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Any one of a class of extremely powerful computers is Any one of a class of extremely powerful computers is Super Computer. Super Computer.

They usually have more than one CPU (central They usually have more than one CPU (central processing unit).processing unit).

Super computers have a very large storage capacity, Super computers have a very large storage capacity, and very fast input/output capabilityand very fast input/output capability

It has a large volume of Database.It has a large volume of Database.

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It uses It uses vector arithmeticvector arithmetic — i.e. they — i.e. they

are able to operate on pairs of lists of are able to operate on pairs of lists of numbers rather than on mere pairs of numbers rather than on mere pairs of numbers.numbers.

Advance cooling techniqueAdvance cooling technique for for processor and memory circuits. (They processor and memory circuits. (They are immersed in a cryogenic fluid to are immersed in a cryogenic fluid to achieve the low temperatures at which achieve the low temperatures at which they operate fastest). they operate fastest).

Speed of light, is the fundamental Speed of light, is the fundamental speedspeed limit of Super Computer for limit of Super Computer for signal transmission and circuit signal transmission and circuit switching.switching.

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It is used primarily for It is used primarily for scientificscientific and and engineering workengineering work and and researchresearch requiring exceedingly high-speed requiring exceedingly high-speed computations. computations.

Supercomputers were originally used in applications Supercomputers were originally used in applications related to related to national securitynational security, including , including nuclear-weapons nuclear-weapons design and cryptographydesign and cryptography. .

Today, they are used in the field of Today, they are used in the field of aerospace, aerospace, petroleum, language translation, natural-language petroleum, language translation, natural-language understanding, fault diagnosis, robotics, and supplying understanding, fault diagnosis, robotics, and supplying expert advice.expert advice.

Studies of the structure of subatomic particlesStudies of the structure of subatomic particles The The origin and nature of the universe.origin and nature of the universe. Supercomputers have also become an indispensable Supercomputers have also become an indispensable

tool in tool in weather forecastingweather forecasting

C-DAC Research Centre of PUNE brought the first success for Indian in the field of Super Computer.

C-DAC was set up in 1988 with the mandate to build India's own range of super-computers.

The most successful super computer of C-DACis “PARAM 10000”.

The Computing Capacity of this Computer is 100 Gigaflops, but the technology used in this Super

Computer can increase the Capacity to some Teraflops range.

This System is a cluster of 40 no.’s of “Sun Ultra 450”workstations.

Each Workstation consists of 40 “ULTRA SPACE CPU”, each having speed 300 MHz.

Each work station is connected with a 512 MB RAM.

The storage capacity of the entire cluster is 300 GB.

“SOLARIS – 2,6 “operating system is used in this system, which is generally based on

multithreading and multiprocessing concept.

Now PARAM - 10000 Super Computer is successfully working in all six I.I.T’s and in

I.I.Sc. ,Bangalore.

Achievement Of INDIAAchievement Of INDIA C-DAC has bagged orders for as many as three C-DAC has bagged orders for as many as three

"PARAM-10,000" machines. And two of these are "PARAM-10,000" machines. And two of these are from abroad ; a Russian academic institute and from abroad ; a Russian academic institute and Singapore University are keenly awaiting the Singapore University are keenly awaiting the installation of "PARAM-10,000" machines on their installation of "PARAM-10,000" machines on their premises. The third machine will be used by the premises. The third machine will be used by the New Delhi-based National Informatics Centre New Delhi-based National Informatics Centre (NIC) for setting up a geometrics faculty (NIC) for setting up a geometrics faculty designed to provide solutions in the area of designed to provide solutions in the area of remote sensing and image processing. remote sensing and image processing.

C-DAC is also planning to develop advanced C-DAC is also planning to develop advanced technologies for the creation of a national technologies for the creation of a national information infrastructure. information infrastructure.

PARAM-10,000" super-PARAM-10,000" super-computer, capable of computer, capable of performing one trillion performing one trillion mathematical calculations per mathematical calculations per second.second.

"PARAM-10,000", based on an "PARAM-10,000", based on an open-frame architectures.open-frame architectures.

"PARAM-10,000" is a hundred "PARAM-10,000" is a hundred times more powerful than that times more powerful than that the first PARAM machine built.the first PARAM machine built.

Constructive Approach of “PARAM-Constructive Approach of “PARAM-10000”10000”

"PARAM-10,000" has applications as long-"PARAM-10,000" has applications as long-range weather forecasting, drug design, range weather forecasting, drug design, molecular modeling, remote sensing and molecular modeling, remote sensing and medical treatment.medical treatment.

Perhaps the most exciting application of Perhaps the most exciting application of "PARAM-10,000" will be in storing information "PARAM-10,000" will be in storing information on Indian culture and heritage, beginning with on Indian culture and heritage, beginning with Vedic times, in the form of a multimedia digital Vedic times, in the form of a multimedia digital library on "PARAM-10,000“. library on "PARAM-10,000“.

iLEAPiLEAP OFFICE OFFICE LEAP Office is Complete Indian Language LEAP Office is Complete Indian Language Software for Office applications. It is designed for all Word Software for Office applications. It is designed for all Word Processing needs and other office automation applications. Processing needs and other office automation applications. Many features are provided with LEAP Office to make the use Many features are provided with LEAP Office to make the use of Indian languages extremely easy and more efficient It has of Indian languages extremely easy and more efficient It has language intelligence inbuilt in the form of features such as language intelligence inbuilt in the form of features such as multilingual spellchecker, official language dictionaries, online multilingual spellchecker, official language dictionaries, online keyboard, spelling reference etc It has a provision to send keyboard, spelling reference etc It has a provision to send Indian language email without going to a separate editor. Indian language email without going to a separate editor. Creating WebPages using LEAP Office is like creating any Creating WebPages using LEAP Office is like creating any other document. other document.

iLEAPiLEAP iLEAP is an Indian language word processor on iLEAP is an Indian language word processor on Windows. This software has been created keeping in mind the Windows. This software has been created keeping in mind the requirements of individuals. It is an independent application, requirements of individuals. It is an independent application, having a very simple user interface It is possible to switch having a very simple user interface It is possible to switch between languages at the click of a mouse, the keyboard layout between languages at the click of a mouse, the keyboard layout can be selected at the click of a mouse. In order to adapt to the can be selected at the click of a mouse. In order to adapt to the Internet iLEAP has a provision to send Indian language email Internet iLEAP has a provision to send Indian language email from the file menu. It allows documents to be saved in HTML from the file menu. It allows documents to be saved in HTML format so that web content can be created with ease. format so that web content can be created with ease.

ISM RangeISM Range ISM Office is designed to work with ISM Office is designed to work with Indian languages in standard Windows based Indian languages in standard Windows based applications. It has a number of utilities to make the applications. It has a number of utilities to make the functioning as smooth as possible. It has utilities such functioning as smooth as possible. It has utilities such as spell checkers, official language dictionaries etc. as spell checkers, official language dictionaries etc. There is a rich repertoire of fonts for each script. It There is a rich repertoire of fonts for each script. It comes ready with tools for in-house software comes ready with tools for in-house software development. development.

GIST SDKGIST SDK GIST SDK is a software development tool GIST SDK is a software development tool for Indian Languages on MS Windows. This is a set of for Indian Languages on MS Windows. This is a set of software components that enables software software components that enables software developers to facilitate the use of Indian scripts with developers to facilitate the use of Indian scripts with MS Windows (32-bit) applications. Unlike other MS Windows (32-bit) applications. Unlike other solutions, the significant feature of GIST SDK is that it solutions, the significant feature of GIST SDK is that it enables the MS Windows 95/NT application to enables the MS Windows 95/NT application to process ISCII data directly. ISCII enables alphabetic process ISCII data directly. ISCII enables alphabetic sorting, transliteration and data exchange and sorting, transliteration and data exchange and reusability in a uniform manner. reusability in a uniform manner.

Preserving the Indian Preserving the Indian HeritageHeritage

The Indian Heritage Group at C-DAC, Bangalore, is engaged in The Indian Heritage Group at C-DAC, Bangalore, is engaged in activities related to Sanskrit and Vedic text processing. As part of activities related to Sanskrit and Vedic text processing. As part of the former, a preliminary NLU system for Sanskrit, called DESIKA the former, a preliminary NLU system for Sanskrit, called DESIKA has been developed A computational rendering of Paninian has been developed A computational rendering of Paninian grammar has also been successfully completed with a DoE grammar has also been successfully completed with a DoE funding and systems for Vedic Processing are being developed. A funding and systems for Vedic Processing are being developed. A Rgveda Samhita Knowledge Base has been prepared and Rgveda Samhita Knowledge Base has been prepared and computerized and a knowledge-base in all fourteen Vidya-sthana-computerized and a knowledge-base in all fourteen Vidya-sthana-s of Ancient Indian Sciences has been built.s of Ancient Indian Sciences has been built.

A project titled "Development of a Sanskrit Authoring System", A project titled "Development of a Sanskrit Authoring System", funded through the TDIL Program of the erstwhile DoE, work on funded through the TDIL Program of the erstwhile DoE, work on development of tools for indexing, word-split,concordance, development of tools for indexing, word-split,concordance, search/retrieval from plain, accented or lexically tagged search/retrieval from plain, accented or lexically tagged Knowledge Base and Grantha script fonts are also being Knowledge Base and Grantha script fonts are also being developed.developed.

Nurturing the Indian LanguagesNurturing the Indian Languages C-DAC has pioneered the Graphics and Intelligence based Script C-DAC has pioneered the Graphics and Intelligence based Script

Technology (GIST) which facilitates the use of Indian languages in Technology (GIST) which facilitates the use of Indian languages in IT. GIST is geared for the Internet enabled world where all activities IT. GIST is geared for the Internet enabled world where all activities are gradually going online. In its endeavor to stay abreast with are gradually going online. In its endeavor to stay abreast with technologies worldwide, GIST has been adopting the latest technologies worldwide, GIST has been adopting the latest concepts to be able to stay tuned with the changing IT scenario.concepts to be able to stay tuned with the changing IT scenario.

The underlying architecture of all the GIST products uses the Indian Script The underlying architecture of all the GIST products uses the Indian Script Code for Information Interchange (Code for Information Interchange (ISCIIISCII), their representation on screen and ), their representation on screen and printer (printer (ISFOCISFOC), common keyboard layout for different scripts (), common keyboard layout for different scripts (INSCRIPTINSCRIPT). ). C-DAC has put in an appreciable effort to get these standards in place. C-DAC has put in an appreciable effort to get these standards in place. GIST products have cross compatibility to assure the users that their GIST products have cross compatibility to assure the users that their precious data is always safe and usable in future. precious data is always safe and usable in future.

GIST has played an important role in some projects of national importance GIST has played an important role in some projects of national importance such as the Land Records Project, The Election I-Card, and Indian Railway such as the Land Records Project, The Election I-Card, and Indian Railway Ticketing etc. Today GIST forms a part of some of the mission critical Ticketing etc. Today GIST forms a part of some of the mission critical activities of many organizations.activities of many organizations.

International AppreciationInternational Appreciation

Japan achieved this greatest success in the field of Super Computer by defending the revolution of America.

The Japanese company NEC invented the even fastest Super Computer of the world “EARTH SIMULATOR” by keeping behind the American company IBM.

The Computing capacity of “NEC EARTH SIMULATOR” is 35600 Gigaflops.

“EARTH SIMULATOR” has remarkable capacity of processing a large volume of information collected from different satellites.

Hence this system can provide information regarding different types of environmental changes, reports on weather and atmosphere changes, earth temperature, ocean and atmospheric pollutions, torrential rainfall, etc.

It also gives reports on Earth-quake and Vulcan flow by analyzing the complex environmental effects and natural changes.

“EARTH SIMULATOR” is based on the vector technology. This technology was invented by the famous scientist “SIMER CRAY”, who is the establisher of the famous American Super Computer Company “CRAY”.

The specialty of vector technology is that it requires lesser processors. Hence Japanese Super Computer EARTH SIMULATOR has only 5120 processors, where as American Super Computer ASCI - WHITE has 8192 processors.

Since Japan is situated in an earth-quake identified area, hence this Super Computer is a very useful system for them because it can provide prior information about the earth-quake by specially analyzing the atmospheric changes and change in earth temperature from time to time.

Japanese have invented Super Computer for the social purpose like “Environmental changes”, where as Americans have invented the Super Computer for the war purpose like “Computerized nuclear explosion”.

In every six month a list of the greatest 500 Super Computers is being published. Specialists are hoping that EARTH SIMULATOR will remain top for at least 2 years in the list.

A special software “SUPER-UX” have been prepared for “EARTH SIMULATOR” which is based on UNIX platform.

One machine language processing library is also associated with “EARTH SIMULATOR”, which can process the languages like FORTAN 90HPF , C & C++, etc. This is known as MP12 library.

Another mathematic library ASI / ES is also attached to the system to perform different quick mathematical operations.

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Deep Blue, a 32-node IBM Power Deep Blue, a 32-node IBM Power

Parallel SP2 high-performance Parallel SP2 high-performance computer with computer with 256 256 microprocessorsmicroprocessors working in working in tandem had been designed by tandem had been designed by ““Thomas J. WatsonThomas J. Watson” to play chess ” to play chess game against human. game against human.

Deep Blue was able to calculate Deep Blue was able to calculate more than one billion positions more than one billion positions per second. It also had a massive per second. It also had a massive opening database based on one opening database based on one million games from the past 100 million games from the past 100 years years

INDIA will soon sell Super Computers at half the price of such machines made by companies in the US and Japan. The super computer, “PARAM Padma”, has been developed at a cost of about 500 million rupees (S$18.1 million) and It has been planed to sell the new computer at about US$5 million each.

R.K. Arora, the executive director Computing (INDIA) has planned to sell these, Centre for Development of Advanced machines at half the price of a similar machine available in the market.

The CDAC centre has sold about 52 of its earlier machines so far to various research organizations and universities. Japan's NEC Corp's Earth Simulator is considered the world's fastest computer. Now INDIA has the technology, and if money is available, INDIA has the capability to build a 20 teraflop machine.