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Other Types of Networks:Bluetooth, Zigbee, & NFC
CS303
Dilum Bandara
Slides adapted from Prof. Dr. Ing. Jochen Schiller
Why?
Up to now, we have concentrated on TCP/IP
Because TCP/IP is the most popular type of network
However, it’s not always the best option
Not all networks need IP
Overkill due to high footprint
Specific/custom protocols are suitable for other
applications
SNA, DECNet, Novell Netware, NetBEUI, WAP – old
Bluetooth, ZigBee, Fiber channel, NFC – recent
2
Protocols Considered
Bluetooth
ZigBee
Near Field Communication (NFC)
3
Source: http://mwrf.com/active-components/nfc-prepares-wide-adoption
Bluetooth – IEEE 802.15.1
Introduced to
Replace cables
Multiparty data exchange
Personal trusted device
Developed by Ericsson
Now managed by Bluetooth Special Interest Group
4
Bluetooth (Cont.)
2.4 – 2.48 GHz ISM band
Range – 10m
Bandwidth – 2.1 Mbps (shared) (version 2.0)
Version 4.0
Includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high speed & Bluetooth low
energy protocols
Bluetooth high speed based on Wi-Fi
Classic Bluetooth based on legacy Bluetooth protocols
Low power consumption
Found in mobile phones, laptops, computer peripherals,
printers, etc.
5
Bluetooth Applications
6Source: www.anwsoft.com.tw/Products_Bluetooth_Solutions.html
• Stick N Find
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
7
Source: http://withfriendship.com/user/sathvi/bluetooth-stack.php
Protocols & Usage Models
8
PPP
RFCOMM
TCP/IP
Baseband
L2CAP
OBEX
IrMC
TCS-BIN
Audio
SyncDial-upnet.
Usage Models
FileTransfer
AT-commands
Fax HeadsetLANAccess
CordlessPhone
SDP
LMP
Bluetooth Protocol Stack (Cont.)
9
Other Key Layers
Link Management Protocol (LMP)
Set-up & control of radio link between 2 devices
Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
Multiplex multiple logical connections between 2 devices using
different higher-level protocols
Provides segmentation & reassembly of on-air packets
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
Allows a device to discover services offered by other devices, &
their associated parameters
Baseband layer
Physical layer
Manages physical channels & links
Error correction, data whitening, hop selection, & security10
Bluetooth Applications/Profiles
Set of application protocols
Definitions of possible applications & general behaviors
Resides on top of Bluetooth core specification &
(optionally) additional protocols
Example profiles
Hands-Free Profile (HFP)
Basic Printing Profile (BPP)
Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP)
File Transfer Profile (FTP)
Human Interface Device Profile (HID)
Personal Area Networking Profile (PAN)
Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP)
OBEX11
Baseband Layer – Bluetooth Piconet
Through master
No slave-to-slave communication
Up to 7 active slaves 255 parked slaves12
Source: www.techrepublic.com/article/secure-your-bluetooth-wireless-networks-and-protect-your-data/6139987
Baseband Layer – Bluetooth Scatternet
By connecting 2+
piconets
13
Source: www.techrepublic.com/article/secure-your-bluetooth-wireless-networks-and-protect-your-data/6139987
ZigBee
IEEE 802.15.4 covers physical layer & MAC layer of low-
rate WPAN
WPAN – Wireless Personal Area Network
Adds network construction, application services, & more
on top of IEEE 802.15.4
Star networks, peer-to-peer/mesh networks, & cluster-tree
networks
By ZıgBee Alliance
Very low power consumption long battery life
Low data rate
Low complexity circuits & small size low cost
14
ZigBee Applications
TELECOM
SERVICES
m-commerce
info services
object interaction
(Internet of Things)
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
TV
VCR
DVD/CD
remote
security
HVAC
lighting control
access control
irrigation
PC &
PERIPHERALS
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
patient
monitoring
fitness
monitoring
15Source: ZıgBee Alliance
ZigBee Protocol Stack
16
Source: www.sena.com/products/industrial_zigbee/zigbee_summary.php
IEEE 802.15.4 Devıce Types
Defined by IEEE 802.15.4 (LR-WPAN)
1. Full Functional Device (FFD)
2. Reduced Functional Device (RFD)
FFD can work as a PAN coordinator, as a coordinator, or
as a simple device
RFD for applications that don’t need to transmit large
volumes of data & have to communicate only with a
specific FFD
FFD can communicate with either another FFD or a RFD
17
ZigBee Topologies
18Source: http://wireless.arcada.fi/MOBWI/material/PAN_5_2.html
ZigBee Topologies (Cont.)
1. Star Topology
Pros
Easy to synchronize
Low latency
Cons
Small scale
2. Mesh/P2P Topology
Pros
Robust multi-hop
communication
Multi-path communication
Flexible network
Lower latency
Cons
Route discovery is costly
Needs to store routing
table
19
ZigBee Topologies (Cont.)
3. Cluster Tree Topology
Pros
Low routing cost
Multi-hop communication
Scalable
Cons
Route reconstruction is costly
Latency may be quite long
Root not becomes a single point of failure
20
Physical & MAC Layers
2 different services are defined in 802.15.4
Data service
Controls radio – Tx/Rx of PPDUs & MPDUs
Management service
Energy detection in the channel
Clear channel assesment before sending the messages
Link Quality Indication (LQI) for the received packets
If coordinator – Manages network beacons, PAN association &
disassociation, frame validation, & acknowledgment
Support device security
21
Traffic-Modes – Device to PAN
Coordinator
Beacon mode
Beacon send periodically
Coordinator & end device
can go to sleep
Lowest energy
consumption
Precise timing needed
Beacon period (ms-min)
22
Source: IEEE 802.15.4 Standard (2006)
Traffic-Modes – Device to PAN
Coordinator (Cont.)
Non-Beacon mode
Coordinator/routers have
to stay awake
Heterogeneous network
Asymmetric power
23
Source: IEEE 802.15.4 Standard (2006)
Data Transfer From PAN Coordınator
24
Source: IEEE 802.15.4 Standard (2006)
Network Layer
Distributed address assignment
Tree structure or self managed by higher layer
16-bit network space divided among child routers
Child routers divide there space again for their
children
Depends on
Maximum child count per parent
Maximum child-routers per parent
Maximum network depth
25
Network Layer (Cont.)
Route discovery
Find or update route between specific source &
destination
Started if no active route present in routing table
Broadcast routing request (RREQ) packets
Generates routing table entries for hops to source
Endpoint router responds with Routing response
(RREP) packet
Routes generated for hops to destination
Routing table entry generated in source device
26
Route Discovery
A
B
RREQ
RREP
1 2 3
4
2
1
5
27
Network Layer (Cont.)
Routing
Check if routing table entry exists
Initiate route discovery if possible
Hierarchical routing as fallback
Route maintenance
Track failed deliveries to neighbors
Initiate route repair when threshold reached
Careful with network load!
In case of total connectivity loss
Orphaning procedure
Re-association with network
28
ZigBee Profiles
Describes a common language for exchanging data
Defines offered services
Device interoperability across different manufacturers
Standard profiles available from the ZigBee Alliance
Profiles contain device descriptions
Unique identifier (licensed by the ZigBee Alliance)
29
Near Field Communication (NFC)
Range <= 10 cm
13.56 MHz
106 – 424 Kbps
Based on magnetic field induction between
readers & tags in a Radio Frequency
IDentification (RFID)
Started in 2004
Nokia, Philips, & Sony
2006 – 1st Nokia phone
2010 – 1st Android
30
NFC Applications
31
Source: http://corp.qliktag.com/nfc-for-business/
• Visa Paywave
Modes of Operations
Active Mode
Both devices generate electromagnetic field &
exchange data
2 phones
Passive Mode
One active device & other uses that electromagnetic
field & exchange data
A phone & RFID tagged poster
33
NFC Protocol Stack (Cont.)
35
Pros & Cons
Pros
Convenience
Low cost
Low energy consumption
Better security
No search & pair procedure
Less configuration
Cons
Low range
Low data range
36
Low Energy
Bluetooth
ZigBee NFC Low Power
WiFi
Frequency
(MHz)
2402 – 2482 868 - 868.8,
902 - 928,
2402 – 2482
13.56 2400 - 2500
Channels 3 16 1 3
Modulation GFSK BPSK &
QPSK
ASK 64QAM
Max potential
data rate
1 Mbps 250 Kbps 424 Kbps 54 Mbps
Range 10m 100+m 10cm 30m
Power Profile Days Months/Years Months/Years Hours
Complexity Complex Simple Simple Complex
Nodes/Master 7 65,000 1+1
Extendibility No Yes No Yes
ZigBee, Bluetooth, NFC, vs., WiFi
37
Conclusion
Many other networking technologies exist
Have different features & protocols stacks
They inter-operate with IP in various ways
38
