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ABSTRACT

This paper presents the development of an associate degree “Electric Bicycle System” with an

innovative approach. An electric motor bicycle is such type of modified bicycle which is

eligible for the input and output of power in integrated within a single bicycle. It is also known

as an e-bike or booster bike, is a bicycle with an integrated electric motor which can be used

for propulsion. The first electric motor bicycle was introduced in the late 19th Century. An

electric motor bicycle is widely chosen than the conventional bicycle, so that less human effort

is given. It is more adventurous where human can’t be go by a conventional bicycle like hilly

and mountainous areas. An e-bike do not pollute the environment, as it runs on the complete

green energy. It is completely eco-friendly. It is used for long distances and used by the peoples

who is having difficulties to pedal the mechanical bicycle. It is also great for the ill peoples, so

that they can roam around easily and can go to the places. Pedaling an e-bike is easier due to

its electric motor which gives an e-bike the speed of 25 - 32 Km/hr. The Higher motor gives

up to the speed of 44Km/hr. It comes cheap and easy to maintain. An e-bike owner can go with

it anywhere, it takes you out fast from the traffic and even from the busiest road and streets. It

does not create sound, battery can be charge easily and fast. It replaces the more uses of motor

vehicles which produces smoke and sound as its exhaust. Some of the countries we have to be

above the age limit to ride an e-bike, like UK dictates a minimum rider age of 14 for anyone

using an electric bicycle.

It is costlier than the conventional bicycle, sometimes it costs like a motorbike. When the

battery drains out or at the end pedaling is difficult at that time, the engine, battery pack, and

associated controls all add significantly to the weight of an electric bike. That's not a problem

so long as the battery is charged up and ready to help you pedal, but if all you're dealing with

is the "dead weight" of a bike with its battery drained, it makes a real difference.

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Chapter - 1 INTRODUCTION

An electric bicycle, also known as an e-bike or booster bike, is a bicycle with an integrated

electric motor which can be used for propulsion. There is a great variety of electronic bikes

available worldwide, from electronic bikes that only have a small motor to assist the rider's

pedal power (i.e., pedals) to somewhat more powerful electronic bikes which tend closer to

mope style functionality: all, however, retain the ability to be pedaled by the rider and are

therefore not electric motorcycles. E bikes use rechargeable batteries and the lighter varieties

can travel up to 25 to 32 km/h (16 to 20 mph), depending on the laws of the country in which

they are sold, while the more high powered varieties can often do in excess of 45 km/h (28

mph). In some markets, such as Germany, they are gaining in popularity and taking some

market share away from conventional bicycles, while in others, such as China, they are

replacing fossil fuel powered mopeds and small motorcycles.

Depending on local laws, many e bikes (e.g., pedals) are legally classified as bicycles rather

than mopeds or motorcycles, so they are not subject to the more stringent laws regarding their

certification and operation, unlike the more powerful two wheelers which are often classed as

electric motorcycles. E bikes can also be defined separately and treated as a specific vehicle

type in many areas of legal jurisdiction.

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The electrical bicycle offers a cleaner various to travel short-to-moderate distances instead of

driving a patrol/diesel-powered automotive. The value of crude has multiplied consider over

the past few years and it looks to be no turning back. The electrical bicycle could be a project

which will promote each cleaner technology also as a lesser dependence on oil. It’ll run on

clean power with the flexibility to recharge the battery three separate ways: through the 120V

AC wall supply, by generating power through the pedals of the bicycle, dynamo and by solar-

cell generative power. Fashionable electrical bicycles integrate many inventions from

technology and style, significantly within the past year.

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Chapter - 2 HISTORY

2.1 Previous Electric Bicycle

The idea of a motorized bicycle isn't a recent conception and has been around for over a century.

Until 1895, the electrical bicycle created its place in history. That year, Ogden Bolton was

granted U.S. Patent 552,271 for a powered bicycle with a six-pole brush and commentator DC

hub motor mounted within the rear wheel. The bike itself had no gears and therefore the motor

may draw up to 100A with a 10V battery. Since then, the conception of the electrical bike

became possible and sensible. Because the years progress, additional and additional electrical

bikes were made with varied driving mechanisms.

The electric bike may seem like a new technology, but in fact, it is nearly 120 years old. Some

patents for the electric bike were publish in the late 1800s, dating this technology back further

than many assume. The technological improvements on the electric bicycle have been vast,

making it an extremely interesting piece of transportation history. Around 1870, two inventors

created what is believed to be a predecessor for the electric bike. This motorized bicycle used

a steam engine and an internal combustion engine.

At the end of 1895, one of the first patents for an electric bike was issued to Ogden Bolton Jr.

His patent was mostly centered on an improvement for the bike, rather than a unique invention,

so it is not believed to be his original idea. Shortly after, Hosea W. Libbey invented an e - bike

that used two motors and two batteries. Nearly 50 years later, Jesse D. Tucker got a patent for

a motor that used internal gearing and offered the ability to freewheel. This mean the rider

could choose whether or not to use the pedals in combination with the electric motor.

2.2 Modern Electric Bicycle

The history of electric bikes may date over a hundred years, but we have not given up on the

technology. Inventors continue to develop new patents for the electric bike, improving on the

original idea more and more. There are millions of electric bicycles sold in the USA and the

numbers only continue to grow. More consumers are starting to realize the great benefits of

electric bike and the ease of transport that it brings. With energy saving abilities, the e – bike

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will continue to grow in popularity over the years. The latest inventions that have improved the

technology include the following equipment.

Torque sensors

Power controls

Advanced batteries

Better hub motors

2.3 Modifications

The electric motor used in this e – bike works as both the medium for charging the battery and

run the bicycle during the required time. It is well known that the electric motor functions as

both the equipment as follows:-

Converting the mechanical energy into electric energy.

Converting the electric energy into mechanical energy.

When the rider runs this bicycle with pedal, the electric motor will charge the battery as it is

connected to the tire of the bicycle by converting the mechanical energy into electric energy.

Similarly when the rider feels tired, he/she can enjoy the ride by using electric energy as the

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battery is charged earlier. There is a switch for this purpose to connect it to the proper situation

as the single electric motor is functioning in dual ways.

Similarly the high ratio gearing is used in this bicycle for racing purpose. It benefits the rider

in two ways. With less effort the amount of battery charged is more which will enhance the

rider to enjoy the ride for long distance without pedaling by riding the bicycle with pedal for

short distance. In the same way the rider can enjoy the fast drive by applying less effort.

Therefore this bicycle is full of comfort and joy in affordable price.

The tire used in this bicycle is tube less tire. Therefore there is no risk of puncture in rocky and

thorny areas. In the same way it also benefits in summer season where the temperature reaches

quite high. The tire with tube is generally blasted after long drive in summer season in the

country like India as the temperature becomes very high during May and June. In this way this

bicycle is fully adventurous by all point of view.

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Chapter – 3 COMPONENTS DESIGN

3.1 Designing Software

All the components of this electric bicycle is designed in “CATIA V5 R21” which is developed

by Dassault Systems. This designing software is basically made for surface modeling which

incorporates CAD, CAM and CAE. It has module for working from drafting module to the

analyzing module. Since the analyzing module is not quite effective in this software, a

professional analyzing software is used to analyze the stress and strain. In most cases, Ansys

is preferred for this purpose.

3.2 Introduction to Software

CATIA stands for “Computer Aided Three – dimensional Interactive Application.” It is

developed by the German company, The Dassault Systems. It is Microsoft windows based

application and highly user friendly. All the commands are operated by the single click of

mouse. Therefore there is no need of high professional course of it as all the modules have

guidelines for it and the online help is available from the official website of the Dassault

Systems.

The Version 5 Part Design application makes it possible to design precise 3D mechanical parts

with an intuitive and flexible user interface, from sketching in an assembly context to iterative

detailed design. Version 5 Part Design application will enable you to accommodate design

requirements for parts of various complexities, from simple to advance.

This application, which combines the power of feature-based design with the flexibility of a

Boolean approach, offers a highly productive and intuitive design environment with multiple

design methodologies, such as post-design and local 3D parameterization.

As a scalable product, Part Design can be used in cooperation with other current or future

companion products such as Assembly Design and Generative Drafting. The widest application

portfolio in the industry is also accessible through interoperability with CATIA Solutions

Version 4 to enable support of the full product development process from initial concept to

product in operation.

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The Part Design User's Guide has been designed to show you how to create a part. There are

several ways of creating a part and this book aims at illustrating the several stages of creation

you may encounter.

3.3 Modules of CATIA

There are various modules in CATIA. The most used modules used for designing this electric

bicycle are as follows:-

i. Mechanical Design

a. Part Design

b. Assembly Design

c. Sketcher

d. Drafting

e. Wire Frame & Surface Design

f. Generative Sheet Metal Design

ii. Shape

a. Generative Shape Design

iii. Digital Mockup

a. DMU Kinematics

iv. Machining Simulation

a. NC Machine Tool Simulation

b. NC Machine Tool Builder

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Chapter – 4 GUIDE LINES TO CATIA

4.1 Creating New Document

This task shows how to create a new document when version 5 is running.

Using the file > New command Click the icon or select file new command.

The new document types you can create are listed. The list contains only the document types

for the configurations/products you installed and for which you have a license. In the New

dialog box, double-click the document type or select it then click OK. Choose the document

type from the following. A document like above appears.

4.2 Infrastructure Menu Bar

This section presents the main menu bar available when you run the application and before

creating or opening a document.

Start File Edit View Insert Tools Window Help

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4.2.1 Start

The Start menu is a navigation tool intended to help you toggle between different workshops.

The contents of the Start menu vary according to the configurations and/or products installed.

For more information about the Start menu, refer to "Accessing the Navigation Tools".

4.2.2 File

New from : Creating a New Document from an Existing One

Open : Opening Existing Documents

Close : Closing Documents

Save : Saving Existing Documents

Save As : Saving Documents for the First Time

Save All : Saving All Documents

Save Management : Managing Document Save

Print : Customizing Print Settings before Printing Your Documents

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Printer Setup : Setting Up Your Printers on UNIX and Windows

Desk : Using the File Desk Workbench

Send To : Transferring Version 5 Data

4.2.3 Edit

Undo : Undoing Actions

Redo/Repeat : Redoing and Repeating Actions

Cut : Cutting and Pasting Objects

Copy : Copying and Pasting Objects

Paste : Cutting and Pasting Objects

Paste Special : Using the Paste Special command

Delete : Deleting Objects

Search : Selecting Using the Search Command

Selection Sets : Storing Selections Using Selection Sets

Selection Sets Edition : Editing Selection Sets

Find Owning Selection Sets : Storing Selections Using Selection Sets

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Links : Editing Document Links

Properties : Displaying and Editing Graphic Properties

Other Selection : Selecting Using the Other Selections Command

4.2.4 View

Toolbars : Viewing and Hiding Toolbars

Commands List : Viewing the Commands List

Geometry : Setting Document Window Layout Preferences

Specifications : Setting Document Window Layout Preferences

Compass : About the 3D Compass

Reset Compass : Manipulating Objects Using the Mouse and Compass

Tree Expansion : Expanding and Collapsing the Spec Tree

Specifications Overview : Using the Overview on the Specification Tree

Geometry Overview : Using the Geometry Overview

Fit All In : Fitting All Geometry in the Geometry Area

Zoom Area : Zooming In On an Area

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Pan : Panning

Rotate : Rotating

Modify->Look at : Looking At Objects

Named Views : Using Standard and User-Defined Views

Render Style : Using Rendering Styles

Navigation Mode : Navigating

Lighting : Setting Lighting Effects

Depth Effect : Setting Depth Effects

Ground : Viewing Objects against the Ground

Magnifier : Magnifying

Hide/Show : Hiding and Showing Objects

Full Screen : Using the Full Screen

4.2.5 Tools

Formula : Using Knowledge-ware Capabilities

Image : Capturing and Managing Images for the Album

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Macro : Recording, Running and Editing Macros

Utility : Using the Batch Monitor

Customize : Customizing Toolbars

Visualization Filters : Using Visualization Filters

Options : Customizing Settings

Standards : Customizing Standards

Conferencing : Conferencing

4.2.6 Window

New Window : Using Document Windows

Tile Horizontally : Using Document Windows

Tile Vertically : Using Document Windows

Cascade : Using Document Windows

4.2.7 Help

CATIA V5 Help : Getting Contextual Help

Contents, Index and Search : Accessing the Online Help Library

What's This : Using the What's This Command

User Galaxy : Accessing the Dassault Systems User Galaxy

About CATIA V5 : Displaying Copyright Information

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4.2.8 Key Board Shortcuts

Esc : exit the current dialogue box.

F1 : get contextual help online

Shift + F1 : Get help on toolbar icons.

Shift +F2 : Toggle the specification tree overview on and off.

F3 : Toggle specification tree display on and off

Alt + F8 : Run Macros.

Home : Display the top of the graph.

End : Display the bottom of the graph.

Page up : Relocate the graph one page up

Page down : Relocate the graph one page down

Ctrl + Page up : Zoom in the graph.

Ctrl + Page down : Zoom out the graph.

Up arrow : Relocate the graph 1/10th (one tenth) of a page to the top

Down arrow : Relocate the graph 1/10th (one tenth) of a page to the bottom

Left arrow : Relocate the graph 1/10th (one tenth) of a page to the left

Right arrow : Relocate the graph 1/10th (one tenth) of a page to the right

Ctrl + tab : Swap active document windows

4.2.9 Entering the Work Bench

This picture shows you how to enter the Sketcher workbench.

Select Start -> Mechanical Design -> Sketcher from the menu bar.

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Click the chosen reference plane, either in the geometry area or in the specification tree or on

the model on which the sketch to be drawn.

The Sketcher workbench appears as follows:

4.3 Sketch Tools

The Sketch tools toolbar appears.

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Snap to Point: (This option makes the sketch begin and end on the points of the grid). If

activated, this option makes your sketch begin or end on the points of the grid. As you are

sketching the points are snapped to the intersection points of the grid.

Standard or Construction Elements: (These lines are used as positioning reference).

Click the Construction/Standard Element option command from the Sketch tools toolbar

so that the elements you are now going to create be either standard or construction element

Geometrical Constraints: (This option command allows forcing a limitation between one

or more geometry elements).

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Dimensional Constraints: (This option allows forcing a dimensional limitation on one or

more profile type elements).

When selected, the Dimensional Constraint option command allows forcing a dimensional

limitation on one or more profile type elements provided you use the value fields in the Sketch

tools toolbar for creating this profile.

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Chapter - 5 SKETCHING SIMPLE PROFILES

The Sketcher workbench provides a set of functionalities for creating 2D geometry and more

precisely pre-defined profiles.

As soon as a profile is created, it appears in the specification tree.

Note that if you position the cursor outside the zone that is allowed for creating a given element,

the symbol appears.

Create a profile

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define lines and arcs, which the profile may be made

of.

Create a rectangle

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the rectangle extremity point’s one after the other.

Create a centered rectangle

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the rectangle center point and extremity points one after

the other.

Create a centered Parallelogram

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the parallelogram center point and extremity points one

after the other.

Create an oriented rectangle

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define a first side for the rectangle and then a point

corresponding to the rectangle length.

Create a Parallelogram

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Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define a first side for the parallelogram and then a point

corresponding to the parallelogram length.

Create a Hexagon

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the hexagon center point and extremity point one after the

other.

Create an Elongated Hole

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the center to center axis and then a point

corresponding to the elongated whole length and angle.

Create a cylindrical elongated hole

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the center to center circular axis and then a point

corresponding to the cylindrical elongated whole length and angle.

Create a keyhole profile

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the center to center axis and then both points

corresponding to both radii.

Create a circle

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the circle center and then one point on the circle.

Create a three point circle

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the circle start point, second point and end point

one after the other.

Create a circle using coordinates

Use the Circle Definition dialog box to define the circle center point and radius.

Create a tri-tangent circle

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Click three elements one after the other to create a circle made of three tangent constraints.

Create an arc

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the arc center and then the arc start point and

end point.

Create a three point arc

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the arc start point, second point and end point

one after the other.

Create a three point arc (using limits)

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the arc start point, end point and second point

one after the other.

Create a spline

Click the points through which the spline will go.

Connect curves with a spline

Click the first, and then the second element to connect.

Create an ellipse

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the ellipse center, major semi-axis and minor

semi-axis endpoints one after the other.

Create a parabola

Click the focus, apex and then the parabola two extremity points.

Create a hyperbola

Click the focus, center and apex, and then the hyperbola two extremity points.

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Create a conic

Click the desired points and eccentricity for creating an ellipse, a circle, a parabola or a

hyperbola, using tangents, if needed.

Create a line

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the line first and second points.

Create an infinite line

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the infinite line first and second points.

Create a bi-tangent line

Click two elements one after the other to create a line that is tangent to these two elements.

Create a bisecting line

Click two lines.

Create a line normal to a curve

Click a point and then the curve.

Create an axis

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the axis first and second points.

Create a point

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the point horizontal and vertical coordinates.

Create a point using coordinates

Enter in the Point Definition dialog box Cartesian or polar coordinates.

Create an equidistant point

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Enter in the Equidistant Point Definition dialog box the number and spacing of the points to be

equidistantly created on a line or a curve-type element.

Create a point using intersection

Create one or more points by intersecting curve type elements via selection.

Create a point using projection

Create one or more points by projecting points onto curve type elements.

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Chapter - 6 EDITING PROFILES

6.1 Modify Element Coordinates

Double-click to modify the sketch coordinates and thereby modify the feature defined on this

sketch.

Edit a Spline

Double-click on the spline to edit it.

Edit a Connecting Curve

Double-click on the connecting curve to edit it.

Edit an element Parents/Children and Constraints

Right-click on the element end select Parents/Children... option in the contextual menu.

Edit Projection/Intersection Marks

Edit Projection/Intersection Marks definition and modify their import properties.

Performing Operations on Profiles

The Sketcher workbench provides a set of functionalities for performing operations on

profiles. Note that you can either click on a profile or use the Sketch tools toolbar.

Create corners

Create a rounded corner (arc tangent to two curves) between two lines using trimming

operation.

Create chamfers

Create a chamfer between two lines using trimming operation.

Trim elements

Trim two lines (either one element or all the elements)

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Trim multiple elements

Trim a few elements using a curve type element.

Break and trim

Quickly delete elements intersected by other Sketcher elements using breaking and trimming

operation.

Close elements

Close circles, ellipses or splines using delimiting operation.

Complement an arc (circle or ellipse)

Create a complementary arc.

Break elements

Break a line using a point on the line and then a point that does not belong to the line.

Create symmetrical elements

Translates the existing Sketcher elements symmetrically using a line, a construction line or an

axis.

Create Mirror elements

Repeat existing Sketcher elements using a line, a construction line or an axis.

Translate elements

Perform a translation on 2D elements by defining the duplicate mode and then selecting the

element to be duplicated. Multi-selection is not available.

Rotate elements

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Rotate elements by defining the duplicate mode and then selecting the element to be duplicated.

Scale Elements

Scale an entire profile. In other words, you are going to resize a profile to the dimension you

specify.

Offset Elements

Duplicate a line, arc or circle type element.

Project 3D elements onto the sketch plane

Project edges (elements you select in the Part Design workbench) onto the sketch plane.

Creating Silhouette Edges

Create silhouette edges to be used in sketches as geometry or reference elements.

Intersect 3D elements with the sketch plane

Intersect a face and the sketch plane.

Perform a quick geometry diagnosis

Display a quick diagnosis of sketch geometry.

Analyze the sketch

Display a global or individual status on the sketch and correct any problem.

6.2 Setting Constrains

Create quick dimensional/geometrical constraints

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Set constraints on elements or between two or three elements. The constraints are in priority

dimensional. Use the contextual menu to get other types of constraints and to position this

constraint as desired.

Create contact constraints

Apply a constraint with a relative positioning that can be compared to contact. You can either

select the geometry or the command first. Use the contextual menu if you want to insert

constraints that are not those created in priority.

Create constraints using a dialog box

Set various geometrical constraints between one and more elements using a dialog box and if

needed, multi-selection.

Auto constrain a group of elements

Detects possible constraints between selected elements and imposes these constraints once

detected.

Animate constraints

Assign a set of values to the same angular constraint and examine how the whole system is

affected.

6.3 Colors with the Sketcher entities

Constraint diagnostics

Colors that represent constraint diagnostics are colors that are imposed to elements whatever

the graphical properties previously assigned to these elements and in accordance with given

diagnostics. As a result, as soon as the diagnostic is solved, the element is assigned the color

as defined in the Tools->Options dialog box.

You can assign default colors to all the elements.

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If you click the Visualization of diagnostic switch button, the following dialog box appears:

Over-constrained elements: the dimensioning scheme is over-constrained: too many

dimensions were applied to the geometry.

Inconsistent elements: At least one dimension value needs to be changed. This is also the case

when elements are under-constrained and the system proposes defaults that do not lead to a

solution.

Not-changed elements: Some geometrical elements are over-defined or not-consistent. As a

result, geometry that depend(s) on the problematic area will not be recalculated.

ISO-constrained elements: All the relevant dimensions are satisfied. The geometry is fixed and

cannot be moved from its geometrical support.

If you click the other color of the elements switch button, the following dialog box appears:

Isolated elements: use-edge that no more depends on the 3D.

Protected elements: non-modifiable elements.

Construction elements: A construction element is an element that is internal to, and only

visualized by, the sketch. This element is used as positioning reference. It is not used for

creating solid primitives.

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Smart Pick: colors used for Smart Pick assistant elements and symbols.

Exiting from Sketcher Work Bench

Click the Exit icon . You are now in Part Design workbench.

If this is not the case, select Start -> Mechanical Design -> Part Design from the menu bar.

Reference Elements

Create Points: Click this icon, choose the creation method then define the required

parameters.

These are the various methods for creating points:

1. Click the Point icon .

The Point Definition dialog box appears.

2. Use the combo to choose the desired point type.

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Chapter – 7 COORDINATES

Enter the X, Y, Z coordinates in the current axis-system.

Optionally, select a reference point. The corresponding point is displayed.

7.1 On Curve

Select a curve

Optionally, select a reference point. If this point is not on the curve, it is projected onto the

curve. If no point is selected, the curve's extremity is used as reference.

Select an option point to determine whether the new point is to be created:

at a given distance along the curve from the reference point

A given ratio between the reference point and the curve's extremity.

Enter the distance or ratio value. If a distance is specified, it can be:

a geodesic distance: the distance is measured along the curve

A Euclidean distance: the distance is measured in relation to the reference point (absolute

value).

The corresponding point is displayed.

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7.2 On Plane

Select a plane.

Optionally select a point to define a reference for computing coordinates in the plane. If no

point is selected, the projection of the model’s origin, on the plane is taken as reference.

Click in the plane to display a point.

7.3 On Surface

Select the surface where the point is to be created.

Optionally, select a reference point. By default, the surface's middle point is taken as

reference.

You can select an element to take its orientation as reference direction or a plane to take its

normal as reference direction.

You can also use the contextual menu to specify the X, Y, Z components of the reference

direction.

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Enter a distance along the reference direction to display a point.

7.4 Circle Centre

Select a circle, circular arc, or ellipse.

A point is displayed at the center of the selected element.

7.5 Tangent on Curve

Select a planar curve and a direction line.

A point is displayed at each tangent.

The Multi-Result Management dialog box is displayed because several points are

generated.

Click YES: you can then select a reference element, to which only the closest point is

created.

Click NO: all the points are created.

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7.6 Between

Select any two points.

Enter the ratio that is the percentage of the distance from the first selected point, at which

the new point is to be.

You can also click Middle Point button to create a point at the exact midpoint (ratio = 0.5).

Use the Reverse direction button to measure the ratio from the second selected point.

Click OK to create the point.

Create a Lines: Click this icon, choose the creation method then define the required parameters.

These are the various methods for creating lines.

7.7 Point - Point

This command is only available with the Generative Shape Design product.

Select two points.

A line is displayed between the two points. Proposed Start and End points of the new line

are shown.

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If needed, select a support surface.

In this case a geodesic line is created, i.e. going from one point to the other according to

the shortest distance along the surface geometry (blue line in the illustration below).

If no surface is selected, the line is created between the two points based on the shortest

distance.

7.8 Point – Direction

Select a reference Point and a Direction line.

A vector parallel to the direction line is displayed at the reference point. Proposed Start

and End points of the new line are shown.

Specify the Start and End points of the new line.

The corresponding line is displayed.

The projections of the 3D point(s) must already exist on the selected support Angle or

normal to curve. Select a reference Curve and a Support surface containing that curve.

If the selected curve is planar, then the Support is set to Default (Plane).

If an explicit Support has been defined, a contextual menu is available to clear the selection.

Select a Point on the curve.

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Enter an Angle value.

A line is displayed at the given angle with respect to the tangent to the reference curve at

the selected point. These elements are displayed in the plane tangent to the surface at the

selected point.

You can click on the Normal to Curve button to specify an angle of 90 degrees. Proposed

Start and End points of the line are shown.

Specify the Start and End points of the new line.

The corresponding line is displayed.

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7.9 Tangent - Curve

Select a reference Curve and a point or another Curve to define the tangency.

If a point is selected (mono-tangent mode): a vector tangent to the curve is displayed at

the selected point.

If a second curve is selected (or a point in bi-tangent mode), you need to select a support

plane. The line will be tangent to both curves.

If the selected curve is a line, then the Support is set to Default (Plane).

If an explicit Support has been defined, a contextual menu is available to clear the selection.

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When several solutions are possible, you can choose one (displayed in red) directly in the

geometry, or using the Next Solution button.

Specify Start and End points to define the new line.

The corresponding line is displayed.

7.9.1 Normal to Surface

Select a reference Surface and a Point.

A vector normal to the surface is displayed at the reference point.

Proposed Start and End points of the new line are shown.

Specify Start and End points to define the new line. The corresponding line is displayed.

Select two lines. Their bisecting line is the line splitting in two equals parts the angle

between these two lines.

Select a point as the starting point for the line. By default it is the intersection of the

bisecting line and the first selected line.

Select the support surface onto which the bisecting line is to be projected, if needed.

Specify the line's length in relation to its starting point (Start and End values for each side

of the line in relation to the default end points).

The corresponding bisecting line, is displayed.

You can choose between two solutions, using the Next Solution button, or directly clicking

the numbered arrows in the geometry.

Click OK to create the line.

Create Planes: Click this icon, choose the creation method then define the required

parameters.

This task shows the various methods for creating planes.

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7.9.2 Offset from Plane

Select a reference Plane then enter an Offset value.

A plane is displayed offset from the reference plane.

Use the Reverse Direction button to reverse the change the offset direction, or simply click

on the arrow in the geometry.

Click the Repeat object after OK if you wish to create more offset planes.

In this case, the Object Repetition dialog box is displayed, and you key in the number of

instances to be created before pressing OK.

As many planes as indicated in the dialog box are created (including the one you were

currently creating), each separated from the initial plane by a multiple of the Offset value.

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7.9.3 Parallel through Point

Select a reference Plane and a Point.

A plane is displayed parallel to the reference plane and passing through the selected point.

7.9.4 Angle or Normal to Plane

Angle or normal to plane.

Select a reference Plane and a Rotation axis.

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This axis can be any line or an implicit element, such as a cylinder axis for example. To

select the latter press and hold the Shift key while moving the pointer over the element,

then click it.

Enter an Angle value.

A plane is displayed passing through the rotation axis. It is oriented at the specified angle

to the reference plane.

7.9.5 through Three Points

Select three points.

The plane passing through the three points is displayed. You can move it simply by

dragging it to the desired location.

7.9.6 through Two Lines

Select two lines.

The plane passing through the two line directions is displayed. When these two lines are

not coplanar, the vector of the second line is moved to the first line location to define the

plane's second direction.

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7.9.7 Through point and line

Select a Point and a Line.

The plane passing through the point and the line is displayed.

7.9.8 Tangent to surface

Select a reference Surface and a Point.

7.9.9 Normal to curve

Select a reference Curve.

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You can select a Point. By default, the curve's middle point is selected.

A plane is displayed normal to the curve at the specified point.

7.9.10 Mean through points

Select three or more points to display the mean plane through these points.

It is possible to edit the plane by first selecting a point in the dialog box list then choosing

an option to either.

Remove the selected point.

Replace the selected point by another point.

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Chapter - 8 SKETCHER BASED FEATURES

8.1 Creating a Pad Feature

This procedure shows how to create a pad that is extruding a profile sketched in the Sketcher

workbench. The profile belongs to Sketch.1 and was created on plane XY. It looks like the

following figures:-

1. Select the profile if not already selected and click the Pad icon.

The Pad Definition dialog box appears. Default options allow you to create a basic pad.

2. As you prefer to create a larger pad, enter 60 mm in the Length field.

The application previews the pad to be created.

3. Click OK. The pad is created. The extrusion is performed in a direction, which is normal

to the sketch plane. The application displays this creation in the specification tree.

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CATIA lets you control the display of some of the part components. To know more about the

components you can display or hide, refer to Customizing the Tree and Geometry Views. For

more about pads, refer to Pads, 'Up to Next' Pads, 'Up to Last' Pads, 'Up to Plane' Pads, 'Up to

Surface' Pads, Pads not Normal to Sketch Plane.

8.2 Pocket Feature

Click the Pocket icon.

The Pocket Definition dialog box is displayed and the application previews a pocket. If you

launch the Pocket command with no profile previously defined, just click the icon to access

the Sketcher and sketch the profile you need.

8.3 Shaft Feature

This task illustrates how to create a shaft that is a revolved feature, by using an open profile.

You need an open or closed profile, and an axis about which the feature will revolve.

Select a Sketch.2 as the profile to be extruded. For the purposes of our scenario, the profile

and the axis belong to the same sketch.

Click the Shaft icon.

A message is issued warning you that the application cannot find any material to trim the

shaft to be created. This means that you need to edit one or more default parameters.

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Click OK to close the warning message and display the Shaft Definition dialog box. The

Shaft Definition dialog box is displayed the application displays the name of the selected

sketch in the Selection field from the Profile frame. In our scenario, the profile and the axis

belong to the same sketch. Consequently, you do not have to select the axis.

Click Preview to see the result.

Click OK to confirm. The shaft is created. The specification tree mentions it has been

created.

8.4 Groove Feature

Grooves are revolved features that remove material from existing features. This task shows

you how to create a groove that is how to revolve a profile about an axis (or construction

line.

Click the Groove icon. Select a Sketch. As the profile to be used. The Groove Definition

dialog box is displayed. The application displays the name of the selected sketch in the

Selection field from the Profile frame.

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The Selection field in the Axis frame is reserved for the axes you explicitly select. For the

purposes of our scenario, the profile and the axis belong to the same sketch. Consequently,

you do not have to select the axis.

The application previews the limits LIM1 and LIM2 of the groove to be created.

You can select these limits and drag them onto the desired value or enter angle values in

the appropriate fields. For our scenario, select LIM1 and drag it onto 100, then enter 60 in

the Second angle field.

Optionally click Preview to see the result. Just a portion of material is going to be removed

now.

Click OK to confirm the operation.

CATIA removes material around the cylinder. The specification tree indicates the groove

has been created. This is your groove.

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8.5 Hole Feature

Creating a hole consists in removing material from a body. Various shapes of standard holes

can be created. These holes are:

Simple Tapered Counter bored Countersunk Counter drilled

8.5.1 Counter bored hole

The counter bore diameter must be greater than the whole diameter and the whole depth must

be greater than the counter bore depth.

8.5.2 Countersunk hole

The countersink diameter must be greater than the whole diameter and the countersink angle

must be greater than 0 and less than 180 degrees.

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8.5.3 Counter drilled hole

The counter drill diameter must be greater than the whole diameter, the whole depth must be

greater than the counter drill depth and the counter drill angle must be greater than 0 and less

than 180 degrees.

Click the Whole icon.

Select the circular edge and upper face as shown.

The application can now define one distance constraint to position the hole to be created. The

hole will be concentric to the circular edge.

The Hole Definition dialog box appears and the application previews the hole to be created.

The Sketcher grid is displayed to help you create the hole. By default, the application previews

a simple hole whose diameter is 10mm and depth 10mm.

Now, define the hole you wish to create. Enter 24mm as the diameter value and 25mm as the

depth value. Clicking the icon opens the Sketcher. You can then constrain the point defining

the whole position once you have quit the Sketcher, the Hole Definition dialog box reappears

to let you define the whole feature.

Set the Bottom option to V-Bottom to create a pointed hole and enter 110 in the Angle field to

define the bottom shape.

Enter 35mm in the Diameter field. The preview lets you see the new diameter.

Click OK. The hole is created. The specification tree indicates this creation.

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8.5.4 Locating a Hole

This task shows how to constrain the location of the hole to be created without using the

Sketcher workbench `s tools Multi-select both edges as shown and the upper face which is the

face on which you wish to position the hole. Click the Whole icon.

The preview displays two constraints defining the distances between the whole’s center and

the edges. Define the parameters in the dialog box to create the desired hole. The application

previews the constraints you are creating. To access the constraint values, double-click the

constraint of interest. This displays the Constraint Definition dialog box in which you can edit

the value. Click OK to create the hole. The application positions the hole using constraints.

8.6 Rib Feature

This task shows you how to create a rib that is how to sweep a profile along a center curve to

create material.

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To define a rib, you need a center curve, a planar profile and possibly a reference element or a

pulling direction. Click the Rib icon.

The Rib Definition dialog box is displayed Select the profile you wish to sweep, i.e. Sketch.2.

Your profile has been designed in a plane normal to the plane used to define the center curve.

It is a closed profile. Select the center curve, the center curve is open.

To create a rib you can use open profiles and closed center curves too. 3D Center curves must

not be discontinuous in tangency. Click OK to create the rib. The rib looks like this.

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8.7 Slot Feature

This task shows you how to create a slot that is how to sweep a profile along a center curve to

remove material.

To define a slot, you need a center curve, a planar profile, a reference element and optionally

a pulling direction.

Click the Slot icon.

The Slot Definition dialog box is displayed

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The profile has been designed in a plane normal to the plane used to define the center curve. It

is closed. Click OK. The slot is created. The specification tree indicates this creation.

8.8 Stiffener Feature

This task shows you how to create a stiffener by specifying creation directions.

Click the Stiffener icon

The Stiffener Definition dialog box is displayed

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The option "From side" is the default option. The application previews a stiffener which

thickness is equal to 10mm.

The extrusion will be made in three directions, two of which are opposite directions. Arrows

point in these directions.

Click OK.

The stiffener is created. The specification tree indicates it has been created.

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8.8.1 "From Top" Stiffeners

The "From top" option lets you create stiffeners from a network as illustrated below

With the option "From top" on, the extrusion is performed normal to the profile's plane and the

thickness is added in the profile's plane. Note also that the resulting stiffener is always trimmed

to existing material.

The creation of "from top" stiffeners is never done with respect to the creation order of the

profile. Whatever the creation order of Line.1, Line.2 and Line.3 ....the stiffener looks like this.

8.8.2 Loft Feature

You can generate a loft feature by sweeping one or more planar section curves along a

computed or user-defined spine. The feature can be made to respect one or more guide curves.

The resulting feature is a closed volume.

Click the Loft icon .

The Loft Definition dialog box appears

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Click Apply to preview the loft to be created.

You can note that by default, tangency discontinuity points are coupled

Several coupling types are available in the Coupling tab:

Ratio: the curves are coupled according to the curvilinear abscissa ratio.

Tangency: the curves are coupled according to their tangency discontinuity points. If they

do not have the same number of points, they cannot be coupled using this option.

Tangency then curvature: the curves are coupled according to their curvature discontinuity

points. If they do not have the same number of points, they cannot be coupled using this

option.

Vertices: the curves are coupled according to their vertices. If they do not have the same

number of vertices, they cannot be coupled using this option. Click OK to create the

volume.

8.8.3 Remove Lofted Material Feature

The Remove Loft capability generates lofted material surface by sweeping one or several

planar section curves along a computed or user-defined spine then removes this material. The

material can be made to respect one or more guide curves.

Click the Remove Loft icon .

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The Remove Loft Definition dialog box appears

Select both section curves as shown Sketch.3 and Sketch.4.

They are highlighted in the geometry area.

It is possible to edit the loft reference elements by first selecting a curve in the dialog box list

then choosing a button to either:

Remove the selected curve.

Replace the selected curve by another curve.

Add another curve.

8.9 Solid combine Feature

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The solid combine dialog box will appear.

Solid combine is a new v5 r12 tool which allows to create a solid corresponding to the

intersection of two or more extruded profiles.

8.9.1 Multi-Pad

This task shows you how to extrude multiple profiles belonging to a same sketch using different

length values. The multi-pad capability lets you do this at one time.

Click the Multi-Pad icon

Select Sketch that contains the profiles to be extruded. Note that all profiles must be closed and

must not intersect.

The Multi-Pad Definition dialog box appears and the profiles are highlighted in green. For each

of them, you can drag associated manipulators to define the extrusion value.

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.Select Extrusion domain.1 from the dialog box.

Extrusion domain.1 now appears in blue in the geometry area.

Specify the length by entering a value.

You need to repeat the operation for each extrusion domain by entering the value of your

choice.

Click OK to create the multi-pad.

The multi-pad (identified as Multi-Pad.) is added to the specification tree.

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8.9.2 Multi-Pocket

This task shows you how to create a pocket feature from distinct profiles belonging to a same

sketch and this, using different length values. The multi-pocket capability lets you do this at

one time.

Select Extrusion domain.1 from the dialog box.

Extrusion domain.1 now appears in blue in the geometry area.

Specify the length by entering a value.

You need to repeat the operation for each

extrusion domain by entering the value of your

choice.

The multi-pocket (identified as Multi-Pocket.) Is

added to the specification tree.

Drafted Filleted Pad

This task shows you how to create a pad while drafting its faces and filleting its edges.

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Click the Drafted Filleted Pad icon

The Pad Definition dialog box appears and the application previews the pad to be created.

Enter length value. Selecting a second limit is mandatory. Select Pad1 top face as the second

limit. Enter draft angle value.

Enter a radius value for each edge type to define the three fillets.

Lateral radius: defines the fillets on vertical edges

First limit radius: defines the round corner fillets

Second limit radius: defines the filets on the edges of the second limit.

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Click OK to create the features.

If you look at the specification tree, you will note that you have created:

one pad

one draft

three fillets

This is your new part

8.9.3 Drafted Filleted Pocket

This task shows you how to create a pocket while drafting its faces and filleting its edges.

Click the Drafted Filleted Pocket icon

The Drafted Filleted Pocket Definition dialog box appears and the application previews the

pocket to be created.

The Drafted Filleted Pocket Definition dialog box appears and the application previews the

pocket to be created.

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The Drafted Filleted Pocket Definition dialog box appears and the application previews the

pocket to be created.

Enter depth value. Selecting a second limit is mandatory. Select Pad1 top face as the second

limit. Enter draft value.

Enter a radius value for each edge type to define the three fillets.

Lateral radius: defines the fillets on vertical edges

First limit radius: defines the round corner fillets

Second limit radius: defines the filets on the edges of the second limit. Click OK to create

the features.

If you look at the specification tree, you will note that you have created:

one pocket

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one draft

three fillets

This is your new part

8.9.4 Dress-Up Features

Dressing up features is done by applying commands to one or more supports. CATIA provides

a large number of possibilities to achieve the features meeting your needs. The application lets

you create the following dress-up features.

8.9.5 Create an Edge Fillet:

Click this icon, select the edge to be filleted, enter the radius value and set the propagation

mode in the dialog box.

8.9.6 Create a Variable Radius Fillet

Click this icon, select the edge to be filleted, enter new radius values for both of the detected

vertices, click as many points as you wish on the edge and enter appropriate radius values for

each of them. If needed, define a new variation mode

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8.9.7 Create a Variable Radius Fillet Using a Spine

Click this icon, select the edges to be filleted, enter an angle value for both vertices at the

corner, check the Circle Fillet option and select the spine.

8.9.8 Create a Face-Face Fillet

Click this icon, select the faces to be filleted and enter the radius value in the dialog box.

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Conclusion

Electric bicycle is a modified form of mechanical and conventional bicycle which decreases

the human effort. The rider can enjoy the ride both by pedaling and without pedaling. For the

charging purpose of battery, no external source is required as the battery is charged while the

bicycle runs by pedal. The tubeless tire releases the risk of puncture in thorny and hilly area

meanwhile there is no risk of explosion of tires in very hot day due to high expansion of

compressed air because tubeless tire is very effective for this purpose.

Technical References

1. www.wikipedia.org

2. www.enkioska.net

3. www.slideshare.net

4. www.cadcam.com

5. www.catiastudent.com

6. www.catiadesign.orf

7. www.technia.com/cad/catia