VLSI & EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An Industrial Training Report.

By: Deepak Yadav

(1001031031)

CONTENT

Introduction to VLSI VLSI design flow Hardware description language FPGA and EDA tools Introduction to embedded systems

Introduction to VLSI

An IC is a chip or die where many circuit components and the wiring that connects them are manufactured.

A VLSI system integrates millions of electronic components in a very small area.

Generations of IC

• 1963• <100 Electronics Components

SSI

• 1970• 100-3000 Electronics Components

MSI

• 1975• 3000-30,000 Electronics Components

LSI

• 1980• Upto Billion Electronics Components

VLSI

• 1990• Beyond Billion Electronics Components

ULSI

Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

An FPGA is a semiconductor device that can be reprogrammed after manufacturing.

Applications of FPGAs are: Computer Hardware Emulation Broadcast Wireless Communication, etc.

FPGA Design

 FPGAs can be reprogrammed to desired application or functionality requirements after manufacturing. This feature distinguishes FPGAs from Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), which are custom manufactured for specific design tasks.

VLSI DESIGN FLOW

Idea

System Specification

Design Architecture• Logic Design & Verification

Synthesis• Layout Verification

RTL Verification• Circuit Verification

RTL Coding• Circuit Design Fabrication &

Testing

Foundry

IC Chip

VLSI Design Flow (contd.) Design Architecture: Designers can use different abstraction

levels for VLSI design:

VLSI Design Flow (contd.) RTL Coding: HDLs

Stands for “Hardware Description Language”.

A language that can describe the functionality and timing of the hardware.

Support for hardware concurrency and time frame are two main features that distinguishes HDLs from other programming languages.

Uses and Requirement of HDL It provides with concurrency constructs

to simulate circuit behavior. Simulation for verification and

synthesis. It allows textual representation of how

data flows between register and how design processes them.

EDA Tools

Stands for “Electronic Design Automation”.

Commonly used EDA tools are:

Xilinx ISE, ModelSim, Cadence, etc.

Used to compile, simulate and synthesize the code written in HDL

Introduction to VHDL

Stands for “Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language” (VHSIC HDL).

It is an IEEE and ANSI STANDARD; therefore, models described in this language are portable.

Supports three design description methods and can work with any combination of them i.e., it allows mixed type modelling.

Introduction to Embedded Systems

An Embedded system is a special purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real time computing constraints.

In an embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned into ROM. Example: Printer, Keyboard, etc.

Peripherals necessary for Microcontrollers / Microprocessor

CPU: Central Processing Unit

Input /Output Bus: Address bus &

Data bus Memory: RAM & ROM Timer Interrupt Serial Port Parallel Port

Microcontroller v/s Microprocessor

• One single chip Ex: Atmel’s Atmega XX Series 

• Different chips connected by bus. Ex: Intel x86/x64, Motorola 680x0, etc.