JABEZ WINSTON C11EE16

713811105016SRI RAMAKRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

04/10/23

What is an integrated circuit?Types of integrated circuitAdvantages of integrated circuitMicroprocessors from IntelMoore’s LawSystem-on-chip(SoC)

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What is an integrated circuit? An integrated circuit is a set of electronic

circuits on one small plate of semiconductor material.

Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics.

IC741 from Texas Instruments,USA

Smart phone application processor from MediaTek,Taiwan

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Who invented the integrated circuit? The integrated circuit was independently

was developed by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments,USA and Robert Noyce(also founder of Intel) of Fairchild semiconductor,USA

Jack Kilby Robert Noyce

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Types of Integrated Circuit Based on application

Analog ICDigital ICMixed Signal IC

Based on number of componentsSmall scale integration-SSI (Upto 100 components)Medium scale integration-MSI (100-3k)Large scale integration-LSI(3k-100k components)Very Large Scale Integration-VLSI(100k-1m

components)Ultra Large Scale Integration-ULSI(above 1m

components)04/10/23

Analog ICs Analog ICs, such as sensors, power

management circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions like amplification, active filtering, de modulation, mixing, etc

OPAMP IC from Texas Instruments

555 IC from Signetics Corporation,USA

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Digital ICsDigital integrated circuits can contain

anything from one to millions of logic gates, multiplexers and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration.

Intel’s first microprocessor-Intel 4004Intel’s flagship 4th gen-i7 processor04/10/23

Advantages of Integrated CircuitsLow costLow power consumptionOccupies less spaceFaster operation due to reduction of stray

capacitance and inductance.Mass scale production is possible.Easy to put into various applications without

knowing the underlying complexity.Billions of transistor can be fabricated on a

single chip04/10/23

4004 First microprocessor (1971)

For Busicom calculatorCharacteristics

10 m process2300 transistors400 – 800 kHz4-bit word size16-pin DIP package

Masks hand cut from Rubylithand drawn with color pencils

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8008Characteristics

10 m process3500 transistors500 – 800 kHz8-bit word size18-pin DIP package

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8080 16-bit address bus (1974)

Used in Altair computer (early hobbyist PC)

Characteristics6 m process4500 transistors2 MHz8-bit word size40-pin DIP package

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8086 / 8088 16-bit processor (1978-9)

Revolutionary productsIntroduced x86 ISA

Characteristics3 m process29k transistors5-10 MHz16-bit word size40-pin DIP package

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80286Characteristics

1.5 m process134k transistors6-12 MHz16-bit word size68-pin PGA

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80386 32-bit processor (1985)

Modern x86 ISACharacteristics

1.5-1 m process275k transistors16-33 MHz32-bit word size100-pin PGA

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80486 Pipelining (1989)

Floating point unit8 KB cache

Characteristics1-0.6 m process1.2M transistors25-100 MHz32-bit word size168-pin PGA

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Pentium2 instructions per cycle0.8-0.35 m process3.2M transistors60-300 MHz32-bit word size296-pin PGA

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Pentium Pro / II / III Dynamic execution (1995-9)

3 micro-ops / cycleMultimedia instructionsPIII adds 256+ KB L2$

Characteristics0.6-0.18 m process5.5M-28M transistors166-1000 MHz32-bit word size

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Pentium 4Very fast clock256-1024 KB L2 cache180 – 90 nm process42-125M transistors1.4-3.4 GHz32-bit word size478-pin PGA

Units start to becomeinvisible on this scale

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Intel Core65 nm processOver 400 million transistors.Max. 2MB L2 cacheSSE3 instruction setLGA socketMultiple cores64-bit

Additional feature in Core 2 Intel VT-x Hardware Security extensions

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i-seriesCame to market at beginning of 2010New line of processors

i3 (Low end)i5 (Mid range)i7 (High end)

Integrated Graphics supportVT-x on all processors VT-d on specific processorsTurbo Boost on K-type processorsExtensive support to newer technologies like

USB 3.0,WiDi

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More info on i-seriesGenerations

1st generation -discontinued(2010)2nd generation -discontinued (2011)3rd generation (2012)4th generation (2013)

Number of transistors breached 1 billion mark3rd ,4th processors used 22nm processLGA1150,1155,1156,BGA,etc.,Highest clock frequency-4GHzUpto to 6 cores

i3 (2 cores) i5(2 ,4 cores) i7(2,4,6 cores)

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Moore’s LawIn 1965, Gordon Moore predicted the

exponential growth of the number of transistors on an IC

Transistor count doubledevery year since invention

Predicted > 65,000transistors by 1975!

Growth limited by power

[Moore65]

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Moore’s LawTransistor counts have doubled every 26

months for the past three decades.

Year

Transistors

40048008

8080

8086

80286Intel386

Intel486Pentium

Pentium ProPentium II

Pentium IIIPentium 4

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

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SoC (System on Chips)System on Chip is an IC in which all

components needed for a computer or other system are included on a single chip.

SoCs are found commonly on smartphones and tablet PCs

Popular SoCs are MT6589,MT6577,Snapdragon 200,Snapdragon 800,Exynos 5420,etc.,

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MediaTek HSPA+ Smartphone Application Processor

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Qualcomm Snapdragon 200 SoC

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1.http://www.intel.com2.http://ark.intel.com3.http://www.mediatek.com4.http://www.qualcomm.co.in5.http://www.Wikipedia.org

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