REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION SYSTEM“CHALLENGES ,SOLUTIONS &

DEVELOPMENTS”

GUIDED BY:-Prof. A. B. GuptaCivil Engg. Deptt.MNIT, Jaipur

PRESENTED BY:LOKESH SAINI

RO 53%

MSF 25%

MED 8%

ED 3%

OTHER 11%

1

[27]

TOPIC LIMITS

R.O. SYSTEM

SEAWATER

WASTEWATER

PERMEATE

RETEN

TATE

Surface

water 8%

Waste

water 6%

Brackish Water

19%

Sea Water67%+ = 86%

2

[27]

Type of feed in RO plants

CHALLANGES

1. FOULING

2. ELECTRICITY ASDRIVING SOURCE

3. BORON REMOVAL 4. FLOURIDE

REMOVAL

5. BRINE DISPOSAL

6. SOLID WASTE

7. HEALTHISSUES

8. ENVIRONMENT ISSUES

3

FOULING 1

Fouling is the clogging of membranepores due to raw feed waterimpurities, Which pass throughpretreatment section. Impuritiesmay be microorganisms, colloids(organic & inorganic) or dissolvedsalts.

•ORGANIC FOULING•BIOFOULING

•PARTICULATE FOULING•SCALING•METALS

4

Fouling Reduces[14],[15]

•Permeate flow•Membrane LifeFouling Increases[14],[15]

•Power/kl•Maintenance cost

Why Challenge??

[3],[4],[5]

5

SOLUTIONS & DEVELOPEMENTS1

SOLUTIONSPhysical Cleaning

DEVELOPMENTS

Back Washing

Air Scouring

Aquaporin-based biomimetic

membrane (ABM)

Once a Day

Chemicals RemovesAlkali-Caustic Soda, pH11-12

Org. Fouling

Oxidative-NaOCl, H₂O₂, KMnO₄

Bio. Fouling

Acid- H₂SO₄, HCL, pH 2-3

Inorganic Fouling

Increase hydrophilicity by

additives PVP & PEG, Plasma treatment•Biocide membrane

grafted by n-Ag, SiO₂• Atomic layer deposition (ALD),•Mixed matrix Membrane(MMM)•Carbon Nano tubes (CNT), modification with zwitterionicmaterial

•Inorganic/Ceramic membrane, Zeolitemembranes, •Cl resistance membrane

[1],[17],[21]

Feed Water Pretreatment

ChemicalCleaning

[15]

Ø0.42nm

[21]

[25]

Energy consumption, 69%

Chemical expenses

, 10%

Module replacement, 21%

ELECTRICITY USE 2

6

•1-2.5KWh/m³ for brackish water (2-4g/m³)[13]

•4-13 KWh/m³ for sea water (30-45/m³)[13]

•1cum desalinated water take 0.03ton oil[13].

•99% RO units use fossil fuels[37].•Pressure on natural resources.•GHG emission

Why Challenge??

Global Warming

LCA energy distribution for S. W.

Investment, 53%

Operation, 47%

Total Cost Bifucation

Operation cost breakup

Energy Cost breakup

0.47x0.69x0.84=27%

[13]

[36]

[26]

[36]

Energy Account of RO Desalination Industry worldwide•Desalinated water produced-124million m³/day•RO water produced @ 53%-65.72million m³/day•Assume 4.6KWh/m³-302.31mega KWh/day•@99% electricity used in desalination is by fossil fuels.•Hence, against fossil fuel-299.29 mega KWh/day for desalination.•@0.402Kg CO₂-e/KWh[40].•Hence, 120kilo tons CO₂-e/day only due to RO desalination industry

SOLUTIONS & DEVELOPEMENTS

7

2

[1],[37],[38]

TOI 21.10.16

PV-RO, 72%

Wind-RO, 28%

Renewable energy based RO plants

•Solar-RO combination is used for smallplants and where large land area withsufficient sunlight is available e.g. inmiddle east Asia and north African

region (ample scope in Rajasthan).•Wind-RO combination is used atInlands. Where land is limited.

[37]

[37]

[37]

BORON REMOVAL 3

8

•Excess may damage Plants, citrus trees.[6]•Reduces fruit yield (Kiwi).[6]•Removal processes are expensive.[6]

Why Challenge??

98.68 99.32 99.6 98.17 99.13 98.81 99.36

69.54

50

60

70

80

90

100 •Problem with sea water desalination.•Arabian Gulf-7mg/l; normal range 4.5-5•Smaller size, B(OH)з at low pH(Sea W.).•WHO limit 0.5 mg/l (drinking water)•IS:10500-0.5mg/l (drinking water)

% Ions removal With Conventional TFC Membrane

B removal process parameters[6]

•pH, temp., TDS of feed water•Membrane type & design•Design of operation.Process Parameters Require[6]High pH{B(OH)₄¯}, low temp.

[1][6]

SOLUTIONS & DEVELOPEMENTS9

3

[1],[6]

PROCESS SUGGESTED•Hybrid process (ion exchange + membrane filtration).•Ion exchange with resin Polyols(e.g. glycerol, mannitol & sorbitol) with nano filtration.

Manufacturer Membrane Type % B Removal

pH

Toray TM820A-400TM820c-400

9393

8

Dow SW30XHR-400iSW30HRLE-400

9391

8

Hydranautics SWC4+SWC4+B

8395

6.5-7

[6]

DEVELOPEMETS•DOW Chemical Co has developed high boron rejection membranes (FILMTEC XUS), achieve 87.7%. Requires chemical , hence costly.•Hydranautics does not require low pH for operation, hence cheaper.

FLOURIDE REMOVAL10

4

• Can cause dental and skeleton fluorosis.•High water loss,energy consumption ,capital cost.

Why Challenge??

•F¯ removal 65-75% (Monovalent ion), due to small in size, high charge density, more strongly hydrated than other monovalentions such as NOз ¯& Cl¯[10][43].•IS:10500-limit F¯ ,1mg/lt [9].

[9],[10],[43]

4SOLUTION

•Calcium carbonate pretreatment column before RO membrane, F¯removal increases by 94-97%[10].

BRINE DISPOSAL11

5

•Reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) or brine is the byproduct of ROprocess [8].•30-80% volume of RO feed[40][41].•1.2-1.7 times higher in concentration than feed [27][[40].

•ROC disposal facility – 15% add. Cost [8].

•Affects ecology of receiving body e.g. ocean, stream & ground water. •Causes death to aqua species.

Why Challenge??•ROC thickens during chemical cleaning[41].

SOLUTIONS & DEVELOPEMENTS12

5

•Treat brine by ion exchange, charge adsorption & multistage RO [1],[8].

Disposal Option

Method Benefits

Surface Fresh water, streams, oceans

Can accommodate largevolumes

Sewer Front & end of STP

Uses existinginfrastructure Lowers theBOD of the resultingeffluent.

Land Spray irrigation, infiltration trend, percolation ponds

No marine impactexpected

Deep well Non DW aquifers Possible commercial saltexploitation Lowtechnological andmanaging efforts

Evaporation Pond

Vaporize brine Can be used to irrigate salttolerant species, No marineimpact expected

ZLD Solidify Liquid in salt

Can commercially exploitconcentrate No marineimpact expected [37]

[37]

[37]

•12000t/year solid waste generated by

RO, worldwide [26],[32].

•8” membrane has wt 13.5kg9.1kgC

[32].

•8”membrane88kg CO₂-e in life

cycle[30].

•Module contains high energy plastic

(PA,PP, PET & PSF).

•100 nos 8” module require/MLD [32].

•12% membranes are replaced per yr.

membrane waste production Ton/yr

Composition of 8” membrane

Membrane sheets,

42%

Permeate tube/end

caps, 17%

Permeate spacers,

13%Feed

spacers, 9%

Glued parts, 7%

Fibre glass casing,

12%

SOLID WASTE 6

13

42+17+13+9=81%

•Affects ecology ofreceiving body.•LCA of membranedepicts considerableCO₂ generation ,i.eGHG

Why Challenge??

[30],[32]

[26]

[26]

14

Pretreatment

Membrane

Filtration

Chemical

cleaning

Physical cleaning

Reduce

RecycleReuse

3R

Direct reuse

6SOLUTIONS

As plastic

Fuel

‘0’ or minimum

load to landfill

Use RO as last option

Flow in RO [32] Mouse pad ,bird net , as aggregate[26]

15

HEALTH ISSUES7+

[33]Why Challenge??•Negative taste•Increased diuresis•Frequent urination•Homeostasis problem•Tiredness, weakness, headache.•Pre-term birth & low weight•Neuro degenerative disease, CVD.•Bone fracture in kids

•IS:14543(2004) for packaged drinking water

•IS:13428(2005) for natural mineral drinking water &

•IS:10500(2012) for drinking water but no standard

which specify minimum limit of minerals in

demineralised drinking water.

S.

No

. Parameter

/Test

Indian PDW Advanced country

PDW

Range Avg. Range Avg.

1 Total coliform Absent Absent Absent Absent

2 pH 5.68-7.54 6.75 5.5-7.7 6.6

3 Turbidity 0.06-0.19 0.11 ND-0.09 0.04

4 TDS (mg/lt) 4.9-117.3 38.26 3-384 144

5 Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/lt) ND-76 17.58 - -

6 Calcium as CaCO3 (mg/lt) ND-13.41 3.09 5-104 36

7 Magnesium CaCO3 (mg/lt) ND-10.19 1.03 1-22 9.8

8 Chloride as Cl (mg/lt) 3-36 10.56 ND-0.09 9.15

9 Fluoride (mg/lt) ND-0.021 0.001 ND-0.17 0.17

Acute

Cro

nic

al

[39]

SOLUTIONS16

7

•Remineralisation

By dissolving limestone with CO₂ to improve the

stability & alkalanity [34],[35].

•TDS controller & Re-mineralisation cartriage

Used by domestic RO manufacturer, mix controlled

quantity of raw water with desalinated water.

TDS Controller Not suitable, when raw water contains harmful elements. e.g. As, heavy metals(Hg, Pb, Cd etc)

Setup for desalinated water remineralization

TDS Controller

Sedimentation filter

Booster pump

Activated carbon filter

RO membrane

UV Chamber

Post carbon filter

Bye Pass

MAINENVIRONMENTAL

CONCERNS

LAND USE

CHEMICALS

ENERGY USE & GHG

BRINE DISPOSAL

HIGH Pr PUMPS

CHEMICALSDISCHARGE

SOLID WASTE

INTAKE WELL

17

8

Land Use/ construction

PowerSource

Pumps And M/Cs

BrineDisposal

ChemicalCleaning

Solid Waste

Air

Water

Soil

Fauna

Flora

Noise

Project Activity

Env. Parameters

LOW/NIL

MEDIUM

HIGH

ENVIRONMENT RISK MATRIXDUE TO R.O. DESALINATION

18

SEVERITY SCALE

Sound acouster, baffles & design19

ImpactMitigation

Promote RED & efficient design

Improve design & compact plants

Improve SWM by 3R

Proper intake design

8

Treat chemicals before discharge

Proper brine disposal

Handle chemicals properly

20

•Use RO as a last option•Develop antifouling & antibacterial membrane without compromising flux.•Use geo thermal/hot feed water, wherever possible, 20°C to 40°C rise in feed temp. Increase permeate flux 60% [13].•Minimize the use of Chemicals, antiscalant, it decrease membrane life & increase colloidal fouling, respectively.•Validation is required for reuse of old

membrane as integrity, permeability & rejection [32].

1/2

[18]

21

•Promote RES-D to save environment from

GHG[35].

•Use ERD, brine is discharged at high pr.

•Solid waste generated in RO

desalination must be managed

properly[36].

•Authorities should decide the

minimum minerals standards for

demineralized drinking water[39].

•EIA should become compulsory phase in

future potable water production projects usingRO desalination [26].

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TREND OF WORLDWIDE WATER SCARCITY

A War of world by Jonang-Lee

60%

40%

24

THANKS & WITH AIM TO PRODUCE SUFFICIENT AMOUNTOF USABLE (POTABLE) WATER IN A

SUSTAINABLE MANNER, WHICH IS ONE OF THE MOSTIMMEDIATE CHALLENGE FORHUMAN SOCIETY.

25