COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USING STEEL SLAG AGGREGATE AND CRUSHED LIMESTONE IN ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),

ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 73-82 © IAEME

73

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USING STEEL SLAG

AGGREGATE AND CRUSHED LIMESTONE IN ASPHALT

CONCRETE MIXTURES

Farag Khodary

Civil Engineering Department, Qena Faculty of Engineering,

South Valley University, Qena, Egypt

ABSTRACT

Using aggregate in the field of construction increase rapidly and looking for alternative

source of aggregate assumed to be more important. The objective of this research at first is to study

the effect of using steel slag aggregates in the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures. Secondly

make comparative study of using steel slag aggregate and crushed limestone in asphalt concrete

mixtures. Slag from industrial waste for the production of iron, which causes serious environmental

problem. The use of steel slag aggregates is means of preserving the environment as well as reduces

the energy needed to search for natural aggregates and prepared for use in mixtures. In this research

have been the adoption percentages of bitumen 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% to find the optimal ratio

of bitumen for asphalt concrete mixtures. The results have been obtained with the optimum bitumen

content (5.02%) for asphalt concrete mixtures using crushed limestone and optimum bitumen content

(5.60%) for asphalt concrete mixtures using steel slag aggregate. The Marshall stability of asphalt

concrete mixtures using steel slag aggregate is 1.50 higher than mixtures with Crushed limestone

aggregate. From the result it can be seen that using steel slag aggregate is useful for resist rutting and

suitable for pavement in hot climate area.

Keywords: Asphalt Concrete Mixtures, Steel Slag Aggregate, Crushed Limestone, Marshall Mix

Design.

1. INTRODUCTION

Researchers looked for a distinct highway projects with all technical and environmental

requirements. Become one of the environmental problems to get rid of steel slag resulting from the

iron industry. Steel slag resulting from the blast furnace during the extraction of iron Blast furnace

slag, produced in large quantities, this slag containing silica and alumina on a particular origin of

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iron, combined with oxides Calcium and magnesium. Slag out of the oven at a temperature of liquid

1500 °C [1,2]. There are plenty of solutions that have been put forward to solve this problem such as

reuse of materials as an alternative to exploiting natural resources. Steel slag also can be used in the

raw meal for the production of Portland cement clinker. The result shows that using steel slag hasn't

negative effect on the properties of the produced cement [3]. Steel slag was used in cement concrete

and the mechanical properties and durability ware evaluated. Durability characteristics of steel slag

cement concretes are better than those of crushed limestone aggregate concrete. Steel slag concrete

has higher Fracture toughness than limestone aggregate concrete. [4,5]. The use of steel slag in

concrete would enhance the strength of concrete, especially tensile strength [6]. On the other hand

steel slag was used in the field of highway construction. Resistance to low temperature cark and

roughness were improving by using steel slag aggregate as compare to basalt aggregate. Mechanical

properties and electrical conductivity for steel slag asphalt concrete mixtures were better than asphalt

concrete limestone mixtures. Steel slag asphalt mixes have extremely high stabilities which directly

affect the pavement performance. High stability means high resistance to deformation [7, 8].

Indirect tensile test as well as single axes test was used to evaluate fatigue characteristic and low

temperature crack for steel slag asphalt concrete mixtures. On the other hand trail section was paved

and the evaluation of the paved section performance was comparable with lab test result [9]. No

significant problems with moisture damage were noted in steel slag asphalt concrete mixtures.

Satisfactory results were obtained by using steel slag aggregate asphalt concrete mixtures compared

with mixtures containing natural aggregates [10, 11]. Steel furnace slag is considered an acceptable

aggregate type for asphalt concrete mixtures to produce asphalt mixtures more resistance to rutting.

The problem in using steel slag in asphalt pavement is the cost. Because of high specific gravity of

steel slag the pavement thickness produced by a ton of steel slag is considerably less than that

produced by any other coarse aggregate type. High rigidity and excellent friction resistance by using

slag steel aggregate in asphalt concrete mixtures were observed for the lab result. These results show

that the use of steel slag in stone matrices asphalt is superior to the common asphalt concrete [12,

13]. Different types of test were used to evaluate the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures.

Marshall Method was used to design and control asphalt concrete mixtures. Marshall method is

acceptable by the highway agencies all over the world [14, 15]. The properties of asphalt concrete

mixtures depend on the properties of the used aggregate. Mineral aggregate constitutes

approximately 95% of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) by weight. Different type of aggregate used to

produce asphalt concrete mixtures such as crushed basalt, crushed dolomite and crushed limestone

[16, 17].

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

Asphalt mixtures are a homogeneous mixture of paving materials include bitumen and

aggregate various levels and some additives such as powder and polymer. Bitumen is mixed with

aggregates to form a coherent dense mass when they stick together and this leads to an increase in

the strength of the mixture. Asphalt concrete affected by the characteristics of each of the

components separately or combined. Asphalt mixture gives an important function of these mixtures;

especially its ability to resist various stresses experienced by the result of loads of traffic and changes

of temperature, the mixtures of asphalt required must be of high quality. This is achieved by the

availability of a number of engineering and mechanical properties and the most important properties

are (Stability) and (Flow). The main objective of the design of asphalt mixtures is to obtain a mixture

of aggregates and bitumen to be economically and achieve the required safety within the

specifications. Asphalt mixture should contain a suitable and sufficient proportion of bitumen so that

it has the ability to weather resistant. Finally the workability should be enough to allow the

completion of the pave and compaction efficiently [18- 20].



75

3. MATERIALS

3.1 Aggregate

Aggregate: two types of aggregate were used in this study. Crushed Limestone obtained from

“Qena” quarry, Qena Governorate was used in this study. Steel slag aggregate obtained from Ezz

steel factory in Suez Governorate. A crusher in the lab was used to make the steel slag in the same

size like crushed limestone. Different test were used to evaluate the physical, mechanical and

chemical properties of the used aggregate.

3.1.1 Aggregate tests

Traditional tests of aggregates were done to determine specific gravity, bulk density and Los

Angles Abrasion [21, 22]. A physical and mechanical property of Crushed Limestone and steel slag

aggregate was presented in table (1).

Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties Crushed Limestone and steel slag aggregate

Property Crushed Limestone aggregate Steel Slag aggregate

Specific gravity 2.63 3.34

Bulk density ( t/m3) 1.62 1.88

Los Angles Abrasion 36 21

3.1.2 X-ray fluorescence (XRF)

The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique was used in this study to determine chemical

composition of both Crushed Limestone aggregate and Steel Slag aggregate[23, 24]. Table (3),

figure (1) and figure (2) presented the chemical composition Crushed Limestone and steel slag

aggregate. The main two chemical component of Crushed Limestone are SiO2 and CaO with

parentage of 59.0% and 23.0% respectively. On the other hand Steel Slag have higher present from

chloride with parentage of 63.88 % as well as CaO with parentage of 23.37%.

keV

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00

CP

S

0.0

15.0

30.0

45.0

60.0

75.0

90.0

MgAl

Si

ZrK

Ca

Ca Ti

Ti Mn

Fe

Mn

Fe

keV

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00

CP

S

0.0

30.0

60.0

90.0

120.0

150.0

180.0

210.0

240.0

Si

Cl

Cl

Ca

CaMn

Fe

Mn

Fe

Figure 1.X-ray fluorescence test result for Figure 2.X-ray fluorescence test result for

Crushed Limestone Steel Slag

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976

ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp.

Table 2.Chemical composition of crushed Limestone andCrushed Limestone

Element

MgO

Al2O3

SiO2

K2O

CaO

TiO2

MnO

Fe2O3

ZrO2

3.1.3 Scan electron microscope

Scanning electron microscope uses electrons with a capacity of (speed) between 100 electron

volts to 300 electron volts. Electron microscopy exploits duality wave

magnetic to focus and adjust the ray of the electrons. In this magnetic microscope lenses focused ray

of electrons on the sample. In order to portray the point

beam of electrons on the sample by a pair of magnets are perpend

deflection and change the position across the sample without changing the primary angle of

incidence. Scanning electron microscope used to know the exact composition of the surface of cells

and details exploits counterattack and scattered electrons as a result of a collision with the sample.

The image is of electrons on the counterattack parts of the body, leading to the formation of a three

dimensional image resulting from imaging surfaces [25, 26]. From the image the steel

have higher voids in the surface and this will affect

higher voids needs higher bitumen content.

Figure 3.Scanning electron microscope test result

for crushed limestone

3.2 Bitumen

The bitumen, which accounted for in the mixture between 3.5% to 5.5% typically, where

these ratios depend on the quality of aggregate and the degree of aggregate absorption. The function

of bitumen in asphalt concrete mixtures is to connect aggregate with

with good mechanical properties. Bitumen is heavily influenced at varying temperatures, rainfall and

snow accumulation. Bitumen is affected by natural oxidation of its components, which increases the


6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 73-82 © IAEME

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Chemical composition of crushed Limestone and steel slag aggregateCrushed Limestone Steel Slag aggregate

Wieght % Element

2.7511 SiO2

4.6449 Cl

59.5091 CaO

1.0365 MnO

23.5272 Fe2O3

2.9937

0.3290

5.0159

0.1926


volts to 300 electron volts. Electron microscopy exploits duality wave-particle of the electron

to focus and adjust the ray of the electrons. In this magnetic microscope lenses focused ray

of electrons on the sample. In order to portray the point-by-point of the sample is being directed

beam of electrons on the sample by a pair of magnets are perpendicular to each other, so can ray



k and scattered electrons as a result of a collision with the sample.

The image is of electrons on the counterattack parts of the body, leading to the formation of a three

dimensional image resulting from imaging surfaces [25, 26]. From the image the steel

have higher voids in the surface and this will affect directly on the optimum bitumen content means

higher voids needs higher bitumen content.

Scanning electron microscope test result

for crushed limestone

Figure 4.Scanning electron microscope test result

for Steel Slag



of bitumen in asphalt concrete mixtures is to connect aggregate with each other to become one block




© IAEME

steel slag aggregate Steel Slag aggregate

Wieght %

1.0015

63.88

23.3760

3.7634

7.9766


particle of the electron

to focus and adjust the ray of the electrons. In this magnetic microscope lenses focused ray

point of the sample is being directed

icular to each other, so can ray



k and scattered electrons as a result of a collision with the sample.

The image is of electrons on the counterattack parts of the body, leading to the formation of a three-

dimensional image resulting from imaging surfaces [25, 26]. From the image the steel slag aggregate

directly on the optimum bitumen content means

electron microscope test result

for Steel Slag



each other to become one block





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statute of limitations attributed to the age where bitumen bituminous mixture gradually loses its

characteristic viscosity and then bonding agent starts to decrease, which mainly affect the degree of

flexibility of bituminous mixture, performance and service life[27, 28]... In this work bitumen

(60/70) penetration grade obtained from Suez refinery was used. The physical properties of the used

bitumen are presented in table (3).

Table 3.Bitumen Properties Test Result Specification limit Penetration (at 25

oC), 0.1 mm 67 60 - 70

Softening Point, oC 51 45-55

Specific Gravity 1.04 1-1.1 Flash Point, 260 ≥250

4. MARSHALL MIX DESIGN

Since 1940, asphalt concrete mixtures are designed using the method of Marshall or Hveem

both methods help implementers to know the optimum bitumen content that are used. Asphalt

mixtures used in the paving surface of layer for important highways, whether inside or outside the

cities. The main objective of the mix design is to create an economic mix of materials is included,

and the proportion of asphalt mixture gives the following properties. A) Asphalt ratio sufficient to

enough durability and flexibility in the mixture. B) Sufficient strength to resist the flow requirements

of the traffic. For the development and application of asphalt mixture design concepts in a Marshall

method was formed in 1939 by Bruce Marshall. Design Criteria was adopted by Marshall standard

way by ASTM International under the number (ASTM DISS9). Marshall method used asphalt

paving mixtures using hot asphalt. Marshall method used to design asphalt paving mixtures using

bitumen known with the degree of penetration or viscosity and contain granules maximum aggregate

size (1 inch = 25 mm) or less. Method can be used for the design mixtures in the lab or to control the

mixture of asphalt in the field. Trial number specimens were prepared in laboratory at five different

bitumen contents. Three specimens for were chosen each bitumen content and the average of the test

result was taken.

Table 4.Asphalt concrete mixtures design. Sieve

size

(mm)

Course

aggregate

Fine

aggregate Sand Filler

Total

Mix.

Specification (4C)

% P 23% % P 36% % P 36% % P 5% lower Upper

25 100 29 100 32 100 34 100 5 100 100 100

19 90 26.1 100 31 100 34 100 5 96.1 80 100

12.50 35 10.15 100 31 100 34 100 5 80.15 70 90

9.50 3 0.87 88 27.28 100 34 100 5 67.15 60 80

4.75 45 13.95 100 34 100 5 52.95 48 65

2.36 11 3.41 87 29.58 100 5 37.99 35 50

0.60 1 0.31 52 17.68 100 5 22.99 19 30

0.30 30 10.2 100 5 15.2 13 23

0.15 10 3.4 95 4.75 8.15 7 15

0.075 6 2.04 45 2.25 4.29 3 8



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The specimens are then marked and stored over night for stability and flow measurements.

Before the stability and flow tests were performed the specimens were kept in water bath at 60 oC

for 30 minutes. The optimum bitumen content is selected based on stability, unit weight, and

specified percent air voids in the total mix [29, 31]. Table (4) presented asphalt concrete mixtures

design according Egyptian specification (4C) for mixtures with crushed limestone aggregate and

mixtures with steel slag aggregate.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The volumetric properties and Marshall testing results of the average of triplicate specimens

for all selected asphalt contents are presented in table (5) and table (6). A graphical representation of

Marshall stability, flow, unit weight, air voids (Vv) and voids filled with bitumen (VFB) is presented

in in figure (5) to figure (9) for both asphalt concrete mixtures using crushed lime stone and steel

slag aggregate. The optimum bitumen content was the optimum bitumen content (5.02%) for asphalt

concrete mixtures using crushed limestone and optimum bitumen content (5.60%) for asphalt

concrete mixtures using steel slag aggregate.

Table 5.Asphalt concrete mixtures design using Crushed limestone aggregate Property Bitumen content

4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0%

Stability (Kg) 775 825 850 741 690

Flow 0.01 in 10 12 15 17 19

Unit weight (gm/Cm3) 2.26 2.28 2.35 2.29 2.27

% Air Voids 9.14 6.99 5.56 3.66 3.12

% VFB 54.5 66.7 77.4 85.1 89.0

Table 6.Asphalt concrete mixtures design using Steel Slag Aggregate Property Bitumen content

4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0%

Stability (Kg) 870 925 1112 1250 1198

Flow 0.01 in 6 8 10 12 13

Unit weight (gm/Cm3) 2.29 2.35 2.39 2.41 2.35

% Air Voids 11.2 9.25 8.14 7.16 6.78

% VFB 58.5 70.1 90.4 95.3 97.1

From figure (5) to figure (9) asphalt concrete mixtures using steel slag aggregate have higher

stability 1.50 times than asphalt concrete mixtures using crushed limestone aggregate. On the other

hand marshal flow is higher for asphalt concrete mixtures using crushed limestone aggregate by 30%

than mixtures using steel slag aggregate. But asphalt concrete mixtures with slag steel aggregate

have higher void ratio because the steel slag have more voids in the surface. All result indicates that

steel slag aggregate can be used as asphalt mixtures aggregate with some limitation due to cost.


ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp.

Figure 5. Marshall stability (Kg) for crushed

limestone and steel slag mixtures

Figure 7. Unit weight (gm/Cm3) for crushed


Figure 9. % VFB for crushed limestone and steel slag mixtures


6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 73-82 © IAEME

79

Marshall stability (Kg) for crushed Figure 6. Marshall Flow 0.01 in for crushed

limestone and steel slag mixtures limestone and steel slag mixtures

Unit weight (gm/Cm3) for crushed Figure 8. % Air Voids for crushed limestone

limestone and steel slag mixtures and steel slag mixtures

% VFB for crushed limestone and steel slag mixtures


© IAEME

Marshall Flow 0.01 in for crushed


% Air Voids for crushed limestone

and steel slag mixtures

% VFB for crushed limestone and steel slag mixtures



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6. CONCLUSION

This study presents and discusses the results of using steel slag aggregate Instead of crushed

limestone aggregate, to evaluate the effectiveness of using steel slag aggregate in highway

construction works. The presented results and discussions reveal the following main conclusions.

Steel slag aggregate have higher density than crushed limestone aggregate this will affect the cost if

we compare the same amount from crushed lime stone aggregate and steel slag aggregate. As

compared to crushed limestone aggregate, steel slag aggregate is suitable when the pavement is near

from the steel factory to reduce the cost of transportation. The flow for asphalt concrete mixtures

with steel slag aggregate is smaller than flow for asphalt concrete mixtures with crushed limestone

this will be good indicator that this mixtures can resist deformation. Marshall stability for asphalt

concrete mixtures with steel slag aggregate is 1.50 higher than stability for asphalt concrete mixtures

with crushed limestone this will be good indicator that this mixtures can resist rutting.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author gratefully acknowledges the support offered by South Valley University in

providing the facilities for the experimental work in this paper.

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