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Because of the difficulties associated with the generation of finite element meshes based on X-Ray Computed Tomography scans and the extraordinary computational demands in performing 3D finite element analyses, past modelling efforts have focused primarily on 2D representations of asphalt mixtures and have placed no emphasis on the inclusion of the air voids network within the body of an asphalt concrete specimen. A 3D micro mechanical moisture damage model has been developed and implemented in the finite element system CAPA-3D capable of addressing individually the three main phases of asphalt concrete: aggregate, mastic and air voids. 3D finite element meshes of different types of asphalt mixtures were generated on the basis of X-Ray scans. By means of CAPA-3D the significance of the air voids structure in the development of moisture damage in asphalt concrete specimens was demonstrated. Availability of the model enables evaluation and ranking of the contribution of the characteristics of the individual mixture components to the overall mixture moisture resistance.
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The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
Aikaterini Varveri, Cor Kasbergen & Tom Scarpas Pavement Engineering, Delft University of Technology
Stavros Avgerinopoulos & Andy Collop Faculty of Engineering, De Montfort University
CROW Infradagen 2014, The Netherlands, June 18-19, 2014
Moisture Damage in AC
Moisture diffusion
Advective transport
Wheel loading
Pumping action
CO
UP
LIN
G Degradation of the cohesive strength
of the asphalt binder
Loss of the adhesion bond between aggregate & asphalt binder
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
Moisture Diffusion
( )t
D D e e
ij i j m iji, j
D a d
Molecular diffusion tensor
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
tNormalized moisture concentration C / C
Fick’s Second Law
Influence of Air Voids on Moisture Damage
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
D e eij i j m ij
i,j
D a d
From literature:
Moisture diffuses faster in air (Dair>Dbinder) Air void phase controls the rate of moisture diffusion into an
asphaltic mixture An association is found between moisture diffusion and the
interconnectivity of the voids
Past Modelling Efforts Problems
- Asphalt concrete was modelled as a two-phase material
- 2D finite element models of asphalt concrete were utilized
- Underestimate moisture damage susceptibility - Inability to distinguish among different types of mixtures (PA, SMA, etc.)
FE Micromechanical Meshes
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
PA & SMA Mixtures
Mixture Type
Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size
(mm)
Binder Content Pb (%)
Air Void Content
(%)
Interconnectivity of Air Voids
(%)
PA 10 4.4 23.7 90
SMA 10 6.4 5.3 10
Moisture Diffusion Analyses
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
SMA Mixture
PA Mixture
1.0 0.0 θ
Moisture Diffusion Analyses
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00
No
rma
lize
d m
ois
ture
co
nce
ntr
ati
on
Specimen diameter (mm)
1 day
2 days
3 days
4 days
5 days
SMA Mixture
PA Mixture
A A’
A A’
T T T T
d d d d d¥ ¥ ¥ ¥= Þ = = =F F F C F F F F F F F C F
T T T T
e v v e e v v e v¥ ¥ ¥ ¥= Þ = = =F F F C F F F F F F F C F
Viscoelastic-Damage Energy Based Model
Multiplicative decomposition
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
: 0 P FD
Viscoelastic-Damage Energy Based Model
Clausius-Planck Inequality
Rate of Internal Mechanical Work
Free Energy Function Ψ(F, ξ1, ξ2,…)
,v e dC C
Helmholtz free energy function
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
Moisture Damage Evolution Law
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
1 (1 )(1 )md d d
Total Damage Equation
(Kringos et al., 2011)
d
1.0
1.0 0.0 ̂
ˆd
1.0
1.0 0.0
d f
d
1rk W
md e
1 ad e
Moisture Damage
Mechanical Damage
Mechanical-Moisture Damage Analyses
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
Dry specimen After 210 hrs of moisture diffusion
1.0 0.0 d
Moisture Concentration and Damage Distribution
Mechanical damage
Mechanical & moisture damage
48 hrs of moisture diffusion
1.0
0.0
θ
1.0
0.0
d
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
1.0
0.0
d
SMA mixture PA mixture
Strength vs. moisture conditioning time
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
SMA Mixture
PA Mixture
Moisture susceptibility parameter α1 >α2
21%
19 %
43 %
Conclusions
Asphalt concrete is modeled as a three-phase material in three-dimensions (3D) for the first time.
The model is capable of predicting the degradation of the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures with increasing moisture content.
The analyses confirm the well-known fact that AC mixtures with higher air void content are more prone to moisture damage.
Availability of the model enables assessing and ranking mixtures for their moisture damage susceptibility.
The Influence of Air Void Content on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: A Computational Study
Aikaterini Varveri, Cor Kasbergen & Tom Scarpas Pavement Engineering, Delft University of Technology
Stavros Avgerinopoulos & Andy Collop Faculty of Engineering, De Montfort University
CROW Infradagen 2014, The Netherlands, June 18-19, 2014
Thank you for your attention!