1. THE LAWS OF MOTION, MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE BY SWAPNEEL BHATT

2. What are Newtons Laws of Motion ? These are three physical laws that state the relationship of a objector a body with the forces acting on it. The first law - An object at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by a force. An object in motion remains in motion, and at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force. The second law - The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to, and in the same direction as, the net force acting on the body, and inversely proportional to its mass. Thus, F = ma, where F is the net force acting on the object, m is the mass of the object and a is the acceleration of the object . The third law - When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to that of the first body. 3. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces When the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is zero, then the forces are called unbalanced forces . These cannot change the state of rest or motion of a body .When the resultant of all the forces acting upon a body is unequal to zero, then it is called an unbalanced force . These can change the state of rest or motion of a body . 4. Newtons First law of Motion There are three parts of this law:-1. A body at rest continues to remain at rest until some external force is applied on the body which causes it to move . 2. A body in uniform motion continues to be in uniform speed till a external force is applied on it which causes its speed to change . 3. A body moving along a straight line will continue to move along this straight line till an external force is applied which causes it to change its direction. 5. The definition of force derived from Newtons First Law of Motion This law states that that a body continues to be in a state of rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight line, unless an external force is applied on the body to change the state . It means that force applied on a body alone can change its state of rest or state of uniform motion along a straight line. Therefore, force may be defined as an external effort in the form of a push or pull which 1. Actually moves or tries to move a body at rest 2. Actually stops or tries to stop a moving body 3. Actually changes or tries to change the direction of the body 6. Inertia The First Law of Motion gives that a body on its own cannot change its state of rest or motion along a straight line. Through this we derive that all objects resist a change in their state or oppose the forces that try to change their state. This property is called Inertia. Inertia of a body is the stability of the body to change by itself its state of rest or state of uniform motion along a straight line . Thus, Newtons First Law of Motion defines Inertia and is also called the Law of Inertia . 7. The 3 Types of Inertia 1. Inertia of rest The inability of a body to change by itself is the inertia of rest It means a body at rest remains at rest and cannot start moving on its own.2. Inertia of motion A body in motion remains in motion and cannot stop on its own. A body in motion opposes the which try to stop it 3. Inertia of Direction-A body moving along a straight line will continue to move along the straight line until a external forces changes its direction. A body moving along a straight line will oppose the forces which try to change its direction. 8. Momentum The impact of ,motion produced by objects depends on their mass and velocity. Momentum of a body is the product of the mass and velocity of the body. Momentum = Mass x velocity If momentum =p, Mass =m, Velocity =v, then p=mv Momentum is a vector quantity. The SI unit of momentum is kg m/sIf mass of the body is doubled, leaving velocity unchanged, the momentum will also double. This is true vice-versa also. If Mass and Velocity are both doubled, momentum will increase by 4 times . 9. Impulsive force and Impulse Impulsive force is a higher magnitude force acting for a very short time. Eg a cricket bat hitting a ball Impulse is defined by the change in momentum Impulse = final momentum minus initial momentum I = mv mu where I= impulse, m= mass of body, v = final velocity and u = initial velocity The SI unit for impulse is kg m/sImpulse is a vector quantity 10. Newtons Second law of Motion Newtons second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the external force applied on the body. This change always takes place in the direction of the applied force. This rate of change of momentum can be obtained by dividing the change of momentum by the time taken for the change . The consequence of Newtons second law of motion is F = ma 11. Mathematical Formulation of the Second law of Motion m = mass of a body, F = external force applied which is constant in magnitude, t = time for which the force is applied, u = initial velocity of the body along the straight line, v = final velocity of the body along the straight line, after t seconds Initial momentum of the body =p1=mu Final momentum of the body = p2 = mv Change in momentum of the body = p2-p1= mv-mu = m(v-u) = impulse Rate of change of momentum = m(v-u)/t However v-u/t = acceleration = a Therefore from this equation we derive that rate of change of momentum = ma 12. Mathematical Formation of the Second Law of Motion (cont.) According to Newtons second Law of motion, rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force applied i.e. ma is directly proportional to F or F is directly proportional to ma or F = kma where k is a constant of proportionality. If we substitute f, k, and m for 1 in the previous equation, we get the equation F = ma. This is the mathematical form of Newtons second law of motion. From this we get that Force is the product of the mass and acceleration of the body The SI unit of force is newton or n One newton force is that much force which produces acceleration of 1m/s square in a body of mass 1 kg 1N = 1kg x 1m/s square = 1kg m/s square Force is a vector quantity, whose direction is the same as acceleration of the body 13. Newtons Third law of Motion Newtons Third Law of Motion that to every action, there is always a equal and opposite reaction, i.e. the forces of action and reaction are always equal and opposite. These forces act on two different objects and never cancel each other. Although the action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude, yet these forces may not produce accelerations of equal magnitude. This is because each force acts on a different object and may have different mass. 14. Law of Conservation of momentum When two or more bodies interact with one another, the vector sum of their linear momenta, remains constant ( i.e., conserved ), and is not affected due to their mutual action and reaction . The only condition is that no external unbalanced should be acting on the system of bodies . 15. A Video 16. Thank you And hope you found the presentation useful and enjoyable