Worlds Entangled:Religion, State Building and the Atlantic

World

Week 4

Overview

• 1500 – 1700• Last Week:

– Age of Exploration• State Building

– Japan• Religious Conflicts

– Reformation– Philip II– 30 Years’ War

• Economic Expansion– Mercantilism– Colonies– Africa – Labor

Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland, 1581

Japan

Japan

• Sengoku (16th century)– Emperor– Shogun

• Tokugawa Shogunate (1600 – 1867)– Tokugawa Ieyusu (r. 1600 –

1616)– Bakufu– Edo

• Culture– Ukiyo– Kabuki

Japanese Society• Class

– Daimyo– Merchants– Peasants

• Religion– Shintoism– Buddhism– Neo-Confucianism– Christianity– Shimabara, 1638

• Trade– Dutch Learning

• Military

New Religious Wars

The Reformation• Renaissance

– Printing Press– Humanism– Sir Thomas More, 1478-1535

• Utopia, 1516

• Martin Luther, 1483-1546– University of Wittenberg– 95 Theses, 1517

• Luther’s Beliefs– Doctrine of Justification– The Bible– Indulgences– PopeSir Thomas More, by Hans Holbein

the Younger, 1527

p372

Martin Luther and Katherina von Bora

Lutheranism Spreads

• Charles V, 1500 -1558– Holy Roman Emperor

• Diet of Worms, 1521– Frederick, Elector of

Saxony• German princes• Peace of Augsburg, 1555• Calvinism• Anglicanism

Titian, Charles V, 1547

Peace of Augsburg, 1555

Catholic/Counter-Reformation

• Council of Trent (1545-1563)

• Jesuits, 1540– St. Ignatius of Loyola

(1491-1556)– St. Francis Xavier

(1506-1552) • The Conquest of

Jerusalem, 1539

Father Marquette Memorial (Marquette, MI, 1910)

Marquette, Michigan

Philip II of Spain(b. 1527, r. 1556-1598)

• Height of Spanish power• Son of Charles V• Empire included Portugal,

Naples, Netherlands, Americas and England (sort of)

• Legados • Foreign policy: Catholic Church

– Council of Trent

Titian, Philip II, c. 1554.

Philip II of Spain

Philip’s Wars• Navy• Battle of Lepanto, 1571

– Holy/Catholic League (Spain, Pope, Knights of Malta, Italian city-states) vs. Ottoman Empire

• The Netherlands• The Spanish Armada, 1588

– Had married Mary Tudor, therefore claimed England

– Elizabeth I defends new Protestant realm

– “Protestant Wind”Battle of Lepanto, Paolo Veronese, c. 1572

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

• Holy Roman Empire• Defenestration of

Prague• 25-30% of German pop.

Killed• France• Peace of Westphalia,

1648• Lessons

The Thirty Years’ War

Assault on a ConvoyJan Brueghel the Elder and Sebastian Vrancx

“Wealth is power and power is wealth.”

-Thomas Hobbes

Mercantilism

• Definition • Silver• Zero sum game• Specie• Monetization

• Government Role• Global Trade• Tariffs • Territories/Colonies• Board of Trade, 1696• Canton System, 1759

Trade Routes

Spanish Piece of Eight,Philip V, 1739

Commodities

• New Colonies• Commodities

– Silk – Coffee & Tea – Tools – Pelts– Tobacco– Rice – Sugar

• Specie– Silver

• Potosi, 1545

Commodities

New Colonies

• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

• Jamestown, 1607• Quebec, 1608• New Amsterdam, 1623• Massachusetts Bay

Colony, 1630

American Colonies

Atlantic World

American Colonies• Mercantilism• Chartered Companies

– Virginia Company– Dutch East India Company– Mississippi Company

• Spanish– Hacienda – Peninsulars– Creoles– Mestizos

• French– Middle Ground– Metis

• English/British– Plantations– Mulattos

The Mississippi Company Bubble, 1720

18th Century, New Spain

West Africa

• Empire of Mali– Sundiata – Battle of Kirina, 1215– Wealth – Islam – Mansa Musa (r. 1312-

1337)• Songhai Empire (1450-

1591)– Sunni Ali (r. 1464-1493)

Mansa Musa

Labor

• Prosperity– Commodities– Trade and Colonies

• Labor– Serfs– Encomiendas– Criminals– Indentured Servants– Slaves

Slavery

Slavery • Historically

– POWs• Islamic Slave Trade• Americas

– Middle Passage– Tight Packing vs. Loose Packing

• Indentured Servants– Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676

• African Response– Kingdom of Kongo– Benin – Loango– Asante

African States, 1500–1650

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Queen Nzinga (r. 1623-1663)

African Slave Trade