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AUTOMATIC POWER HACKSAW MACHINE
USING SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM
A CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
MIFTAH NAZAR
KRISHNA KUMAR SINGH
PRAVEEN KUMAR MAHATO
RAHUL KUMAR
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Under The Guidance of Submitted by:
Mr. Ajay Gupta Miftah Nazar (Reg.No.11101571)
Asst. Professor Krishna Kumar Singh (Reg.No.11103640)
Praveen Kumar Mahato (Reg.No.11105954)
Rahul Kumar (Reg.No.11101156)
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Phagwara – 144411, Punjab (India)
May 2015
ii
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Lovely Professional University Phagwara – 144411, Punjab (India)
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report entitled “AUTOMATIC POWER HACKSAW
MACHING USING SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM’’ submitted by “MIFTAH
NAZAR, Reg. No: 11101571, KRISHNA KUMAR SINGH, Reg. No: 11103640,
PRAVEEN KUMAR MAHATO, Reg. No: 11105954, RAHUL KUMAR, Reg. No:
11101156’’ student of Mechanical Engineering Department, Lovely Professional University,
Phagwara, Punjab who had carried out the project work under my supervision.
This report has not been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of any
degree.
SIGNATURE
Mr. Ajay Gupta
SUPERVISOR
Asst. Professor
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
iii
PROJECT TOPIC APPROVAL PERFORMA
iv
ABSTRACT
This project is on the design and construction of an automatic power hacksaw machine for
cutting of metal to different size and length with the help of hacksaw. The objective of this
project is to save man power and time in cutting metals in order to achieve high productivity.
It is a cutting machine with teeth on its blade used specially for cutting metals. The power to
the hacksaw is provided by the motor. The motor drives the pulley-1 connected to the rotor of
the motor. The pulley-1 is connected to the flywheel-1 by belt drive. The flywheel-1 is
coupled to the one end of shaft-1 and the other end of shaft-1 is coupled to the pulley-2.
Again pulley-2 is connected to the flywheel-2 by belt drive. Flywheel-2 is coupled to the one
end of shaft-2 and the other end of shaft-2 is connected to the crank which in turn is
connected to the connecting rod. Finally connecting rod is connected to the vertical arm
connected to the horizontal arm. Rotary motion of the shaft is converted into reciprocating
motion of the hacksaw with the help of crank and connecting rod. Work piece of desired
length can be cut by feeding it to hacksaw by holding it into bench vice. The various
component of the machine were designed and constructed. Test was carried out on the
machine using different metals.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We want to thank Lovely Professional University, Punjab for providing me the open door to
utilize their assets and work in such a challenging environment. First and foremost we take
this opportunity to express our deepest sense of gratitude to our guide Mr. Ajay Gupta for his
able guidance during our project work. This project would not have been possible without his
help and the valuable time that he has given us amidst his busy schedule.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all the staff members of Department of
Mechanical Engineering and University who have been very cooperative with us.
Miftah Nazar
Reg.No: 11101571
Krishna Kumar Singh
Reg.No: 11103640
Praveen Kumar Mahato
Reg.No: 11105954
Rahul Kumar
Reg.No: 11101156
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
Lovely Professional University, Punjab
vi
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project work entitled “AUTOMATIC POWER HACKSAW
MACHING USING SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM” is an authentic record of our own
work carried out as requirements of Capstone Project for the award of degree of B.Tech in
Mechanical Engineering from Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, under the guidance
of Mr. Ajay Gupta, during January to May, 2015.
Miftah Nazar
Reg.No: 11101571
(Signature of Student)
Krishna Kumar Singh
Reg.No: 11103640
(Signature of Student)
Praveen Kumar Mahato
Reg.No: 11105954
(Signature of Student)
Rahul Kumar
Reg.No: 11101156
(Signature of Student)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
Lovely Professional University, Punjab
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
Sr.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE …………………………………………………….…..II
PROJECT TOPIC APPROVAL PERFORMA …………………… III
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………... IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………….……………….. V
DECLERATION …………………………………………………..…. VI
TABLE OF CONTENT …………………………………………..…. VII
LIST OF TABLE …………………………………..……………......... IX
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………..…………………..… X
LIST OF SYMBOLS ………………………….………….…………. XII
1. Introduction ………………………………………………………... 1 - 3
1.1. General ………………...………………………………………… 1
1.2. Scope of the Project ………………………...…. ………..……… 1 1.3. Objective of Project ……………………………………………… 2 1.4. Justification & Relevance ………………………….…………….. 2 1.5. Approach and Methodology ……………………………………... 3
2. Literature Review ………………………………………………… 4 - 10
2.1. General …………………………………………………………... 4
2.2. Historical Background .…………………………………………... 4
2.3. Sawing ……………………….…………………………………... 6
2.4. Power Hacksawing ………………………………………………. 6
2.5. Types of Hacksawing Machines ………………………………… 7
2.6. Band Sawing ………………………………………………...…... 8
2.7. Circular Sawing ………………….…………………………….… 9
2.8. Features of Modern Hacksaw …………………………………... 10
3. Project Methodology ………………………………….….….….. 11 - 40
3.1. General ………………………….……………………………… 11
3.2. Design of Automatic Power Hacksaw Machine ……………….. 12
3.3. Components Used ……………………………………………… 18
3.4. Fabrication ……………………………………………………… 32
3.5. Calculation ………………………………………………….….. 39
3.6. Cost and estimation ………………………………….…………. 40
4. Result and Discussion ……………………………………………..…. 41
5. Conclusion ………………………..…………………………………... 42
viii
6. Future Scope …...…………………………………..………………… 43
7. References …………………………………………………………..… 44
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Sr. No. Description Page No. Table 3.1 Cost & Estimation 40
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Sr. No. Description Page No. Fig.1.1 Flowchart of Methodology 3
Fig.3.1 Automatic Power Hacksaw Machine 11
Fig.3.2 (a). Concept of automatic power hacksaw machine 12
Fig.3.2 (b). Concept of automatic power hacksaw machine 13
Fig.3.3 Back arm 13
Fig.3.4 Collar Clamp ball bearing 14
Fig.3.5 Bolt 14
Fig.3.6 Nut 15
Fig.3.7 Fly Wheel 15
Fig.3.8 Bench Table 16
Fig.3.9 Shaft 16
Fig.3.10 Bench Vice 17
Fig.3.11 Pillow Block Bearing 18
Fig.3.12 (a). Ball Bearing 19
Fig.3.12 (b). Ball Bearing 19
Fig.3.13 (a). Flywheel 20
Fig.3.13 (b). Flywheel 20
Fig.3.14 Bench Vice 21
Fig.3.15 Shaft 22
Fig.3.16 (a). Pulley 24
Fig.3.16 (b). Pulley 24
Fig.3.17 Hacksaw 26
Fig.3.18 Motor 27
Fig.3.19 (a). V Belt 27
Fig.3.19 (b). V Belt 27
Fig.3.20 Screw Threads 30
Fig.3.21 Construction of Base Table 32
Fig.3.22 Mounting of clamp containing ball bearing to hold shaft on
the bench table
33
Fig.3.23 Fixing of back arm into the shaft 34
xi
Fig.3.24 Fixing of horizontal arm to the vertical arm 35
Fig.3.25 Mounting of motor and flywheel 36
Fig.3.26 Making of base for holding shaft connected with crank 37
Fig.3.27 Mounting of hacksaw to the horizontal arm and mounting
of bench vice to the base table
38
xii
LIST OF ACRONYMS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Sr.No. Symbol/Avv./Nom. Description 01 cm Centimeter
02 BS British Standard
03 mm Millimeter
04 ᶲ Diameter
05 rpm Revolution per minute
06 m/min Meter per minute
07 Ft. Feet
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
A hacksaw is a handheld tool used to cut through materials like plastic tubing and metal pipes.
Its cutting mechanism is provided by removable blades which feature sharp teeth along their
outer edge. In most cases, a hacksaw consists of a metal frame that resembles a downward-
facing. A handle of plastic, wood, or metal is typically affixed to one end of the frame. The
frame’s ends feature adjustable pegs that can be tightened to secure a blade in place, and
loosened to remove it. Hacksaw blades are long, thin strips of hardened steel that feature a row
of teeth along their cutting edge. Each end of the blade is punched with a small hole that fits onto
the saw frame’s pegs. Most blades range in length from ten to 12inches (25.4 to 30.48 cm),
although six-inch (15.24 cm) blades can be purchased to fit smaller hacksaw models. A device
that applies force, changes the direction of a force, or changes the strength of a force, in order to
perform a task, generally involving work done on a load. Machines are often designed to yield a
high mechanical advantage to reduce the effort needed to do that work. A simple machines a
wheel, a lever or an inclined plane. All other machines can be built using combinations of these
simple machines. Example: A drill uses a combination of gears (wheels) to drive helical inclined
planes (the drill bit) to split a material and carve a hole in it.
1.2. Scope of the project
1. The machine can solve the problem of time consumption.
2. Waste of resources in face of labor cost is reduced.
3. The machine can be used in the industry where it is manufactured, at the packaging sector.
4. And it is used as hardware in large quantity like in fabrication of machine
5. It provide alternative for industries aiming toward reducing human effort
2
6. It generates sustainable and practical automation solutions for the future industrial
development.
1.3. Objectives of the project
1. To cater to the issue of competition in mechanical industry the need for automation is assess
by all the industry.
2. To identify the key policy avenues considered to be appropriate to meet the challenge of
sustainable manufacturing and packaging industry for the future.
3. To provide alternative for industries aiming toward reducing human effort and improvement in
material handling system by implementing automation.
4. Sustainable and practical automation solutions for the future industrial environment.
1.4. Justification & Relevance
We have found a power hacksaw to be the most useful for general shop work. Modern heavy-
duty hacksaw machines provide an economical and efficient means of sawing a wide range of
materials and stock sizes. Power hack saws are getting rarer all the time but they do a good job
within their capacity. If you can get one that takes standard hacksaw blades then you'll have a
tremendous range of blades to choose from and will be able to cut most anything. Hacksaws are
more tolerant to tensioning maladjustment and run off. A major advantage of power hacksawing
is the relatively low capital investment required. Tooling and maintenance costs are low.
Accuracy and finishes produced, range from fair to good depending on the material being sawed.
Time saving as compared to simple hacksaw. Comfortable then ordinary hacksaw.
3
1.5. Approach and Methodology
CONSTRUCTION OF BASE TABLE
MOUNTING OF CLAMP &
INSERTING SHAFT INTO
THE CLAMP
FIXING OF BACK ARM INTO THE
SHAFT
FIXING OF HORIZONTAL ARM TO
THE BACK ARM
FIXING OF HACKSAW TO THE
HORIZONTAL ARM
MOUNTING OF BASE FOR
HOLDING SHAFT
CONNECTED TO THE
FLYWHEEL, PULLEY,
CRANK & CONNECTING
ROD
MOUNTING OF BENCH
VICE TO THE BASE
TABLE
MOUNTING OF AC MOTOR UNDER
THE TABLE
WORKING
FINAL ASSAMBLING
FIXING OF PULLEY TO THE ROTOR
OF MOTOR & CONNECTING
FLYWHEEL TO THE PULLEY
SUPPLY OF ELECTRIC POWER
RESULT & DISCUSSION
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. General
After the study of many literatures about design, construction and working of automatic power
hacksaw machine, some of them describe the methodology of automatic power hacksaw. Lots of
factor have been consider for the design, construction and working of automatic power hacksaw
machine such as cutting speed, cutting material, cutting time ,power ,efficiency etc. So, lots of
literatures have been found which gives the relevance information and methodology of
constructing an automatic power hacksaw machine.
2.2. Historical Background
The problem of cutting-off material to size is common to practically every industry. Often,
sawing is the first operation carried out on bar stock. Therefore, it is surprising that so little work
has been done to understand the problems of this common operation. Many reasons have been
given for this such as lack of interest, it is a routine operation and that there is no need to
consider better methods. Often the foreman will assign a new trainee to a sawing task, on the
principle that it is easy to learn and difficult to foul up. Furthermore cut-off machines are
frequently housed in stores away from the main production areas and the operation of the sawing
machines appears to be simple. The fact remains that cutting-off operations can account for a
significant part of the cost per piece (Remmerswaa and Mathysen, 1961).
The reason for carrying out the present work is the growing realization on the part of
manufacturers of both blades and machines, that the factors which control the mechanics and
economics of power hacksawing are complex. Also power hacksawing has been receiving
increased competition from other cutting off processes, such as band and circular sawing. Whilst
the British Standard BS 1919: 1974 gives specifications for hacksaw blades regarding
5
dimensions etc. the standard relates to testing of hacksaw blades for hand use only and does not
include power hacksaw blade testing. Thus, both manufacturers of hacksaw blades and users
have experienced considerable difficulty in establishing standard testing procedures and in
obtaining consistency in test data using power hacksaw machines. Preliminary investigations by
the author have revealed that existing blade testing methods were not independent of the machine
characteristics, which could contribute to one of the reasons for the inconsistency in the test data.
Hence, there has been requirement to identify the machine characteristics under normal working
conditions and to investigate the mechanics of the sawing process and the variables affecting
metal removal rate. Most of the early published work on cutting-off has been primarily
concerned with circular and band sawing and cost comparisons between alternative processes.
Whilst these alternative processes are frequently, quicker than power hacksawing, their costs are
in many applications higher. Whilst the impact of these alternative processes on the application
of power hacksawing cannot be denied there remains a significant field of application for power
hacksawing which is likely to remain unchallenged. A factor of prime interest to manufacturers
is that, if the costs of power hacksawing can be reduced by developing the blade and the saw
machine, the potential field of application will be widened. During the past fifty years very little
attention has been devoted to developing the geometry of the hacksaw blade or the machine,
although, some improvements in the blade material, together with methods of applying the load
and mechanized work handling, have been achieved (Nelson,1965).
6
2.3. Sawing
If all raw stock was delivered in ready-to-machine shapes and sizes, there would be no need for
sawing machines in a metal working shop. Machine operators could merely go over to the stock,
select the suitable work piece, and perform the necessary finishing operations. Such situation
rarely exists, due to the fact that the majority of the stock requires to be cut in some way prior to
starting a machining schedule. The alternative to this primary operation of sawing is to buy-in
prepared lengths and shapes; this however introduces a service which the company has to pay for
and, in the majority of the cases, it is simpler and more economical to carry out the basic cutting-
to-size operation in house. One of the major advantages of sawing over all other kinds of
machining is the narrowness of cut op. Most sawing machines perform the cut-off operation,
where a piece of stock is cut to a workable length prior to subsequent machining operations.
Machines that accomplish this job include hacksaws, band saws and circular saws.
2.4. Power Hacksawing
The simple back-and-forth motion of the blade made the hacksaw one of the first types of sawing
machines designed for power. The simplicity in the blade motion has kept the price of the saw
machine relatively cheaper than other types of sawing machines. The low initial cost coupled
with the flexibility and adaptability, has enabled the hacksaw to remain popular in industry. In
hacksawing, a single blade is tensioned in the bow, and reciprocated back and forth over the
work piece. The cutting action is achieved only during half of the cycle of operation. During the
second half of the cycle, the return stroke, the blade is lifted clear of the work piece, giving a
discontinuous cutting action, which is considered to be one of the drawbacks of the operation.
Despite this disadvantage, as compared to the continuous-cutting action of the band saw,
hacksaws remain equally or even more popular alternative machines. As with many other basic
processes, hacksawing is a tried and tested method, reliable, consistently accurate, quick and
easy to repair, is less dependent on correct blade tension and less likely to run-out. Furthermore
power hacksaws can be left unattended for long periods when cutting large diameter bar and
require minimum operator skill. Blade replacement is relatively cheap and simple. (Thompson
and Sarwar, 1974).
7
2.5. Types of Hacksawing Machines
For a given blade and work piece the material removal rates achieved by hydraulic and gravity
fed machines are controlled solely by the thrust loads developed. Therefore, hacksawing may be
said to be a process in which the material removal rate is force controlled, unlike most other
material removal processes.
The machines available can be divided into two broad categories, according to the method used
to develop the load between the blade and the work piece, namely gravity feed machines and
hydraulic machines. A third, but not common machine is the positive displacement machine.
Power hacksaw machines are used mainly for cutting-off operations.
2.5.1. Gravity Feed Machines
In this type of machine, which is usually of light construction for general duty, the thrust load is
developed by the gravity feed of the saw bow. In many of these machines the magnitude of the
thrust load is fixed, although some machines are provided with adjustable masses on the over-
arm for thrust load adjustment. The thrust, load varies throughout the cutting stroke due to the
reciprocating displacement of the over arm mass and the action of the cam operated lift-off
device which acts at the beginning and the end of the stroke. This type of machine generally has
a work piece capacity between 150 - 200 mm (6 and 8 inches) diameter and is ideal for the small
workshop where the cutting requirement is only occasional and the configuration of work pieces
to be cut ranges from mild steel flat complex shaped sections and tubular sections up to 6 inches
diameter. Due to the light construction and gravity feed the applications for this type of machine
are limited.
2.5.2. Hydraulic Machines
The thrust force between the blade and the work piece in this type of machine is developed by a
hydraulic device. Pressure may be developed in the load cylinder by either a restricted back-flow
system, or the pressure may be supplied from a separate pump. In some of these machines,
greater flexibility of control has been introduced by means of an arc cutting action combined
with a universally controlled hydraulic system which allows better performance from the saw
8
blade. The advanced types of heavy duty electro-hydraulic hacksaws have a very wide range of
operation and are available in semi-automatic or fully automatic form, with provisions for
automatic feeding of bar stock, cutting-off to predetermined sizes and unloading etc. The feature
of power down-feed to the saw bow incorporated in these machines makes the machine suitable
for cutting the tougher steels and alloys. These machines are the most common and develop
greater thrust loads than machines of other type and have a reputation for sawing without
problems and requiring minimum operator skill.
2.5.3. Positive Displacement Machines
Whilst these machines are not as popular as the gravity feed or hydraulic machines, a few
machines are available where the feed rate of the blade and hence, the metal removal rate is
directly controlled by a mechanical screw device, giving a positive feed. This type of machine
can lead to overloading of the blade giving premature blade failure particularly when the blade is
worn. Positive displacement machines are not prone to variation in thrust loads during the cutting
stroke-since the thrust loads directly arise as a result of the constant rate of penetration of the
blade teeth.
2.6. Band Sawing
Band sawing, unlike hacksawing, is a continuous cutting operation. An endless blade, the band,
is tensioned between two shrouded, rotating wheels, and part of the band is exposed to carry out
the cutting operation of the work piece. The band travels in a continuous motion, with the teeth
fed against the work piece. Whilst earlier metal sawing bands were wide (over 25 mm), and were
used strictly for cut off methods, narrow blades, introduced about 50 years ago brought
contouring capabilities. Furthermore, due to the small throat clearance of the early band saws,
they were limited in use by the basic design, thus the length of the work piece could only be as
long as the machine throat. However modern machines have been modified to give adequate
throat clearance, by intentionally twisting the blade so that the toothed faces in line with the
machine throat. As with hacksaw machines, band saws can be divided into two broad categories.
A general purpose band saw having gravity fed system, controlled by a dash-pot and using a25
9
mm (1 inch) deep blade, is the most popular machine available. This machine is suitable for
general fabrication work and accurate cutting of solid bars. This type of machine is limited to
about 175 mm (7 inches) diameter for mild steel. In order to meet the present day requirements
for high-volume production, cutting all grades of steel and to introduce high accuracy and
reliability, it has been necessary for the band saw machine manufacturers to incorporate in the
design not only heavy duty construction having capacities up to 450 mm (18 inches) diameters
but also innovations in the hydraulic power down-feed, to allow the cutting of difficult alloys.,
such as nimonics and titanium.
2.7. Circular Sawing
Circular saws have a continuous cutting action, use blades having many teeth, and a large range
of rotational speeds. This operation is similar to a milling operation. The machines available
range from the earlier, inexpensive, hand-loaded models to the very large, power loaded type and
incorporate material handling devices for semi and then fully automatic operations. Modern
production circular saws are built with several alternate basic feed mechanisms i.e. horizontal,
vertical, rocking head and variations of these. The choice of the most suitable type of machine
depends on the particular application and the size and shape of component. With vertical feed,
the rotating blade travels downwards in a straight line to engage the work piece. On machines
designed for horizontal feed the blade is fed into the work piece from the back. A third basic
feeding arrangement is a pivot motion or rocking-head system, this is as efficient as a vertical
feed system and is a rugged arrangement. The bench or floor mounted manual-feed circular saw,
when installed together with a general duty band saw or hacksawing a small workshop, provides
a complete cutting facility for the small fabricator. Fully automatic circular saws, having features
such as dial-in component length, in process gauging, choice of loading magazines, etc. are
widely used where high quality production is required and often present the production engineer
with a difficult choice to make between circular sawing and band sawing. (Suzuki et. al., 1998)
10
2.8. Features of Modern Hacksaw
The simplicity of design and operation, coupled with the low initial cost, has made the hacksaw
grow in popularity. Its limitations are due to its mode of operation, i.e. cutting only on half of the
stroke, the slow cutting speed, and the fact that not all the length of the blade is utilized.
Some of the features in a modern hacksaw which achieve improved performance are:
(i) A range of cutting speeds, uniform over the cutting stroke, and a fast return stroke.
(ii) Means to regulate and monitor the cutting pressure.
(iii) Adjustable stroke.
(iv) Automatic relief of the blade on the return stroke.
(v) Some means of indicating and correcting blade tension.
(vi) Automatic stopping device when the cut is complete.
11
CHAPTER 3
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
3.1. General
Power hacksaws are used to cut large sections of metal or plastic shafts and rods. Cutting of solid
shafts or rods of diameters more than fifteen millimeters is a very hard work with a normal hand
held hacksaw. Therefore power hacksaw machine is used to carry out the difficult and time
consuming work. This power hacksaw machine shown in figure 1 is considered as an automatic
machine because the operator need not be there to provide the reciprocating motion and
downward force on the work-piece in order to cut it. Once the operator has fed the work-piece
till the required length in to the machine and starts the machine, then the machine will cut until
the work-piece has been completely cut in to two pieces.
The Power hacksaw machine though being able to cut the shaft or rod without requiring any
human effort to cut, it does require a human intervention to feed the work-piece many times with
measurements being taken each time before feeding.
Fig.3.1. Automatic Power Hacksaw Machine
12
3.2. Design of Automatic Power Hacksaw Machine
3.2.1. Introduction
The design of the paint mixing machine involves the initial stages of concept design and their
purposes. Different concepts of color picking mechanisms, use of sensors and microcontroller
were decided and finally a specific one was chosen after evaluating them on the basis of
complexity, ease of fabrication and simplicity. Then, a detailed design of the same was presented
which includes individual features, specifications and CAD model presentation.
3.2.2. Concept Design
In the concept design various parts have been designed like base table (36x18x24)inch and
material used is mild steel, then back arm (18x7)inch and material used is mild steel, then collar
clamp ball bearing is attached with back arm (Φ 25mm) and material used is stainless steel, then
shaft (12inch,Φ25mm) is used as connecting link for collar clamp ball bearing and back arm and
material used is mild steel, then designed base on base table (8x8)inch for holding shaft
connected with crank and material used is mild steel, then collar clamp ball bearing (Φ 25mm) is
designed on base and material used is mild steel , then fly wheel (Φ 9inch) and material used is
cast iron, then again shaft is attached to the collar clamp ball bearing and fly wheel, then ac
motor (1200rpm) is attached under the base table ,then pulley(Φ 3.5inch) is connected to the ac
motor and material used is cast iron, then upper arm (3x36inch) is connected to the back arm and
material used mild steel.
Fig.3.2. (a) Concept of automatic power hacksaw machine
13
Fig.3.2. (b) Concept of automatic power hacksaw machine
3.2.3. Part Design
3.2.3.1. Back Arm
It is used to balance the horizontal arm and it is attached to shaft with the help of collar ball
bearing. Its dimension is (18x7) inch.
Fig.3.3. Back arm
14
3.2.3.2. Collar Clamp ball bearing
It is fixed on the base table with bolt and nut for proper alignment of back arm and the upper
arm.
Fig.3.4. Collar Clamp ball bearing
3.2.3.3. Bolt
It is used for the fixing of collar clamp ball bearing and bench vice for proper alignment of shaft
and flywheel.
Fig.3.5. Bolt
15
3.2.3.4. Nut
It is used in bench vice, connecting rod and collar clamp ball bearing for tightening bolts.
Fig.3.6. Nut
3.2.3.5. Fly Wheel
It is used for storing energy when not required.
Fig.3.7. Fly Wheel
16
3.2.3.6. Base Table
It is stand on which all parts are mounted like ac motor, fly wheel, shaft, and collar clamp ball
bearing.
Fig.3.8. Base Table
3.2.3.7. Shaft
It is used here for moving of back arm, collar clamp ball bearing, fly wheel and upper arm.
Fig.3.9. Shaft
17
3.2.3.8. Bench Vice
It is used to hold the work piece. For cutting purpose work piece should be align parallel to the
base table.
Fig.3.10. Bench Vice
18
3.3. Components Used
Following components has been used to construct this project.
3.3.1. UCP 205 ball bearing
A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation
between the bearing races.The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and
support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and
transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is
attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it
causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the
balls are rolling they have a much lower
coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces
were sliding against each other.
Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity
for their size than other kinds of rolling-element
bearings due to the smaller contact area between
the balls and races. However, they can tolerate
some misalignment of the inner and outer races. Fig.3.11. Pillow Block Bearing
In rolling contact bearings, the contact between the bearing surfaces is rolling instead of sliding
as in sliding contact bearings. ordinary sliding contact bearing starts from rest with practically
metal-to-metal contact and has a high coefficient of friction.It is an outstanding advantage of a
rolling contact bearing over a sliding contact bearing that it has a low starting friction.Due to this
low friction offered by rolling contact bearings,these are called antifriction bearings.( Kurvinen
et. al., 2015)
3.3.1.1. Types of rolling contact bearings:
1. Ball bearings
2. Roller bearings.
19
The ball and roller bearings consist of an inner race which is mounted on the shaft or journal and
an outer race which is carried by the housing or casing. In between the inner and outer race, there
are balls or rollers as shown in Fig. A number of balls or rollers are used and these are held at
proper distances by retainers so that they do not touch each other. The retainers are thin strips
and are usually in two parts which are assembled after the balls have been properly spaced. The
ball bearings are used for light loads and the roller bearings are used for heavier loads. (Khurmi
and Gupta, 2012)
Fig.3.12. (a) Ball Bearing Fig.3.12. (b) Ball Bearing
3.3.1.2. Advantages of rolling contact bearings:
1. Low starting and running friction except at very high speeds.
2. Ability to withstand momentary shock loads.
3. Accuracy of shaft alignment.
4. Low cost of maintenance, as no lubrication is required while in service.
5. Small overall dimensions.
6. Reliability of service.
7. Easy to mount and erect.
8. Cleanliness.
3.3.1.3. Disadvantages of rolling contact bearing:
1. More noisy at very high speeds.
2. Low resistance to shock loading.
3. More initial cost.
4. Design of bearing housing complicated.
20
3.3.2. Flywheel
A flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir which stores energy during the period when
the supply of energy is more than the requirement and releases it during the period when the
requirement of energy is more than supply. Flywheels have a significant moment of inertia and
thus resist changes in rotational speed. The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional
to the square of its rotational speed. Energy is transferred to a flywheel by applying torque to it,
thereby increasing its rotational speed, and hence its stored energy. Conversely, a flywheel
releases stored energy by applying torque to a mechanical load, thereby decreasing the flywheel's
rotational speed. Flywheels are typically made of steel and rotate on conventional bearings; these
are generally limited to a revolution rate of a few thousand RPM .Some modern flywheels are
made of carbon fiber materials and employ magnetic bearings enabling them to revolve at speeds
up to 60,000 RPM. (Raj, 2012).
Fig.3.13. (a) Flywheel Fig.3.13. (b) Flywheel
In case of steam engines, internal combustion engines, reciprocating compressors and pumps,
the energy is developed during one stroke and the engine is to run for the whole cycle on the
21
energy produced during this one stroke. For example, in I.C. engines, the energy is developed
only during power stroke which is much more than the engine load, and no energy is being
developed during suction, compression and exhaust strokes in case of four stroke engines and
during compression in case of two stroke engines. The excess energy developed during power
stroke is absorbed by the flywheel and releases it to the crankshaft during other strokes in which
no energy is developed, thus rotating the crankshaft at a uniform speed. A little consideration
will show that when the flywheel absorbs energy, its speed increases and when it releases, the
speed decreases. Hence a flywheel does not maintain a constant speed, it simply reduces the
fluctuation of speed. In machines where the operation is intermittent like punching machines,
shearing machines, riveting machines, crushers etc., the flywheel stores energy from the power
source during the greater portion of the operating cycle and gives it up during a small period of
the cycle. Thus the energy from the power source to the machines is supplied practically at a
constant rate throughout the operation.
Flywheels are often used to provide continuous energy in systems where the energy source is not
continuous. In such cases, the flywheel stores energy when torque is applied by the energy
source, and it releases stored energy when the energy source is not applying torque to it. For
example, a flywheel is used to maintain constant angular velocity of the crankshaft in a
reciprocating engine. In this case, the flywheel—which is mounted on the crankshaft—stores
energy when torque is exerted on it by a firing piston, and it releases energy to its mechanical
loads when no piston is exerting torque on it. Other examples of this are friction motors, which
use flywheel energy to power devices such as toy cars.
3.3.3. Bench Vice
Vice is a mechanical apparatus used to secure an object to allow work to be performed on it.
Vices have two parallel jaws, one fixed and the
other movable, threaded in and out by a screw and
lever. Vices are of various types, we have used an
engineer’s vice, also known as a metalworking
vice or fitter vice, is used to clamp metal. It is
typically made of cast steel or malleable cast iron.
Cheaper vises may be made of brittle cast iron. Fig.3.14. Bench Vice
22
The jaws are often separate and replaceable, usually engraved with serrated or diamond teeth.
Soft jaw covers made of aluminum, lead, or plastic may be used to protect delicate work.
An engineer's vice is bolted onto the top surface of a workbench, with the face of the fixed jaws
just forward of its front edge. The vice may include other features such as a small anvil on the
back of its body.
3.3.4. Shaft
A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to another.
The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the resultant torque (or twisting
moment) set up within the shaft permits the power to be transferred to various machines linked
up to the shaft. In order to transfer the power from one shaft to another, the various members
such as pulleys, gears etc., are mounted on it. These members along with the forces exerted upon
them causes the shaft to bending. In other words, we may say that a shaft is used for the
transmission of torque and bending moment. The various members are mounted on the shaft by
means of keys or splines.
Fig. 3.15 Shaft
The material used for shafts should have the following properties:
1. It should have high strength.
2. It should have good machinability.
3. It should have low notch sensitivity factor.
4. It should have good heat treatment properties.
5. It should have high wear resistant properties.
23
3.3.4.1. Manufacturing of Shafts
Shafts are generally manufactured by hot rolling and finished to size by cold drawing or turning
and grinding. The cold rolled shafts are stronger than hot rolled shafts but with higher residual
stresses.
The residual stresses may cause distortion of the shaft when it is machined, especially when slots
or Keyways are cut. Shafts of larger diameter are usually forged and turned to size in a lathe.
3.3.4.2. Design of Shafts
The shafts may be designed on the basis of:
1. Strength
2. Rigidity
3. Stiffness
In designing shafts on the basis of strength, the following cases may be considered:
(a) Shafts subjected to twisting moment or torque only.
(b) Shafts subjected to bending moment only.
(c) Shafts subjected to combined twisting and bending moments.
(d) Shafts subjected to axial loads in addition to combined torsional and bending loads.
3.3.5. Pulley
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of
direction of a cable or belt along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of way a pulley
may also be called a sheave or drum and may have a groove between two flanges around its
circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain that runs
over the pulley inside the grooves to lift loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. We have
used a 3.5 inch pulley (Usher, 2013).
24
Fig.3.16 (a) Pulley Fig.3.16 (b) Pulley
The application of pulleys can be for many different functions; lifting loads, applying forces or
transmitting power. For simple, single fixed pulleys, the load is attached to one end of the rope
while the wheel is secured at a higher position with the rope running through it and the force
being applied to one end of the rope to lift the load on the other end. This is one of the simplest
models of a pulley system demonstrating how it works. There are several different, more
complex models of pulley systems that work in different ways to serve different functions.
The wheel can be secured at the top in some pulley systems and can be movable in some. It is
easier to lift a load when the wheel is secured at the top and the rope is pulled downwards to lift
the load rather than having to pull the rope upwards to lift a load in some movable pulley
systems. The output force or work done by a pulley system can be calculated by multiplying the
effort required to pull the rope to lift a load with the distance the that the rope moves. Some
pulley systems can make use of more than one or more pulleys which are linked. The advantage
of using such systems is that they reduce the amount of effort required to get work done.
There are three types of pulleys:
The simplest type of pulleys is the fixed pulley systems. These pulleys are the only pulley
systems though which, if used individually, require an equal amount of effort to the load to lift it
off the ground. In this system, the wheel is secured at a fixed place and does not move. What this
system does is that it changes the direction of the force in order to complete a task. The
advantage with this is that one does not have to push or pull a load to be able to move the load as
it allows for easy displacement of the load. The disadvantage being that more effort is required to
move the load as compared to other pulley systems.
25
Unlike a fixed pulley system, in the movable pulley systems, the wheel used in the pulley moves
along with the load that is being displaced. This function of the pulleys allows it to use lesser
effort to be able to move the load. Unlike fixed pulley systems that exert only as much force on
the load as that of which is applied on the rope, movable pulley systems are able to multiply the
force that a user applies to the machine to carry out a task, in turn making the job seem more
easier. This way, lesser force is required by the user to carry out the same task if using a fixed
pulley system. This pulley also acts as a second class lever, whereby the load is placed in
between the fulcrum and the effort. The disadvantage with these systems is that one has to pull or
push to displace a load and the main advantage is that it requires lesser effort to be able to move
the load.
The third type of pulley systems present today is the compound pulley systems. These are a
combination of fixed and movable pulleys. These systems have the advantages of both the fixed
and movable pulley systems as one would not require pushing and pulling a load to be able to
transfer it.
3.3.6. Hacksaw
A hacksaw is a fine-tooth saw with a blade under tension in a frame, used for cutting materials
such as metal. Hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal frame with a handle, and pins for attaching
a narrow disposable blade. A screw or other mechanism is used to put the thin blade under
tension.
A power hacksaw (or electric hacksaw) is a type of hacksaw that is powered by electric motor.
Most power hacksaws are stationary machines but some portable models do exist. Stationary
models usually have a mechanism to lift up the saw blade on the return stroke and some have a
coolant pump to prevent the saw blade from overheating.
26
Fig.3.17. Hacksaw
Hacksaw blades (both hand & power hacksaw) are generally made up of carbon steel or high
speed steel strip rolls. The blank of required size is obtained by fixing the strip rolls on the stand
of semi-automatic strip cutting machine and punched a hole at their both ends. Then, teeth are
being made on the blank by milling or hobbling process. Once teeth are being cut, the hacksaw
blades are heat treated and tempered for the required hardness. The last step in the manufacturing
process is surface cleaning, painting, printing and packing of the hacksaw blades for market
supply.
3.3.7. AC MOTOR
An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC motor
commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with
alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output
shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor magnetic field may be produced by
permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or AC electrical windings.
The reciprocating motion of the Hacksaw blade, because of which the cutting process takes
place, is produced with the help of an AC motor, which operates by a simple crank mechanism to
convert rotary motion of crank into reciprocating motion Hacksaw blade. The AC motor is
turned on after the work-piece has been firmly fit in the pneumatic chuck. The Torque of motor
is increased by transmission of power to a pulley by belt transmission.
27
3.18. Motor
The torque of the AC motor must be increased so as to bring about the necessary power for
cutting of work-pieces efficiently. This is achieved by coupling the rotor of the AC motor to a
pulley by a belt drive. So, this will reduce the rotating speed while increasing the torque. The
pulley is coupled to the reciprocating mechanism.
3.3.8. V Belt
The belts or ropes are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means of pulleys
which rotate at the same speed or at different speeds.
Fig.3.19 (a) V Belt Fig.3.19 (b) V Belt
The amount of power transmitted depends upon the following factors:
1. The velocity of the belt.
2. The tension under which the belt is placed on the pulleys.
28
3. The arc of contact between the belt and the smaller pulley.
4. The conditions under which the belt is used.
It may be noted that:
(a) The shafts should be properly in line to insure uniform tension across the belt section.
(b) The pulleys should not be too close together, in order that the arc of contact on the smaller
pulley may be as large as possible.
(c) The pulleys should not be so far apart as to cause the belt to weigh heavily on the shafts, thus
increasing the friction load on the bearings.
(d) A long belt tends to swing from side to side, causing the belt to run out of the pulleys, which
in turn develops crooked spots in the belt.
(e) The tight side of the belt should be at the bottom, so that whatever sag is present on the loose
side will increase the arc of contact at the pulleys.
(f) In order to obtain good results with flat belts, the maximum distance between the shafts
should not exceed 10 meters and the minimum should not be less than 3.5 times the diameter of
the larger pulley.
V belts are the basic belt for power transmission. They provide the best combination of traction,
speed of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are generally endless, and
their general cross-section shape is trapezoidal hence the name "V". The "V" shape of the belt
tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the result that the belt cannot slip off.
The belt also tends to wedge into the groove as the load increases—the greater the load, the
greater the wedging action—improving torque transmission and making the V-belt an effective
solution, needing less width and tension than flat belts. V-belts trump flat belts with their small
center distances and high reduction ratios. The preferred center distance is larger than the largest
pulley diameter, but less than three times the sum of both pulleys. Optimal speed range is 1,000–
7,000 ft. /min (300–2,130 m/min). V-belts need larger pulleys for their thicker cross-section than
flat belts.
29
For high-power requirements, two or more V-belts can be joined side-by-side in an arrangement
called a multi-V, running on matching multi-groove sheaves. This is known as a multiple-V-belt
drive (or sometimes a "classical V-belt drive").
V-belts may be homogeneously rubber or polymer throughout or there may be fibers embedded
in the rubber or polymer for strength and reinforcement. The fibers may be of textile materials
such as cotton, polyamide (such as Nylon) or polyester or, for greatest strength, of steel
or aramid (such as Tarpon or Kevlar).
When an endless belt does not fit the need, jointed and link V-belts may be employed. Most
models offer the same power and speed ratings as equivalently-sized endless belts and do not
require special pulleys to operate. A link v-belt is a number of polyurethane/polyester composite
links held together, either by themselves, such as Fanner Drives' Power Twist, or by metal studs,
such as Gates Nu-T-Link. These provide easy installation and superior environmental resistance
compared to rubber belts and is length adjustable by disassembling and removing links when
needed (Khurmi and Gupta 2012).
3.3.9 Bolt and Nuts
A screw thread is formed by cutting a continuous helical groove on a cylindrical surface. A
screw made by cutting a single helical groove on the cylinder is known as single threaded (or
single-start) screw and if a second thread is cut in the space between the grooves of the first, a
double threaded (or double-start) screw is formed. Similarly, triple and quadruple (i.e. multiple-
start) threads may be formed. The helical grooves may be cut either right hand or left-hand. A
screwed joint is mainly composed of two elements i.e. a bolt and nut. The screwed joints are
widely used where the machine parts are required to be readily connected or disconnected
without damage to the machine or the fastening. This may be for the purpose of holding or
adjustment in assembly or service inspection, repair, or replacement or it may be for the
manufacturing or assembly reasons. The parts may be rigidly connected or provisions may be
made for predetermining.
3.3.8.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Screwed Joints:
Following are the advantages of the screwed joints:
1. Screwed joints are highly reliable in operation.
30
2. Screwed joints are convenient to assemble and disassemble.
3. A wide range of screwed joints may be adapted to various operating conditions.
4. Screws are relatively cheap to produce due to standardization and highly efficient
manufacturing processes.
Following are the disadvantages of the screwed joints:
The main disadvantage of the screwed joints is the stress concentration in the threaded portions
which are vulnerable points under variable load conditions.
3.3.8.2. Important Terms Used in Screw Threads
The following terms used in screw threads are important from the subject point of view:
Fig.3.20. Screw Threads
1. Major diameter. It is the largest diameter of an external or internal screw thread. The screw is
specified by this diameter. It is also known as outside or nominal diameter.
2. Minor diameter. It is the smallest diameter of an external or internal screw thread. It is also
known as core or root diameter.
3. Pitch diameter. It is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, on a cylindrical screw thread, the
surface of which would pass through the thread at such points as to make equal the width of the
thread and the width of the spaces between the threads. It is also called an effective diameter. In
31
a nut and bolt assembly, it is the diameter at which the ridges on the bolt are in complete touch
with the ridges of the corresponding nut.
4. Pitch. It is the distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the next.
This is measured in an axial direction between corresponding points in the same axial plane.
Mathematically,
5. Lead. It is the distance between two corresponding points on the same helix. It may also be
defined as the distance which a screw thread advances axially in one rotation of the nut. Lead is
equal to the pitch in case of single start threads; it is twice the pitch in double start, thrice the
pitch in triple start and so on.
6. Crest. It is the top surface of the thread.
7. Root. It is the bottom surface created by the two adjacent flanks of the thread.
8. Depth of thread. It is the perpendicular distance between the crest and root.
9. Flank. It is the surface joining the crest and root.
10. Angle of thread. It is the angle included by the flanks of the thread.
11. Slope. It is half the pitch of the thread.
32
3.4. Fabrication:
Fabrication means providing a physical shape to the prepared model. Fabrication was mostly
done using the metal parts. The base and the support structures were made using the parts made
up of cast iron. The fabrication of each part and mechanism are described in the following
section.
3.4.2. Construction of base table:
It was made using mild steel. Four legs made of mild steel of length 24 inch were attached to the
four corners of a plate of dimension (36x18) inch made up of mild steel using arc welding.
Fig.3.21. Construction of Base Table
33
3.4.3. Mounting of clamp containing ball bearing to hold shaft on the bench table:
Four circular holes each of half inch were made using welding arc to fix clamp containing ball
bearing on the base table. After making holes, two UCP 205 clamp containing ball bearing at a
distance of 10 inch were fixed on the base table using nut and bolt of length 3 inch and diameter
0.5 inch. After fixing two clamps containing ball bearing on the base table a shaft of length 12
inch and diameter 25 mm were inserted into the ball bearing to hold back arm.
Fig.3.22. Mounting of clamp containing ball bearing to hold shaft on the bench table
34
3.4.4. Fixing of back arm into the shaft:
Back arm of length 18 inch and breadth 8 inch were fixed into the shaft.
Fig.3.23. Fixing of back arm into the shaft
35
3.4.5. Fixing of horizontal arm to the vertical arm:
Two holes of 25 mm were made into the back arm (vertical arm) then shaft of 25 mm were
inserted into these two holes through two clamp containing ball bearing. A horizontal arm of
length 33 inch and breadth 2.75 inch was then fixed to the back arm by clamping horizontal arm
into the ball bearing.
Fig.3.24. Fixing of horizontal arm to the vertical arm
36
3.4.6. Mounting of motor and flywheel
Motor of 920 RPM and 0.25 HP was mounted under the base table. Pulley of 2 inch diameter
was fixed into the shaft of motor and then flywheel of 9 inch diameter was connected to this
pulley with the help of V- belt (A 950 LP/A36 B-Set).A shaft of length 23 inch and diameter
25mm was fixed to this flywheel and a pulley of 3.5 inch diameter was fixed to the other end of
shaft, with this pulley a flywheel of 9 inch was connected with the help of V-belt (A-1001
LP/A38 B-set).
Fig.3.25. Mounting of motor and flywheel
37
3.4.7. Making of base for holding shaft connected with crank:
A base of length 5.5 inch, breadth 3.5 inch and height 5 inch was made to hold the shaft of length
12 inch and diameter 25mm.Two clamp containing ball bearing of diameter 1 inch was fixed
onto this base with the help of nut and bolt of length 3 inch and diameter 0.5 inch. Shaft was then
inserted into these bearing. One end of shaft was connected to the flywheel of diameter 9 inch
and other end was connected to the crank of length 4.25 inch and breadth of 1.5 inch. Crank was
then connected to the connecting rod of length 7 inch and breadth 1.5 inch.
Fig.3.26. Making of base for holding shaft connected with crank
38
3.4.8. Mounting of hacksaw to the horizontal arm and mounting of bench vice to the base
table:
Hacksaw was mounted to the horizontal arm by welding hacksaw to the two vertical arm of
length 7.5 inch and 6 inch welded to the horizontal arm. After mounting hacksaw to the
horizontal arm, bench vice was mounted to the base table by fixing it with nut and bolt of length
2 inch and diameter 8 mm.
Fig.3.27. Mounting of hacksaw to the horizontal arm and mounting of bench vice to the base table
39
3.5. Calculation
The torque of the AC motor must be increased so as to bring about the necessary power for
cutting of work-pieces efficiently. This is achieved by coupling the rotor of the AC motor to a
pulley by a belt drive. So, this will reduce the rotating speed while increasing the torque. The
pulley is coupled to the reciprocating mechanism.
Motor, driving Pulley (1) diameter= 0.0508 m
Driven Pulley (1) diameter= 0.2286 m
Therefore, Reduction Ratio= 4.5:1
Speed of motor, N (driving) = 920 rpm
Driven Pulley speed N (1) = 204.44 rpm
Power = 0.25 hp = 0.186 kW
Power = 2πNT/60
Torque T (Driving) = 1.935 Nm
Therefore, Torque T (Driven) (1) = 8.7113 Nm
Driving Pulley (2) diameter= 0.0889 m
Driven Pulley (2) diameter= 0.2286 m
Driving Pulley speed N (2) = 204.44 rpm
Driven Pulley speed N (driven) (2) = 79.5 rpm
Torque T (Driving) (2) = 8.7113Nm
Therefore, Torque T (Driven) (2) = 22.401 Nm
40
3.6. Cost and Estimation
Table 3.1. Cost & Estimation
S.NO. NAME SPECIFICATION MATERIAL QUANTITY COST
(Rupees)
1. AC MOTOR 920RPM,SINGLE
PHASE,0.25HP
CAST IRON 1 2500
2. BACK ARM 18×8 INCH MILD STEEL 1 300
3. COLLAR CLAMP
BALL BEARING
Φ 25MM STAINLESS
STEEL
9 1215
4. UPPER ARM 33 INCH MILD STEEL 1 400
5. SHAFT Φ 25MM,12 INCH MILD STEEL 5 310
6. FLY WHEEL Φ 09 INCH CAST IRON 2 800
7. CONNECTING ROD 7x1.5 INCH MILD STEEL 1 200
8. CRANK 4.25x1.5 INCH MILD STEEL 1 100
9. PULLEY1 2 INCH CAST IRON 1 200
10. PULLEY2 3.5INCH CAST IRON 1 250
11. V-BELT1 A 950 LP/A36
B-SET
NEOPRENE
POLYSTER
1 50
12. V-BELT2 A1001 LP/A38
B-SET
NEOPRENE
POLYSTER
1 50
13. NUT Φ 14MM MILD STEEL 24 72
14. BOLT Φ 14MM MILD STEEL 22 240
15. WASHER Φ 16MM MILD STEEL 22 66
16. BASE TABLE 204 INCH MILD STEEL 1 4500
17. TRANSPORTATION
CHARGE
2000
Total 94 Rs.13,253
41
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Machine is driven by 1/4 HP and 920 rpm electric motor. Test was carried out on machine using
different metal. For the loaded test, a shaft of diameter 25 mm and length 12 inch and the
material of the shaft was mild steel was clamped on the vice of the machine. It took the machine
240 seconds to cut the with a new hacksaw blade. The cut was observed to be neat and straight.
The total cost of equipment of the machine was Rs11, 253. The total cost of producing the
machine was estimated to be Rs13, 253. Recommendation has been made on the operation and
parameters of the machine. Suggestion have been offered on overall machine performance
optimization and further work on the machine
42
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
It is known that conventional hacksaw machine can be replaced with automatic power hacksaw
machine. Automatic power hacksaw machine gives high productivity in short time period in
comparison with the conventional hacksaw machines. The major advantage of this machine is
that intervention of labor is reduced to maximum level. In this rapid emerging industrial era, the
use of power Hacksaw machine is wide. Time and labor plays a major role in production process
this can be overcome by using this type of automatic machines. The automatic hacksaw machine
can be made use of at any of the industries like pump manufacturing industries that involve bulk
amount of shafts that have to be cut frequently. The range of size of work-pieces that can be cut
using the automatic hacksaw machine can be varied by changing the blade size. Currently, the
machine uses 12 inch blade for cutting.
43
CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPE
The machine can be fully automated by using Microcontroller. In fully automated machine the
operator need not measure the length of the work-piece that is to be cut and to load and unload
the work-piece each time after a piece has been cut. The operator need to only enter the two
input namely the number of pieces to be cut and the length of each piece that is required to be
cut. The inputs can be given by the operator with the help of a keypad and an LCD display,
which will help the user to verify the data given by him. After acquiring the two inputs from the
operator, the machine will automatically feed the given length of work-piece and start to cut till
the given number of work-pieces will be cut.
44
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