Name: Neelesh KumarID No. F-5318/10Class: B.F.Sc. IVth YearC. No. FHOT-411(N)

Instructor’sDr. A.P. RaoDr. L. PrasadDr. Shakila Khan

1. Introduction of marine environment.2. Concept of ecology.3. Definitions of environment and ecology.4. Components of environment.5. Zonation of marine environment.6. Classification of ocean water mass: base

of light penetration and base of depth.7. Sub-division of ecology.

Only 29% of the world surface present is land.

The rest of ocean home to the marine life forms.

The environment is surrounded by the important phases namely atmosphere and earth.

The ocean average 4 kilometers in depth and are fringed with coastlines that run for nearly 3,80,000 kilometers.

Ocean covers about 71% of the earth‘s surface and between of their depth.

MARINE ENVIRONMENT

The contain about 300 times the habitats volume of the terrestrial volume habitats on the earth.

It’s include under study about the ecology, environment, population, community, ecosystem, and others also studies.

The term ecology was coined only a late as 1860.

It has been derived from the two “Greek words” first oikos and second logos, both meanings home/estate and study.

Literally it means to the study of the home/ household of the nature/organisms.

Reciprocal relationship between both organisms (plant & animal) and their environment.

“The sum of the total of marine living components influents and events surrounding of an marine organisms” is knows as marine environment.

The scientific definition about “The reciprocal relationship between organisms (plants and animals) and their environment” is known as ecology.

1. BIOTIC COMPONENTS:- These are living in nature. It includes green plants, non green plants, decomposers, parasites, animals and mans etc.

2. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:- These are non living in nature.

It includes energy, water, atmospheric gases & winds, fire, topography, geological substratum and soil etc.

BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC COMPONENTS

Covering about 71% of earth’s surface and 11.2 kilometers deep in some zones, the ocean is largest and most stable of all biomass.

The seafloor environment is the benthic zone and the water environment is the pelagic zone.

The marine ecosystem has been classified by the ecologist from various angles like depth, type of bottom and light level etc.

(i).CONTINENTAL MARGIN:-This includes continental shelf and continental slope, the continental shelves fringes the continents and slope gently towards the ocean basins.

They are relatively flat, gently less then 130 meters deep.

The range depth of continental shelf is 30m –275m.

Seawards from the continental shelf is the continental slope.

The slope is scarred by many sub-marine canyons have been cut by turbidity current of dance sediment laden waters flowing down the surface of the continental slope.

Sediments from the continental are carried into the deep ocean through the canyons present in the continental slope.

At the floor of the continental slope has suspended materials and sediment settle out, the slope gently towards the ocean floor, is known as “Continental Rise”.

It has a gradients between 1:50-1:800.

These are extends seawards from the continental rise /continental margins.

“Abyssal plains” are found at the base of the continental rise and the relatively flat plains.

They are formed due to even deposition of sediments from the continental rise carried down by turbidity currents.

OCEAN BASIN FLOOR

Continental continental rise ocean basin margin

Continental shelf continental slope

Abyssal

plains Oceanic rise sea mounts Trenches

The“Oceanic rise” refers to rather isolated areas which are elevated above the abyssal floor and are distributed sporadically on the ocean basin floor.

They may very from low hills to mountains as high as 1525 meters.

The example of “Bermuda rise” is very prominent in this case on which the Bermuda island are formed.

Sea mounts are isolated peak that rise several thousands meters above the sea floor.

They are volcanic in origin and are found principally in the vicinity of fault zones.

‘Trenches’ are along narrow depression in ocean floor which are over 6100m deep.

The deepest know trench in the ocean compartment is the ‘Mariana trench’ of the western north pacific which is about 1100m deep.

Trenches are invariably isolated with the system of active.

Volcanoes and are believed to be caused by down wrapping of the oceanic crust beneath the continental crust.

The entire water mass above the ocean floor with all the divers type of organisms is referred to as the ‘Pelagic zone’ and may be differentiated into neritic and oceanic zone.

Neritic zone is the shallow water zone that extends from the intertidal zone to the edges of the continental shelf and includes the coastal waters having an average depth of 200 meters.

The depth of this zone is >6 kilometers.

The water masses beyond the continental shelf and covering the deep abyssal plains constitute the oceanic zone.

This zone is divided into sub-zones, such as epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssopelagic and hadopelagic.

(a). PHOTIC OR EUPHOTIC ZONE:- This zone is the surface zone between surface water to 200meters in depth.

This zone found 90% light penetration of the total light penetration of the oceans.

These are found much flora and fauna than other zones.

(b). DISPHOTIC ZONE:- This zone decrease light penetration than euphotic zone.

Flora and fauna also lesser found.

This zone extends from 200m. to 1000m.

This zone also known as twilight zone.

(c). APHOTIC ZONE:- This zone also called dark zone, light penetration are absent of this zone.

These extends from 1000 meters to deepest bottom.

Flora and fauna are lesser or absent.

This region electrical and light producing fishes are found.

These category, ocean mainly 5 types found, these are follows_

(a). EPIPELAGIC ZONE:-This zone depth is surface to 200m.

Full illuminated zone from light penetration. Temperature of this zone is 40°C to -3°C. Nearly all primary production in the ocean occurs

here such as plants and animals group largely concentrated of this zone.

Enough light for photosynthesis and well primary productivity are found.

(b). MESOPELAGIC ZONE:- Which extends from 200m. to 1000m.

This zone is in semi darkness as very small light penetration.

Hence temperature gradient more even and gradual, without much seasonal variation.

(c). BATHYPELAGIC ZONE:- Zone which extends from 1000m.to 4000m.

Where darkness is virtually complete, for humans though some fishes and crustaceans to respond to dim light.

MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION

Low temperature (0°C to 6°C), high hydrostatic pressure and complete darkness found.

(d). ABYSSOPELAGIC ZONE:- This zone open ocean water extending from 4000m. to 6000m.

Which is equivalent to aphotic/epipelagic zone.

Where permanent darkness prevails.

The temperature is uniform at 3°C and hydrostatic pressure is normous of this zone.

(e). HADALPELAGIC ZONE:- Which zone extends from 6000m. to bottom of the ocean.

This region found very few species are know to live here.

The main sub-division of ecology are three parts_

A. AUTECOLOGY:- It is the study of individual species/individual in relation to the environment, These are two types_

(a). SPECIES ECOLOGY:- Individual of same species are studies.

(b). POPULATION ECOLOGY:- It studies individuals of same species.

SUB-DIVISION OF ECOLOGY

Autecology Synecology Habitat ecology

Species population

ecology ecology

Community ecosystem ecology

ecology

B. SYNECOLOGY:- It is study of the community of living organisms as a unit in relation to their environment. It is two types_

(a). COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:- Study of biotic community comprising of interdependent plants and animals in a particular area.

(b). ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY:- It deals with the community of living organisms and their environment as an integrated unit of nature.

C. HABITAT ECOLOGY :- It is study of the habitat or environment of organisms and it effect on the organisms.

Deals also different type of habitat such as terrestrial, fresh water, marine water and estuarine on the focus of the study.

1. Marine Microbiology:- Abhijit Mitra,

Department of marine science,

University of Kolkata

700035

2. Oceanography:- Savindra Singh

Department of Geography,

university of Allahabad,

Allahabad, India

3. Manual of Ecology(LSE-02):- Indira Gandhi National open University(IGNU), School of science, New Delhi, India

4. Internet Website:- Www.Ocean Division.com,

and

Www.Marine Environmental division.com