CHAPTER 3: BUILDING STONES & GYPSUM AND LIME

Republic of the PhilippinesTECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTSAyala Boulevard cor. San Marcelino St., Ermita Manila

REPORTER: GANACIA, JEMICA G. BSA- 2B

BUILDING STONES Stones usually blocks or pieces of the

basic material rock.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

1. Igneous- formed as the result of the cooling of molten matter.

2. Sedimentary- formed by the action of water.

3. Metamorphic- structure changed by the action of extreme heat, pressure and various forces.

STONES USED FOR BUILDING PURPOSES

1. Rubble - includes rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken into suitable sizes. This is usually used for and filling material. Also called as escombro and lastillas.

2. Dimension (cut stone) – consists of pieces that have been cut or finished according to a set or drawings. Used for facings of walls.

STONES USED FOR BUILDING PURPOSES3. Flagstone (Flat Slabs) – consists of thin pieces, ½ inch. For walks and floors.4. Crushed Rock – Stones consisting of pieces varying in size from 3/8 to 6 in. and is used to a large extent in concreting.

BUILDING STONESCharacteristic

Classification of Rock

Color Used for:

1. Argillite

Rock that is made up of clay or silt particles that is hardened.

Rock made of clay

Commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green

Floor tile, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools of exterior window sills

2. Granite

Very hard, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish.

Igneous (quartz, feldspar, hornblende and mica)

Red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white and brown

Flooring wall paneling, column and mullion facings, stair treads or flagstone

Characteristic

Classification of Rock

Color Used for:

3. Limestone

Very low in absorption, and has a smooth texture

Sedimentary rock (oolitic and dolomitic)

Fairly uniform light gray

Floor tile

4. Travertine

Whitish, porous

Sedimentary rock (calcium carbonate)

white Interior decorative stone

5. Marble Hard, smooth and mostly white

Metamorphic rock (from limestone and dolmite)

Yellow, white, gray, black, green, violet, red

Wall or column facing and for flooring

Building Stones

Building StonesCharacteristic

Classification of Rock

Color Used for:

6. Serpentine

Hard mineral consisting of hydrous magnesium

Igneous rock (mineral serpentine)

Olive green to greenish black

Interiors only due to deterioration from weathering

7. Sandstone

Texture is very fine to very coarse and porous

Sedimentary rock (cemented silica grains)

Gray, buff, light brown, red

Wall or column facing and for decorative purposes

8. Slate Rock

Hard, slightly rough

Metamorphic rock (from clays and shales)

Black, green, red, gray or purple

Roof, flooring, window sills and stools, stair treads, facing.

Stone ConstructionStones are largely used as facing material for large buildings with steel and concrete frames.

STONE CONSTRUCTION

1. Paneling – consists of using slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover backup walls and provide a finished exterior.

2. Ashlar – work requires the use of cut stone and includes broken ashlar, irregular coursed ashlar, regular coursed ashlar.

Broken ashlar

STONE CONSTRUCTION

3. Rubblework – used as random when no attempt is made to produce either horizontal or vertical course lines.

4. Trim – involves use of stones cut for a specific purpose and include Quoin – stones laid at the intersection of two walls.

coarsed rubble

random

STONE CONSTRUCTION

As jambs – form the sides of window and door openings.As sills – form the bottom of window and door openingsAs belts – special stone courses built into a wall for a particular purpose. For architectural relief and change in wall thickness.

• Trim

As Coping– one which is cut to fit on the top of a masonry wall.As cornices – specially cut stones which are built into and project from, a masonry wall near the top to provide the appearance of a cave. As Lintels – stones which bridge the top of door and window openings.

• Trim

Stone Construction

STONE CONSTRUCTION

As Stone Steps – made to fit over an inclined concrete slab or to cap steps cast in concrete.As an Arch Stone – cut to form some particular type of arch over a door or window opening.As Stone Flooring – walks and patios, made by covering a base of stone concrete, brick or tile with Flagstone.

• Trim

GypsumA soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate from which gypsum plaster is made; colorless when pure as a retarder in portland cement.

GYPSUM PRODUCTS

a) Plaster of Paris – made from carefully selected white rock. When mixed with water to form a paste, it sets in about 15 to 20 mins.

b) Keene’s Cement – Highly resistat to moisture penetration and has a smooth surface.

1. Plasters

GYPSUM PRODUCTS

c) Casting Plaster – made from specially selected rock and ground much finer than plaster of Paris. It is slower setting and cooler working.

d) Hard wall Plaster – a neat gypsum plater, containing hair or fiber, widely used to form the first (scratch) coat and second (brown) coat on plastered walls and ceiling.

1. Plasters

GYPSUM PRODUCTS

e) Cement band Plaster– intended for application to concrete surfaces. Almost any finish plaster can be applied over the coat.

f) Finish Plaster– made specially to produce the finish (Putty) coat for plastered surfaces. It has to be mixed with hydrated Lime putty and water.

1. Plasters

GYPSUM PRODUCTS

g) Prepared finish Plaster– requires only water. It contains no lime, so the plaster surface can be decorated as soon as it is dry.

h) Texture Plaster– Used when a rough surface is required.

1. Plasters

GYPSUM PRODUCTS

i) Acoustical Plaster– calcined gypsum is mixed with a light weight – mineral aggregate to make a type of finish plaster that has a high rate of sound absorption.

j) Joint Plaster– For filling nail holes and covering joints in gypsum wall board.

1. Plasters

Gypsum Products

a) Gypsum wallboard – A fireproof sheathing for interior walls and ceilings. It is made of a core of gypsum covered on each side by a heavy specially manufactured kraft paper.

b) Gypsum Lath – used as a base for plaster, providing adhesion for gypsum plaster.

2. Gypsum Boards

Gypsum Products

c. Gypsum Precast Roof Decking – Precast from gypsum containing various types of fiber are made in either the square – edged plank from 4 to 6 feet or metal – edged plank 10 feet long.

2. Gypsum Boards

Gypsum Products

a) Partition and Furring Tile – made for specially calcined gypsum, to which is usually added about 5 percent wood fiber in the form of chips and sometimes some perlite.

b) Fireproofing Tile – made to cover steel members in a building to protect them against fire.

3. Gypsum Tile

Gypsum Products

- Made by casting in mold a panel consist of two outer shells 5/8 in. thick reinforced with viscose fiber and seperated by a core of hexagonal cells, it is made 2 feet wide, 2 to 6 in. thick and up to 10 ft. long. Each panel is tongue and groove along its long edges to form an interlocking wall.

4. Gypsum Precast Wall Panels

LimeUsed in the making of the finish or putty coat for interior plaster.

LIME

- The lime used is hydrated or slake lime which is mixed with water to form a plastic, putty like material to which is added gauging plaster. The mixture is applied in a thin coat over the bare plaster and troweled to a smooth finish. The lime in the putty begins to recarbonate, and this hardening continues slowly for a long period of time.