WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Components and view points:Components and view points:

Integrated water resources management begins with the term “water resources management” itself, which uses structural measures to control natural and human-made water resources systems for beneficial uses.

Elements of natural water resources systems include the atmosphere, watersheds (drainage basins), stream channels, wetlands, floodplains, aquifers, lakes, estuaries, seas, and the ocean.

Multiple purposesIntegrated water resources

management considers the viewpoints of water management agencies with specific purposes, governmental and stakeholder groups, geographic regions, and disciplines of knowledge.

As the practice of water resources management evolved, the term "multipurpose" water resources development (or management) came to refer to projects with more than one purpose.

Challenges to water management integration:

The term "functional integration" means to join purposes of water management such as to manage water supply and wastewater within a single unit.

Government and interest groups:Special interest groups range from those

favoring development of resources to those favoring preservation. In many cases, conflicts arise between the same types of interest groups, as, for example, between fly fishers and rafters on a stream.

Another aspect of geographic integration is the scale of water-accounting units, such as small watershed, major river basin, region, or state, even up to global scale.

Total Water Management: Integrated water resources

management can take different forms and is examined best in specific situations.

the most comprehensive concept for water supply is "Total Water Management."

Taking into consideration local and regional variations, Total Water Management:

Encourages planning and management on a natural water systems basis through a dynamic Process that adapts to changing conditions

Promotes water conservationFosters public health, safety, and

community goodwill.

Water management and irrigation systems;

"Irrigation system" is defined as a set of components which includes (may include) the water source, water distribution network, control components, and possibly other general irrigation equipment.

Scheme water management:Despite the increase in water use by

sectors other than agriculture, irrigation continues to be the main water user on a global scale. However, there is an increasing pressure for water to be used more efficiently in agriculture.

On-farm water management: The Water Resources, Development and

Management Service offers technical assistance to country members in the design and implementation of on-farm irrigation systems, as well as in the identification and adaptation of irrigation techniques.

Crop water management: The great challenge for the coming

decades will be the task of increasing food production with less water, particularly in countries with limited water and land resources.

Training and Capacity building:Training and capacity building are

identified as key elements in developing the skills, knowledge and means to define, plan and implement the action programmers in integrated water resources development for agriculture.

Managing irrigation water for drinking and domestic use:

Developing country's efforts to supply drinking water to their rural communities have focused primarily on digging deep tube wells and installing hand-pumps to exploit groundwater, which is free from harmful bacteria and parasites.  

In large areas of South Asia, the Middle East and East Africa, groundwater is not an option because of high arsenic, fluoride, iron, or salt levels. Here irrigation water is often the only water available for drinking, bathing, and washing.

Conservation planning: Most developing countries are

continuing to develop and implement comprehensive water resource management plans.

Comprehensive plans are increasingly popular as a method of combining supply and conservation projects.

Planning and management , water resources:

Traditional Supply Planning:Three principal concerns about the

traditional approach have been advanced.

First, forecast demand is taken as a given, and virtually no attempt is made to integrate supply management and demand management options.

Second, the public-at-large, outside experts, and government regulators generally have little or no involvement in traditional utility planning.

Third, traditional planning also tends to be confined to individual utilities in virtual isolation.

Supply-Driven Focus: Like other types of public utilities, the

prevailing planning processes undertaken by water utilities have been internally driven and dominated by supply considerations.

Least-Cost Planning: Least-cost planning emphasizes a

balanced consideration of supply management and demand management options in identifying feasible least-cost alternatives for meeting future water needs.

Complexity, Risk, and Cost: Least-cost utility and planning is

complicated by the lack of familiarly with demand management, barriers to coordination with nearby utilities, the use of broad definitions of costs and the inclusion of goals not directly attributable to the utility.

Integrated resource planning: Integrated resource planning is a

somewhat more encompassing term than least-cost utility planning, although the two are consistent and can be used interchangeably for many analytical purposes.

Integrated resource planning also emphasizes the importance of establishing a more open and participatory decision-making process and coordinating the many water institutions that govern water resources.

Integrative Assessments:Like least-cost planning, IRP explicitly

recognizes that demand management can be a cost-effective and viable resource option. In a somewhat broadened sense, IRP recognizes that demand management can help achieve multiple policy goals (such as cost control and pollution prevention).

 

Methods of water management:Rain Sensor Device: This measure requires that any person

purchasing or installing an automatic sprinkler system must install and operate a rain sensor device or an automatic switch. This equipment will override the irrigation cycle of the sprinkler system when adequate rainfall has occurred.

Leak Detection and Repair Program: Public water supply systems desire to

attain a 10 percent or less unaccounted-for water loss.

Commercial and Industrial Users: All individual commercial and industrial

users submit a conservation plan that generally includes: audits of water use; implementation of cost-effective conservation measures.

Social Acceptability:Water conservation is not an isolated

activity and its social acceptability is related to many factors such as the characteristics of the utility market; the pricing system; and economic, political, technological, and willingness to conserve.

Ways to conserve water at home:

Take quick showers and eliminate unnecessary showers

Clean fruits and vegetables in a water basin rather than under running tap water

Install low-flow appliancesAvoid toxic cleaning materials, which

can pollute waterNever use the toilet as a wastebasketUse a bucket or spring-loaded nozzle

to wash the car

Conclusion:A description of the current situation

in water resources management, in the efficiency of water use and how decisions are made and actions taken .

Conservation benefits include reduced water bills and greater water supplies that help in better economic development. Environmental benefits include ecosystem and habitat protection.

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