Credibility & Bias

Primary or Secondary

Primary Sources: Literary works (poems, short stories, novels, essays, plays); documents, autobiographies; letters; interviews; speeches; surveys; tables of statistics

Secondary Sources: Comment on or analysis of an original text; biographies

Primary Sources

Credibility is not an issue

•WHY?

Bias, however, may need to be a consideration

•WHY?

Secondary Sources

Evaluation of these sources is essential

Credibility of authorship, authenticity, accuracy, and bias may be an issue

Evaluating the source

Usefulness

Credibility

Bias

Usefulness

Your purpose: What will this source add to your research project? Will it help support a major point, demonstrate you have researched thoroughly, or help establish your own credibility as a conscientious researcher?

Is It CRAP?CurrencyHow recent is the information?

How recently has the website been updated?

Is it current enough for your topic?

ReliabilityWhat kind of information is included in the resource?

Is content of the resource primarily opinion? Is is balanced?

Does the creator provide references or sources for data or quotations?

AuthorityWho is the creator or author?

What are the credentials?

Who is the published or sponsor?

Are they reputable?

What is the publisher’s interest (if any) in this information?

Are there advertisements on the website?

Purpose/Point of ViewIs this fact or opinion?

the creator/author trying to sell you something?

Is it biased?

Usefulness

Relevance: Is the source relevant to your project, or are you simply listing sources to meet a quota?

UsefulnessLevel of specialization: General sources can be helpful when you are beginning your research, but you may need more specialized or more current resources. Ask yourself, “Who was this source written for? A general audience? A more specialized group?” How does this resource fit with your audience and purpose.

Credibility

Credentials of the publisher or sponsor: What can you learn about the newspaper or sponsor of the source? For example, is it a newspaper known for integrity or is it a tabloid? Is it a popular source, or is it sponsored by a professional organization or academic institution? Is the book published by a company you recognize or can locate easily on the web?

Credibility

Credentials of the author: An author’s credentials often are included on the back cover or flap covers of the book. When researching, does the author’s name come up in other sources? He may be influential in his field

Credibility

Date of the publication: Recent publication dates may be more useful in the sciences or other fields where change is frequent and current information is essential. However, in the Humanities, the most authoritative works may be the oldest. Publications dates on the web are difficult to assess, which explains why MLA suggests recording the date you accessed the information instead of a publication date.

Credibility

Accuracy of the source: Can you locate other sources that corroborate this source? In other words, can you find other sources that have similar information or support parts of what you find in this source?

Credibility

Cross-references to the source: Is the source cited in other works? If you see the source cited other places, notice what another author says about the source. Another’s comments may give you insight into the credibility.

Bias

Stance of the source: It’s important to identify the source’s point of view (bias). Would the author have a reason to slant the information? Omit essential facts or details? Identifying the source is the first step toward evaluating whether the source’s bias would be a concern. For instance, would the source be trying to convince you of an idea? Sell something? Call you to action? Do any of those purposes call the information in the source into question?

What is bias?

According to Webster's Dictionary online:

Bias is defined as:

an inclination of temperament or outlook; especially: a personal and sometimes unreasoned judgment: PREJUDICE

Looking for bias

In PoliticsRush Limbaugh, Radio Talk Show Host

Example: Proclaimed right wing republican uses his talk show to promote his party's platform beliefs

Looking for bias

In SELF-PROMOTERS Authors of books, websites, or various written works promote their works for self-gratification.

Example: Toyota Today Magazine rating its Toyota cars as the best in its class based on some specifications outlined by them.

Looking for bias

In FINANCE: A individual or company creates website to advertise a product or service.

Example: Receiving Tax Tips from a website designed and maintained by H&R Block.

Looking for bias

From SPONSORS: An individual or company supports a website with the intention of gaining exposure.

Example: Gaining interview and resume writing tips from a website sponsored by Kelly  and Manpower Temporary Services.com

Red Flags for source credibility Anonymity – no author or sponsoring entity

Negative reviews by other sources

Misspelled words and poor grammar

Vague or sweeping generalizations

One-sided viewpoint that does not address an opposing side

Red FlagsIntemperate tone or language ("stupid jerks," "shrill cries of my extremist opponents") 

Overclaims ("Thousands of children are murdered every day in the United States.") 

Sweeping statements of excessive significance ("This is the most important idea ever conceived!") 

Conflict of Interest ("Welcome to the Old Stogie Tobacco Company Home Page. To read our report, 'Cigarettes Make You Live Longer,' click here." or "The products our competitors make are dangerous and bad for your health.")

Red FlagsNumbers or statistics presented without an identified source for them 

Absence of source documentation when the discussion clearly needs such documentation 

You cannot find any other sources that present the same information or acknowledge that the same information exists (lack of corroboration)

Cues from URLsedu = educational institution http://docsouth.unc.edu.

gov = US government site http://memory.loc.gov.

org = organization or association http://www.theaha.org.

com = commercial site http://www.historychannel.com.

museum = museum http://nc.history.museum.

net = personal or other site http://www.californiahistory.net

Choosing a resourceYour topic is acid rain and its effect on automobile paint. Would

you be more likely to find relevant information in:

A. A brochure advertising Ford’s newest “Green” models B. A National Geographic article on changing weather patternsC. A study conducted by BMW on exterior paint for carsD. ICAR research on automobile safety in hurricane force wind

and rain

Answer:

The correct answer is C because it specifically refers to automobile exterior paint.

• All of the other sources listed do not refer to automobile paint. They may deal with rain – but nothing indicates they refer to acid rain. Therefore,

Which website?For a research paper on the history of the

sport of lacrosse, which website will be the most relevant and reliable?

A. www.lacrosse.com (home page of the Great Atlantic Lacrosse Company, which sells lacrosse equipment)

B. www.lacrosse.org (home page of US Lacrosse, the governing body over men and women’s lacrosse teams in the US)

C. www.lacrosseuniversity.com (website of Lacrosse University in Bay St. Louis, MS)

D. www.warriorlacrosse.com (website of manufacturer of lacrosse equipment

AnswerThe correct answer is B. Option A and D both represent retail companies who sell sporting equipment. Their websites would be unlikely to have much information about the history of the sport. Option C is a link to a university. Option B is a link to an organization that oversees the development and rules of the sport, thus they would be more likely to have information about the history of the sport.

Assess the sourceRank each of these websites from 1(low) to 4

(high) according to how reliable and accurate you think they would be:

1. The most recent U.S. Department of Labor statistics on unemployment

2. Twelfth-grader’s blog on the history of silent films

3. Wikipedia article about a controversial political issue

4. An editorial about Abraham Lincoln from the New York Times, January 1862

Support your ranking

Explain your reasons for ranking each website to a partner.

Did you and your partner agree on the rankings?

Sources

Harris, Robert. “Evaluating Internet Sources.” Virtual Salt. June 15, 2007. January 12, 2010. http://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm. Web.

Lunsford, Andrea A. The Everyday Writer: Fourth Edition. Boston:

Bedford- St. Martin’s Press, 2009. 170-171. Print