TYPES OF TURBINES AND

ITS UTILIZATION

What is a TURBINE??? A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy

from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other

fluid and converts it into useful work.

A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part

called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades

attached.

Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart

rotational energy to the rotor.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:The working principle is very much simple.

• When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are

displaced, which produces rotational energy.

• When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric gene-

-rator mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

• This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.

Basic types of turbines

• Water Turbine

• Steam Turbine

• Gas Turbine

• Wind Turbine

Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their specific

designs differ sufficiently to merit separate descriptions.

Water turbines• Impulse turbines

• Reaction turbines

Impulse Turbine• In an impulse turbine, fast moving fluid is fired through a

narrow nozzle at the turbine blades to make them spin around.

• The blades of an impulse turbine are usually bucket-shaped so

they catch the fluid and direct it off at an angle.

• In an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced to hit the turbine at

high speed.

Types of Impulse Turbines

I. Pelton Turbine

II. Cross-flow Turbine

Pelton Wheel• These are usually used for high head, low flow power plants.

• It was invented by Lester Ella Pelton in the 1870s.

• Nozzles are direct forceful, high speed streams of water

against a rotary series of spoon-shaped buckets, also known as

impulse blades, which are mounted around the circumferential

rim of a drive wheel also called a runner.

• As the water jet hit the bucket-blades, the direction of water

velocity is changed to follow the contours of the bucket.

• Water impulse energy exerts torque on the bucket and wheel

system, spinning the wheel; the water stream itself does a "u-

turn" and exits at the outer sides of the bucket.

• Pelton wheels operate best with Drop height: (50 - 2000 m)

and Flow rate is (4 - 15 m3/s)

Pelton’s Wheel

Applications

• Pelton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro-power, when

the available water source has relatively high hydraulic head at

low flow rates.

• Pelton wheels are made in all sizes. For maximum power and

efficiency, the wheel and turbine system is designed such that

the water jet velocity is twice the velocity of the rotating

buckets.

• There exist in multi ton Pelton wheels mounted on vertical oil

pad bearing in hydroelectric power.

Cross-flow Turbine • It is developed by Anthony Michel, in 1903 and is used for

low heads. (10–70 meters)

• As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at the turbine's

edge. After passing the runner, it leaves on the opposite side.

• Going through the runner twice provides additional efficiency.

• The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine that is well

suited for locations with a low head but high flow.

Applications

• The peak efficiency of a cross-flow turbine is somewhat less

than a kaplon, francis or pelton turbine.

• It has a low price, and good regulation.

• As water going through the runner twice, provides additional

efficiency.

• Cross-flow turbines are mostly used in mini and micro

hydropower units.

• Its good point as When the water leaves the runner, it also

helps clean the runner of small debris and pollution.

Reaction Turbine• In a reaction turbine, forces driving the rotor are achieved by

the reaction of an accelerating water flow in the runner while

the pressure drops. The reaction principle can be observed in a

rotary lawn sprinkler where the emerging jet drives the rotor in

the opposite direction.

• In reaction turbines torque developed by reacting to the fluid's

pressure. The pressure of the fluid

changes as it passes through the

turbine rotor blades.

Types of Reaction Turbines• Kaplan Turbine

• Francis Turbine

• Kinetic Turbine

Kaplan Turbine• The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable

blades and is used for low heads and high discharges.

• It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor

Kaplan.

• The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which

means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves

through the turbine and gives up its energy.

• The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the

turbine's wicket gate. Water is directed tangentially through the

wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner,

causing it to spin.

The Kaplan turbine having drop height: 10 - 700 m and Flow

rate 4 - 55 m3/s

Kaplan Turbine

Applications

• Kaplan turbines are widely used throughout the world for

electrical power production. They cover the lowest head hydro

sites and are especially suited for high flow conditions.

• Inexpensive micro turbines on the Kaplan turbine model are

manufactured for individual power production with as little as

two feet of head.

• Large Kaplan turbines are individually designed for each site

to operate at the highest possible efficiency, typically over

90%. They are very expensive to design, manufacture and

install, but operate for decades.

Francis Turbine

• The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was

developed by James B.Franceis and are used for medium

head(45-400 m) and medium discharge.(10-700 m^3/s)

• The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of

turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under

immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine

blades from the working fluid.

• The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water

flow and recover the pressure.

• Water flow is radial from exterior to interior.

Francis Turbine

Applications

• Francis type units cover a head range from 40 to 600 m (130 to

2,000 ft).

• Its efficiency decreases as flow decreases.

• They may also be used for pumped storage, where a reservoir

is filled by the turbine (acting as a pump) driven by the

generator acting as a large electrical motor during periods of

low power demand.

Kinetic Turbines

• Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines,

generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing

water.

• The systems may operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal

waters, or ocean currents.

• Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's natural pathway.

• They do not require the diversion of water through manmade

channels, riverbeds, or pipes,

• They might have applications in such conduits.

• Kinetic systems do not require large civil works; however,

they can use existing structures such as bridges, tailraces and

channels and do not require any dam or reservoir.

Kinetic Turbines

Steam Turbine

• A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermalenergy from pressurized steam and uses it to domechanical work on a rotating output shaft.

• This turbine was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884

• Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricityin thermal power plants, such as plants using coal fuel oilor nuclear fuel.

• Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes rangingfrom small to large . used as mechanical drives forpumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment,used to generate electricity (upto1.5 GW) .

Stream Turbine

Applications

• Fuel used are biomasses, coal etc.

• Modern steam turbines has automatic control system.

• steam heated processes in plants and factories.

• steam driven turbines in electric power plants.

• Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly

suited to be used to drive an electrical generator about 90% of

all electricity generation in the United States (1996)

Gas turbine

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of

internal combustion engine.

• Fresh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings

it to higher pressure.

• Energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting

it so the combustion generates a high-temperature flow.

• Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical

generators or even tanks.

Gas Turbine

Wind Turbine• A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from

the wind into electrical power .

• Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three

components:.

• The rotor component , includes the blades for converting

wind energy to low speed rotational energy.

• The generator component, includes the electrical generator,

the control electronics, and most likely a gearbox

• The structural support component, includes the tower etc

• Wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as

a wind charger.

Wind Turbines

Types of wind turbinesHorizontal-axis wind turbines Vertical-axis wind turbines

• Horizontal-axis wind

turbines are being parallel to

the ground, the axis of blade

rotation is parallel to the

wind flow.

• Vertical-axis wind turbines

has its blades rotating on an

axis perpendicular to the

ground.

Application• Our small wind turbines are used in a variety of industries and

applications, including marine applications, off-grid systems.

• Industrial applications including road signage, remote

telemetry, mobile base stations and for houses, schools and

farms.

References• Mechanical engineering department manuals Bhagwant

universty ajmer .

• Fluid mechanics with engineering applicatations 10 edition by

E.John Finnemore and Joesph B. Franzini

• Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics by E.H.Lewitt 10th edition