc. can be reused at domestic levels rather than being disposed, reducing solid waste pollution.

• Recycling and recovery of materials:

• Materials such as paper, some kinds of plastics and glass can and are being recycled. This decreases the volume of refuse and helps in the conservation of natural resources.

• For example, recovery of one tons of paper can save 17 trees.

• Reforesting:

• Control of land loss and soil erosion can be attempted through restoring forest and grass cover to check wastelands, soil erosion and floods. Crop rotation or mixed cropping can improve the fertility of the land.

• Some other methods using in control of soil pollution

1. Use of pesticides should be minimized.

2. Use of fertilizers should be judicious.

3. Cropping techniques should be improved to prevent growth of weeds.

4. Special pits should be selected for dumping wastes.

5. Controlled grazing and forest management.

6. Wind breaks and wind shield in areas exposed to wind erosion

7. Planning of soil binding grasses along banks and slopes prone to rapid erosion.

8. Afforestation and reforestation.

Application of organic manures, sludge and sewages in field for minimizeof heavy metal presence in soil.

Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance

Constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of

most living organisms.

Water

Water Pollution

• Water pollution is contamination of water bodies .

This form of environmental degradation occurs when pollutants are directly orindirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmfulcompounds.

• Water pollution occurs when energy and other materials are released into the water,contaminating the quality of it for other users.

Types of Water Pollution1. Surface water pollution

Found on the exterior of the earth’s

crust ,oceans , rivers and lakes

2. Groundwater pollution

In agriculture sector, used of highly

amount of fertilizer, Pesticides heavy

matal Cd, Pb,Zn Ni are leachable by

heavy rainfall,water logged condition &

high irrigation.

Thermal Pollution

• Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in

the temperature of a natural body of

water caused by human influence.

• Elevated water temperatures

decrease oxygen levels, which can kill

fish and alter food chain composition,

reduce species biodiversity, and foster

invasion by new thermophilic species.

EutroficationRefers to the bloom or great increase

of phytoplankton in a water body due

to the addition of nitrates or

Phosphates from fertilizers or sewage.

Effect of Thermal Pollution

Water Quality Indicators

Physical indicators Chemical indicators Biological indicators

•Water temperature

•Specific conductance or

electrical conductance (EC)

•Total suspended solids

(TSS)

•Turbidity

•Total dissolved solids

(TDS)

•Odour of water

•Color of water

•Taste of water

•pH

•Biochemical oxygen

demand (BOD)

•Chemical oxygen

demand

(COD)

•Dissolved oxygen (DO)

•Total hardness (TH)

•Heavy metals

•Nitrate

•Orthophosphates

•Pesticides

•Surfactants

•Biological integrity and

Index of biological

integrity

•Ephemeroptera

•Plecoptera

•Mollusca

•Trichoptera

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality

Water Quality StandardsParameter Concentration (mg/L)

Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 50-300

Ammonia (NH3-N unionized) <0.0125 (Salmonids)

Ammonia (TAN) Cool-water fish <1.0

Ammonia (TAN) Warm-water fish <3.0

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Tolerant Species (tilapia) <60

Sensitive Species (salmonids) <20

Parameter Concentration (mg/L)

Oxygen Dissolved (DO) >5

> 90 mm Hg partial

pressure

Ozone (O3) <0.005

pH 6.5-8.5

Salinity <0.5 to 1

Total dissolved solids (TDS) <400

Total suspended solids (TSS) <80

Parameter Concentration (mg/L)

Hardness, Total (as CaCO3) >100

Iron (Fe) <0.15

Nitrogen (N2) <110% total gas pressure

<103 % as nitrogen gas

Nitrite (NO2) <1, 0.1 in soft water

Nitrate (NO3) 0-400 or higher

Source https://www.google.co.in/search?q=water+quality+standards&source

Aquatic Plants for removal of pollutants (Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe, Hg and Cr) from leather industries

• Hydrilla verticillata;Spirodela polyrrhiza; Bacopa monnierii; Phragmiteskarka; Scirpus lacustris; Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes); Pennywarth (Hydrocotyle umbellate; Duck weed (Lemna minor; Water velvet (Azolla pinnata)

Hydrilla verticillataWater velvet (Azolla pinnata)

Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences

Online ISSN 2277-1808 Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. Volume 2 [2] January 2013: 52- 63 © 2012, Academy for

Environment and Life Sciences, India Website: www.bepls.com

Purifier of waste water

Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Tw-Z/Wastewater-Treatment-and-Management.html

http://www.unitedwater.com/wastewtr.htm

Sewage water treatment is the process of removing pollutants from waste water

How to Control Water Pollution?

1. Keep out fat, grease, or oils from your sink.

2. Do not flush contaminated drugs, liquids, medications, or pills down the drain.

3. Use detergents or bleach minimally.

4. Reduce the usage of pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides.

5. Ensure proper sewage management and treatment.

6. Do dot dump into any water system directly.

7. Always use environmentally friendly products.

8. Plant trees to reduce the speed of the surface water.

9. Use super energy saving washing machines.

10.Opt for reusable and recyclable options.

11. Avoid the use of plastics.

12. Dispose batteries, antifreeze, and motor oil at specific collection points.

AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution• Air pollution is the introduction of harmful substances including particulates

and biological molecules into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies or death in humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Human activity and natural processes can both generate air pollution.

Photochemical Smog and Ozone

• Smog is kind of Air pollution

• Riginally name for the

mixture of smoke and fog

in the air

Indices of Air PollutionAir Quality Index (AQI)

Index valuesLevels of

Health ConcernCautionary statements

Visibility

Range in miles0-50 Good None +10

51-100 Moderable

Unusually sensitive people should

consider reducing prolonged or heavy

exertion

05-10

101-150Unhealthy for

sensitive group

People with heart or lung disease older

adults and chidren should reduce

prolonged or heavy exertion

03-05

151-200 unhealthy

People with heart or lung disease older

adults and chidren should avoid

prolonged or heavy exertion every one

also should reduce prolonged or heavy

exertion

1.5-1.25

201-300 very unhealthy

People with heart or lung disease older

adults and chidren should avoid all

physical activity outdoor every one alse

should reduce prolonged

1-1.25

301-500 Hazardous

People with heart or lung disease older

adults and chidren should remain indoor

and keep activity levels low every one

alse should reduce prolonged

-0.75

https://www.google.co.in/search?bih=613&biw=1366&tbm=isch&q=air+quality+index+chart&oq=

&gs_l=#imgrc=NMNjtO97CCmxJM:

Ambient Air Quality Standards in IndiaPollutant Time Weighted Average Concentration in Ambient Air

Industrial, Residential, Rural

and Other Areas

Ecologically Sensitive Area (notified by

Central Government)

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2),

µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

50 – 80 20 -80

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2),

µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

40 -80 30 -80

Particulate Matter (size less than 10

µm) or PM10 µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

60 -100 60 -100

Particulate Matter (size less than

2.5 µm) or PM2.5µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

40 -60 40 -60

Ozone (O3) µg/m3 8 hours*

1 hour**

100 -180 100 -180

Lead (Pb)

µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

0.50- 1.0 0.50- 1.0

Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3 8 hours*

1 hour**

02 -04 02 -04

Ammonia (NH3) µg/m3 Annual*

24 hours**

100 -400 100 -400

Benzene (C6H6) µg/m3 Annual* 5 5

Arsenic(As),

ng/m3

Annual* 6 60

Nickel (Ni),

ng/m3

Annual* 20 20

* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.

** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 1 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two

consecutive days of monitoring.

Source: National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Central Pollution Control Board Notification in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, New Delhi, 18th

November, 2009

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=air+pollution+forecasting+of+india&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi

Kx9vEtvfTAhUFL48KHS6zAawQ_AUICygC&biw=1366&bih=613#imgrc=fdH9ICDqA1CiSM:

AQI Data of Raipur ,ChhattisgarhSTATION NAME ,

CODE & TYPE

ENTER the datewise

concentration of

pollutants

New HIG, Hirapur (Tatibandh),Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 368

& "R"

Date NO2 SO2 PM10 PM2.5 O3CO (8 hrs)

mg/m3NH3 Pb

18.03.2017 31.8 11.3 152.3

22.03.2017 30.2 9.7 104

29.03.2017 31.3 11.2 133

Index Category

401-500 SEVERE

301-400 VERY-POOR

201-300 POOR

101-200 MODERATE

51-100 SATISFACTORY

0-50 GOOD

Source: enviscecb.org/

Effect on Human, Plant

• Deposition of particulate matter containingtoxic metals affects the growth of plants

• The particulate matter after deposition on plantleaves block stomata opening of plants andreduce plant growth.

• The particulate matter with acid rains ,reducepH of the soil which make the infertile.

Control devices

• In today, increase in pollutant in air (Air pollution) we need to control of this pollution and balance of ecology with the control devices

• control devices is used in air clean from present pollutant in air .

• different types of control devices like

• Electrostatic precipitators

• dust cyclones

• Baghouses

• Dust collector

Control devices• Electrostatic precipitators

• Is a particulate collection device

• that removes particles from a flowing gas(such as air), using the force of an induced

electrostatic charge.

• The emanating dust is charged with ions

and the ionized particulate matter is

collected on an oppositely charged surface.

https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/pollution/monitoring/air-pollution/controlling/

Working method of Electrostatic Precipitators

source : http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/manufacturing_process_equipment/air_quality/electrostatic_precipitators

Particulate control Mechanical collectors (dust cyclones)

Source http://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Cyclone_separator

Baghouses• heavy dust loads, a dust collector

• consists of a blower, dust filter, a

filter-cleaning system, and a dust

receptacle or dust removal system

(distinguished from air cleaners

which utilize

disposable filters to remove the dust).

https://www.britannica.com/technology/baghouse-filter

Control of vehicular pollution :

• The price of diesel is much cheaper than petrol which promotesuse of diesel.

• To reduce emission of sulphurdioxide, sulphur content in dieselhas been reduced to 0.05%.

• Earlier lead in the form of tetraethyl lead was added in thepetrol to raise octane level for smooth running of engines.

• Addition of lead in petrol has been banned to prevent emissionof lead particles with the vehicular emission.

Conclusion Soil, Water & Air Pollution control in today is most necessary for balance ofecosystem in future life in any sector . Managing of ecology with minimum use ofpetrol on automobiles, industrial plastic material ,chemical fertilizers ,Pesticides infield . Higher amount of afforestration those control of Soil , Water and Air pollution.

Because We are depends on natural ecological system balance So, we work maintainthe ecosystem of the earth and happies for future life or generation .

Soil ,Air & Water is most important for balance of ecosystem

''When will Unbalance Ecosystem of earth,We will can't survive in the earth ''

Reference • Singh,B. and Das,D.K.,Soil Pollution and its control ,Fundamental of Soil Science, Indian Society of Soil Science,PP

669 -691.

• Das,D.K.,Introductory of Soil Science,PP 590-600.

• Singh, K,K,Juwarkar,A. Singh,A.K. & Tomar,A.,AIR,WATER AND SOIL POLLUTION KALYANI PUBLISHERS, LUDHIANA.

• www.who.org.in

• www.fao.in

• source;https://www.env.go.jp/en/water/soil/sp.html

• https://www.google.co.in/search?q=air+pollution+forecasting+of+india&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKx9vEtvfTAhUFL48KHS6zAawQ_AUICygC&biw=1366&bih=613#imgrc=fdH9ICDqA1CiSM:

• Source: enviscecb.org/

• source : http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/manufacturing_process_equipment/air_quality/electrostatic_precipitators

• https://www.google.co.in/search?bih=613&biw=1366&tbm=isch&q=air+quality+index+chart&oq=&gs_l=#imgrc=NMNjtO97CCmxJM:

• Source https://www.google.co.in/search?q=water+quality+standards&source

• Source https://www.google.co.in/search?q=bioremediation+of+soil+pollution&source

• https://landarchs.com/5-best-plants-for-phytoremediationf Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences

• Online ISSN 2277-1808 Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. Volume 2 [2] January 2013: 52- 63 © 2012, Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, India Website: www.bepls.com