Carangids fishery in India

Vivek KumarMFSC 3rd SEM. 2nd year

FRM-2014-21-04

Introduction • Carangids forms one of the largest families of bony

fishes, enjoying wide distribution world over and is represented by about 140 species belonging to 32 genera.

• In the seas around Indian sub-continent, they are represented by 60 species belonging to 20 genera forming an assemblage of highly diverse group of fishes with size varying from very small Seleroides leptolepis measuring 18 cm to as big as the Chorenemus lyson measuring 200 cm.

Taxonomic classification

Phylum – chordataSub phylum - Vertebrata

Super class - GnathostomataGrade - Teleosotmi

Sub grade - ActinopterygiiClass - Teleostei

Super order - AcanthopterygiiOrder - Perciformes

Sub order - PercoideiFamily - Carangidae

Genus – 20 genera in Indian subcontinentSpecies – 60 species in Indian subcontinent have been reported.

cGeneral identification characteristics

Caudal fin Pelvic fin

Scales

Scomberoide tala (barred queenfish)Megalaspis cordyla (torpedo scad)

Carangids fishery• Fishes of the family Carangidae are widely distributed along

both the coasts of India and their importance in the Indian fishery is highly significant as they constitute nearly 5.8 % (CMFRI – 2014-2015) of the annual marine fish landings in India.

• 60 species belonging to 20 genera have been observed and reported along the Indian coast.

• Carangids occupy 3rd in pelagic position rank next to oil sardine, and mackerel and 4th in India marine landing next to oil sardine, Indian mackerel, and perches ( CMFRI annual report 2014- 015).

• They occur abundantly in shallow waters up to 80 m depth along both the coasts supporting fisheries almost round the year particularly along states of Kerala, Karnataka, Tarnil Nadu and Andra Pradesh.

• The carangids are categorized into main sub groups as Scad, Runners, Trevallies, Pilot fishes, Jacks, Black pomfret, Queenfishes, Pompano and Darts.

Alepes kalla (banded scad)Alepes melanoptera (blackfin scad)

Selar boops (oxeye scad) Decapterus macrosoma (shortfin scad)

Major subgroup belonging to different genera and species of the family Carangidae from the Indian seas

Scad

Elagatis bipinnulata (rainbow runner)

Atropus atropus (cleft belly trevally) Carangoids chryssophrys (longnose trevally)

Caranx melampygus (bluefin trevally) Caranx lugubris (black jack)

Runner

Trevally

Ulna mentalis (longrakered trevally) Gnathanodon speciosus (golden trevally)

Seriolina nigrofasciata (black banded trevally)Naucrates ductor (pilot fish)

Seriola dumerili (greater amberjack) Uraspis uraspis (white mouth jack)

Pilot fishes Jack

Parastromatus niger (black pomfret)

Scomberoides lysan(doublespotted queenfish) Scomberoide tala (barred queenfish)

Alectis ciliaris (african pompano)Trachionotus bolochii (silver pompano)

Black pomfrets

Queen fishes

Pompano and dart

• The commercial fishery is supported mainly by Megalaspis cordyla, Decapterus russelli, Alepes djedaba, Atule mate, selar crumenophthalmus. Selaroides leptolepis, Caranx sexfaciatus., Carangoides armatus.,Scomberoides tol., and Trachinotus mookalee.

Megalaspis cordyla (torpedo scad) Decapterus russelli ( Indian scad)

Alepes djedaba (shrimp scad) Atule mate (yellow tail scad)

Selar crumenophthalmus (big eye scad) Selaroides leptolepis (yellowstrip scad)

Caranx sexfaciatus (bigeye travally)Carangoides armatus (long fin travally)

Scomberoides tol (needlescaled queenfish)

Trachinotus mookalee (indian pompano)

• The larger species of Trachinotus, Seriola and Caranx are highly regarded as sport fish (FAO, 1984).

• Megalaspis cordyla and decapterus russelli contributed to the carangid fishery all along the Indian coast.

• Alepes kalla and Atropus atropus formed good fisheries along the southwest and northwest coasts respectively.

• Alepes djedaba and Atule mate formed a regional fishery in Kerala.

• Carangoids armatus and Selaroides leptolepis constituted the fishery in Tamil Nadu including Pondicherry.

Production status

Total marine landing 3.59 million tonneTotal pelagic production 2.05 mt. (57% )carangids production 2.10 lakh ton (5.85% of total marine

and 10.24% of total pelagics production.

Carangids position Ranked 3rd with 10.24% next to mackerel 11.56% and oil sardine 26.6% respectively of total pelagic production. Ranked 4th in total marine landing.

Acc. To CMFRI annual report 2014-2015 :

West coast carangids contribution

East coast carangids contribution

total marine landing67% of

33 % of total marine landing

19%

48%

6%

27%

North West South West North East South East

Region-wise carangids contribution (in % of total marine landing) 2014-2015 data

11%

7%

1%26%

20%

2%

1% 5%

17%

9% 1%

Gujrat

Maharashtra

Daman & Diu

Kerala

Karnataka

Goa

West Bengal

Odhisa

Tamil nadu

Andhra Pradesh

Pondicherry

State-wise carangids contribution in % of total marine landing in 2014-2015

State-wise ranking in carangids production in India (2014-15 data)

keral

a

karna

taka

tamiln

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gujra

t

andh

ra pra

desh

mahras

htra

odish

ago

a

pond

icherr

y

daman

and d

iu

west be

ngal

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

54446

41879

35946

2308218816

1477510494

3454 2690 2630 1958

C

aran

gids

pro

duct

ion

(tone

s)

Gujrat Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Goa Daman & Diu0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000Pr

oduc

tion

in to

nnes

Species-wise carangids production in west coast of India(2014-2015)

Andhra Pradesh Odisha Tamil Nadu West Bengal Pondicherry0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000Pr

oduc

tion

in to

nnes

Species-wise carangids production in east coast of India 2014-2015

Sector-wise carangids contribution• Carangids are extensively exploited by a multitude of

gears like trawls, drift gill nets, bottom set gillnets, hooks & line, purse seine, ring seine, shore seine, boat seine, bag nets, etc.

67%

11%

11%

8%

1% 1%

Differnt craft and gear % contribution in carangids catches (1998-2000)

trawldrift gill nethook and linepurse seineboat seinebag net

43%

10%9%7%

31%

% contribution dominant spp. in trawl net

Decapterus dayi

Caranx para

Selar crumenothalums

Decapterus macrosoma

others

37%

8%6%4%

44%

% contribution of dominant spp. in gill net

megalaspis cordyla

Scomberoides spp

Carangoides gymnostehus

Caranx sexfasciatus

others

43%

16%

16%

2%

23%

% contribution of dominant spp. in purse seine

Alepes djedaba

Caranx para

Decapterus macrosoma

megalaspis cordyla

others

Decadal annual landings(1950-2010)

Period Average landings (tones)

% of total landings

1950-1960 18254 2.781961-1970 22785 2.741971-1980 28552 2.271981-1990 85916 5.051991-2000 149604 6.212001-2010 140468 5.06

Production trend of carangids of 10 yr. (2005-2014)

year carangids production (tones)

% contribution of total marine landing

2005 133350 5.2 %2006 142109 6.2%2007 141567 4.9%2008 149499 4.6%2009 172989 5.4%2010 166693 5.7%2011 230645 6.0%2012 216447 5.5%2013 248336 6.5%2014 210433 5.8%

2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 20160

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

carangids pro-duction tonn

Linear (carangids production tonn)

Prod

uctio

n in

tonn

esPRODUCTION TREND OF CARANGIDS FROM 2005-2014

Biology • Faster growth and short life span varying from 2 to 6 years

and prolonged spawning.

• Species are piscivorous and prefer to feed mostly on fishes like anchovies, sardines, Thrissocles spp. Apogon spp. silverbellies and ribbonfish among fishes, squids and cuttlefishes among molluscs and prawns and crabs among the crustaceans.

• The young ones prefer to feed more on prawns, squids and anchovies and the adult mostly on fishes, molluscs and crabs.

•

•  Megalaspis cordyla fecundity 91854 to 324292 from Vizhinjam, spawning season from Apr.-Feb. and peak: May to Aug, the length at first maturity 270 mm at the age of 1.0 Year (Sreenivasan (1978) .

• Decapterus russelli fecundity 16388 to 107640 from Kakinada, spawning season from Dec. to Aug. length at first maturity 150 mm at the age of 1.0 year. Murty (1991) .

Stock assessment Among the carangids species four of them that is Selaroides

leptolepis at tuticorin, decapterus macrosoma and Selar crumenophthalmus at kakinada and and Caranx para at mangalore are underfished.

Species like Megalaspis cordyla is partially underfished along both east and west coasts. However, there appear to be overfishing of the species off Veraval and southwest region.

Decapterus russelli indicated overexploitation off Kakinada. Others like Alepes kalla along the southwest, and Alepes djedaba and Atule mate along the Kerala coasts are over fished.

Atropus atropus is optimally fished from the northwest region.

Many carangid species form only a by-catch in almost all the gears except in small meshed drift gill nets, boat seine and shore seine. The landings by these gear are negligible.

In a situation like this, it is not only difficult but also not possible to propose any specific regulatory measures exclusively for judicious exploitation of carangid resource.

However, when certain fishery regulatory measures either on the effort reduction or mesh size regulation for increasing the size at first capture in order to ease the higher fishing pressure are implemented, the same will be equally beneficial to carangid resource also.

Conservation and management

CONCLUSION 1950 – 1980 Slow progress of carangid fisheries. 1985- 1995 A tremendous increase in the fishery could be noticed. From 1995 production trend of carangids also exhibits stagnation

in increasing and decreasing trend.

Many carangid species form only a by-catch in almost all the gears except in small meshed drift gill nets, boat seine and shore seine. The landings by these gears are negligible.

Whereas, carangid fishery is sustained by many fast growing species with short life span and that provides them better scope to compete with other resources in the process of species succession. This may be one of the reasons for a continued increase in the over all carangid production in India.

References • CMFRI, Annual Report 2005-2014. Central Marine Fisheries Research

Institute, Cochin.

• Mohamad Kasim. H. 2005 Status of the Fishery and Resource Characteristics of Carangids along the Indian Coasts. The Seventh lndian Fisheries Forum Proceedings,. Kochi. p. 7-14.

• Mohamad Kasim. H. Carangids. STATUS OF EXPLOITED MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES OF INDIA, CMFRI, Cochin. p, 66-75.

• Murty V. Sriramachandra 1991. Observations on some aspects of biology and population dynamics of the scad Decapterus russelll (Ruppell) (Carangidae) in the trawling grounds off Kakinada. J. mar. blol. Ass. India. 1991, 3 3 (1&2): 396- 408.

• Radhakrishnan Nair. P.N., 2000. Carangid resources of India .Marine Fisheries Research and Management. p. 317-348

• Rekha J. Nair*, Joshi. K. K, Somy Kuriakose and Geetha. P. M A Study on the Diversity of Carangid Resources off Cochin, Kerala. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Cochin.

• Reuben'.S, Kasim. H. M, Sivakami. S, Radhakrishnan Nair. P. N, Kurup. K.N, Sivadas. M" A Noble7. Somasekharan Nair. K. V' and Raiey. S. G 1992. Fishery, biology and stock assessment of carangid resources from the Indian seas. Indian Journal of Fisheries; 39 (3,4) : 195-234,

 • Sathianandan. T. V , Jayasankar. J, Somy Kuriakose, Mini. K. G and

Wilson T. Mathew. Indian Marine fishery resources: Optimistic present , challenging future. Indian J. Fish., 58(4) : 1-15, 2011.

• Sivakami. S, Radhakrishnan Nair. P. N, Jayaprakash. A. A, Kasim. H. M, Yohannan. T. M, Sivadas. M, Said Koya. K. P and Seetha. P. K, 1996. Distribution and abundance of carangids along the EEZ India.. Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi. p 347-361.

• Sreenivasan. P.V. 1978. Observations on the fishery and biology of Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus) at Vlzhinjam. Indian J. Fish; 25 (2,4): 122-140.

Thank you