Victimization of senior_citizens-_a_study_in_Delhi_Metropolis_city_from_Human_Rights_perspactives

Victimization of senior citizens 2013

LOK NAYAK JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY AND FORENSIC SCIENCE

Ministry of Home Affairs

Government of India

RESEARCH PROJECT ON

“VICTIMIZATION OF SENIOR CITIZENS: A STUDY IN DELHI METROPOLIS CITY FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVES”

Under Supervision of: Submitted By:

Prof. (Dr.) B.N. Chattoraj AVINASH

(Dean Academics) M.A. Criminology

4th semester

Ms. Minakshi Sinha

(Reader Sociology)

Senior Citizens and Present Scenario Page 1


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents 2 Certificate 3 Declaration 4 Acknowledgement 5

Chapter -1

1. Introduction 62. Constitutional and Legal Protections

o Protections under Indian Constitution 9o Legal Protections 10

Chapter - 2

1. Statement of the Problem 18

Chapter – 3

2. Literature Review 193. Theoretical Framework 26

Chapter – 4

1. Objectives 282. Scope of the Study 283. Research Methodology 294. Limitation of the Study 30

Chapter – 5

1. Data analyses 31

Chapter – 6

1. Findings of the Study 64

Chapter - 7

1. Suggestions 66

Chapter - 8

1. Conclusion 68

Chapter - 9

1. Appendix-1 – Interview Schedule for Senior Citizens 692. Appendix-2 – Interview Guide for Police 733. Appendix-3 – Reference 74



CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the current study entitled “VICTIMIZATION OF SENIOR

CITIZENS: A STUDY IN DELHI METROPOLIS CITY FROM HUMAN RIGHTS

PERSPACTIVES” is an original piece of work carried out by Mr. AVINASH for the

partial fulfillment of degree in M.A. Criminology from Lok Nayak Jayprakash Narayan

National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, MHA, Government of India,

New Delhi.

The study has been conducted under my guidance and supervision and has not

been submitted elsewhere for publication or any other purpose.

Prof. (Dr.) B.N. Chattoraj

(Dean Academics)

LNJN NICFS (MHA)

Ms. Minakshi Sinha

(Reader Sociology)



DECLARATION

I, AVINASH, hereby declare that the following research project entitled

“VICTIMIZATION OF SENIOR CITIZENS: A STUDY IN DELHI METROPOLIS CITY

FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPACTIVES” is my own original work and no part of it

has been duplicated from any previously submitted or published research study in

the Institute or elsewhere.

AVINASH

4 th Semester

M.A. Criminology



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I consider it a great privilege to thank Prof (Dr.) B.N. Chattoraj, Course Director and

Head of Department of Criminology, LNJN NICFS (MHA) and Ms. Minakshi Sinha

(Reader Sociology), for their invaluable guidance, supervision and encouragement

without which this research study would never have come to fruition.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the police officers for helping me in

completing my project.

Finally, a big thank to all the respondents for their honesty and co-operation in

providing the relevant data for the research.



CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

Broadly speaking human rights may be regarded as those fundamental rights which

are essential for life as human being. Human rights are the rights which possessed

by every human being, irrespective of his or her nationality, race, religion, sex etc.

Human rights are thus those rights which are inherent in our nature and without

which we can’t live as human being. Human rights and fundamental freedom allow

us to fully develop and use our human qualities, our intelligence, our talents and our

needs.

Human rights are also called the fundamental rights, basic rights or natural rights. As

fundamental or basic rights they are the rights which must not be taken away by any

legislature or any act of government and which are often set out in a constitution. As

natural rights they are seen as belonging to men or women by their very nature. As

natural rights they are seen as belonging to men or women by their very nature.

Human rights are also called “common rights” for they are rights which are share by

all men and women in the world. For example the common law in England was the

body of rules and custom which, unlike local customs, govern the whole country. So,

in short human rights means rights to be human.

A person who is above 60 years is commonly considered as the Elderly.

Recently, however, social scientists have begun to identify specific group within the

growing population of older persons. People between the ages of 60 and 70, who

are still inclined to be healthy an active, are called the” young old”. Those who are 70

to 80, a group that is more likely to require support services, are the “old-old”. Those

who are above the age of 80may be termed as the “oldest-old”. Another group, the

“frail elderly”, consists of people over 60 who, because of poor health or economic

problems, cannot carry out the basic activities of life without help.

According to the Section 2(h) of The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and

Senior Citizens Act, 2007, “senior citizens” means any person being a citizen of

India, who has attained the age of 60 years or above.



The concept of victim dates back to ancient cultures and civilizations, such as the

ancient Hebrews. Its original meaning was rooted in the idea of sacrifice or

scapegoat -- the execution or casting out of a person or animal to satisfy a deity or

hierarchy. Over the centuries, the word victim came to have additional meanings.

Today, the concept of victim includes any person who experiences injury, loss, or

hardship due to any cause. Also today, the word victim is used rather

indiscriminately; e.g., cancer victims, holocaust victims, accident victims, victims of

injustice, hurricane victims, crime victims, and others. The thing that all these

usages have in common is an image of someone who has suffered injury and harm

by forces beyond his or her control.

Under the UN Declaration of the Basic Principles of Justice for Victims

of Crime and Abuse of Power 1985, “victim” means:

Persons who individually or collectively, have suffered harm, which include physical

or mental injury, emotional suffering or economic loss or substantial impairment of

fundamental rights through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws

operative within member states, including those laws prescribing criminal abuse of

power.

According to Karman “Victimization is the process of being victimized or becoming

a victim. The term victim of crime generally refers to any person, group or entity who

has suffered injury or loss due to an illegal activity. The harm can be physical,

psychological or financial.”

It has generally been accepted that with the growing elderly population there

will be increased victimization of the elderly. Is this perception correct? What is the

criminal justice system doing to prepare itself and the elderly population for the

future? Law enforcement will play an important role in developing a comprehensive

strategy that will meet the needs of the growing number of elderly in this country.

Older citizens in our communities deserve and require a tailored law enforcement

response to provide them with effective services. Law enforcement must understand

the problems, characteristics, and needs of the burgeoning elderly population. All

states have legislation that in some way affects the elderly, whether it is mandatory



reporting laws, adult protection services laws, enhanced penalties for crimes against

the elderly, or domestic violence laws. Law enforcement agencies across the country

are shifting toward a community oriented approach to policing. A quality response to

the needs of the elderly is going to be an integral part of any community policing

effort.

With the growing elderly population, the nation should also be experiencing a

growing number of elderly victims. Since the elderly population has doubled since

1960, has the victimization of the elderly doubled as well? A study done by the

Bureau of Justice Statistics found the following to be true. Persons age 65 or older

are the least likely of all age groups in the nation to experience either lethal or

nonlethal forms of criminal victimization; the elderly in this study comprised less than

2% of all victimization (Bachman, 1993). If the elderly comprise 13% of the

population but only 2% of the victimization, then the rise in population has not been

equal to the rate of victimization.

Crime victimization rates among the elderly have been declining during the

1980's. Household crimes against the elderly in 1981 were 123 per 1000 households

with heads of households over 65. In 1990 this figure dropped to 75 in 1000

(Bachman, 1993).



CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROTECTIONS

A. PROTECTIONS UNDER INDIAN CONSTITUTION

38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people -

(1) The State shall strive to promote the welfareof the people by securing and

protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic

and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life.

(2) The State shall, in particular, strive to minimise the inequalities in income, and

endeavour to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only

amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or

engaged in different vocations.

41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases - The

State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make

effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public

assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in

other cases of undeserved want.

42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief - The

State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for

maternity relief.

46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes,

Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections - The State shall promote with

special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the

people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and

shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.

47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living

and to improve public health - The State shall regard the raising of the level of

nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health

as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring



about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating

drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.

B. LEGAL PROTECTIONS

1. THE HINDU ADOPTIONS AND MAINTENANCE ACT, 1956

20. Maintenance of children and aged parents- (1) Subject to the provisions of

this section a Hindu is bound, during his or her lifetime, to maintain his or her

legitimate or illegitimate children and his or her aged or infirm parents.

(2) A legitimate or illegitimate child may claim maintenance from his or her father or

mother so long as the child is a minor.

(3) The obligation of a person to maintain his or her aged or infirm parent or daughter

who is unmarried extends in so far as the parent or the unmarried daughter, as the

case may be, is unable to maintain himself or herself out of his or her own ealnings

or other property

21. Dependents defined- For the purposes of this Chapter "dependents" mean the

following relatives of the deceased

(i) his or her father;

(ii) his or her mother;

(iii) his widow, so long as she does not remarry;

(iv) his or her son or the son of his predeceased son or the son of a predeceased

son of his predeceased son, so long as he is a minor; provided and to the extent that

he is unable to obtain maintenance, in the case of a grandson from his father's or

mother's estate, and in the case of a great-grandson, from the estate of his father or

mother or father's father or father's mother;

(v) his or her unmarried daughter for the unmarried daughter of his predeceased son

or the unmarried daughter of a predeceased son of his predeceased son, so long as



she remains unmarried; provided and to the extent that she is unable to obtain

maintenance, in the case of a grand daughter from her father's or mother's estate

and in the case of a great-grand daughter from the estate of her father or mother or

father's father or father's mother;

(vi) his widowed daughter; provided and to the extent that she is unable to obtain

maintenance-

(a) from the estate of her husband; or

(b) from her son or daughter, if any, or his or her estate; or

(c) from her father-in-law or his father or the estate of either of them;

(vii) any widow of his son or of a son of his predeceased son, so long as she does

not remarry; provided and to the extent that she is unable to obtain maintenance

from her husband's estate, or from her son or daughter, if any, or his or her estate; or

in the case of a grandson's widow, also from her father-inlaw's estate;

(viii) his or her minor illegitimate son, so long as he remains a minor;

(xi) his or her illegitimate daughter, so long as she remains unmarried.

22. Maintenance of dependents- (1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2),

the heirs of a deceased Hindu are bound to maintain the dependents of the

deceased out of the estate inherited by them from the deceased.

(2) Where a dependent has not obtained, by testamentary or intestate succession,

any share in the estate of a Hindu dying after the commencement of this Act, the

dependent shall be entitled, subject to the provisions of this Act, to maintenance from

those who take the estate.

(3) The liability of each of the persons who take the estate shall be in proportion to

the value of the share or part of the estate taken by him or her.



(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2) or sub-section (3), no

person who is himself or herself a dependent shall be liable to contribute to the

maintenance of others, if he or she has obtained a share or part, the value of which

is, or would, if the liability to contribute were enforced, become less than what would

be awarded to him or her by way of maintenance under this Act.

23. Amount of maintenance- (1) It shall be in the discretion of the court to

determine whether any, and if so what, maintenance shall be awarded under the

provisions of this Act, and in doing so, the court shall have due regard to the

consideration set out in sub-section (2) or sub-section (3), as the case maybe, so far

as they are applicable.

(2) In determining the amount of maintenance, if any, to be awarded to a wife,

children or aged or infirm parents under this Act, regard shall be had to-

(a) the position and status of the parties;

(b) the reasonable wants of the claimant;

(c) if the claimant is living separately, whether the claimant is justified in doing so;

(d) the value of the claimant's property and any income derived from such property,

or from the claimant's own earning or from any other source;

(e) the number of persons entitled to maintenance under this Act.

(3) In determining the amount of maintenance, if any, to be awarded to a

dependent under this Act, regard shall be had to-

(a) the net value of the estate of the deceased after providing for the payment of his

debts;

(b) the provision, if any, made under a will of the deceased in respect, of the

dependent;

(c) the degree of relationship between the two;

(d) the reasonable wants of the dependent;

(e) the past relations between the dependent and the deceased;



(f) the value of the property of the dependent and any income derived from such

property, or from his or her earnings or from any other course;

(g) the number of dependents entitled to maintenance under this Act.

24. Claimant to maintenance should be a Hindu- No person shall be entitled to

claim maintenance under this Chapter if he or she has ceased to be a Hindu by

conversion to another religion.

25. Amount of maintenance may be altered on change of circumstances- The

amount of maintenance, whether fixed by a decree of court or by agreement either

before or after the commencement of this Act, may be altered subsequently if there

is a material change in the circumstances justifying such alteration.

26. Debts to have priority- Subject to the provisions contained in Section 27 debts

of every description contracted or payable by the deceased shall have priority over

the claims of his dependents for maintenance under this Act.

27. Maintenance when to be a charge- A dependent's claim for maintenance under

this Act shall not be a charge on the estate of the deceased or any portion thereof,

unless one has been created by the will of the deceased, by a decree of court, by

agreement between the dependent and the owner of the estate or portion, or

otherwise.

28. Effect of transfer of property on right or maintenance- Where a dependent

has a right to receive maintenance out of an estate and such estate or any part

thereof is transferred, the right to receive maintenance may be enforced agamst the

transferee if the transferee has notice of the right or if the transfer is gratuitous; but

not against the transferee for consideration and without notice of the right.

2. Muslim Law

Children have a duty to maintain their aged parents even under the Muslim law.

According to Mulla :



(a) Children in easy circumstances are bound to maintain their poor parents,

although the latter may be able to earn something for themselves.

(b) A son though in strained circumstances is bound to maintain his mother, if the

mother is poor, though she may not be infirm.

(c) A son, who though poor, is earning something, is bound to support his father who

earns nothing.

According to Tyabji, parents and grandparents in indigent circumstances are

entitled, under Hanafi law, to maintenance from their children and grandchildren who

have the means, even if they are able to earn their livelihood. Both sons and

daughters have a duty to maintain their parents under the Muslim law. The

obligation, however, is dependent on their having the means to do so.

3. Christian And Parsi Law

The Christians and Parsis have no personal laws providing for maintenance for the

parents. Parents who wish to seek maintenance have to apply under provisions of

the Criminal Procedure Code.

4. PROTECTIONS UNDER CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, 1973

125. Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents,

(1) If any person having sufficient means neglects or refuses to maintain—

(a) his wife, unable to maintain herself, or

(b) his legitimate or illegitimate minor child, whether married or not, unable to

maintain itself, or

(c) his legitimate or illegitimate child (not being a married daughter) who has attained

majority, where such child is, by reason of any physical or mental abnormality or

injury unable to maintain itself, or

(d) his father or mother, unable to maintain himself or herself, a Magistrate of the first

class may, upon proof of such neglect or refusal, order such person to make a

monthly allowance for the maintenance of his wife or such child, father or mother, at



such monthly rate not exceeding five hundred rupees in the whole, as such

magistrate thinks fit, and to pay the same to such person as the Magistrate may from

time to time direct:

Provided that the Magistrate may order the father of a minor female child

referred to in clause (b) to make such allowance, until she attains her majority, if the

Magistrate is satisfied that the husband of such minor female child, if married, is not

possessed of sufficient means

(2) Such allowance shall be payable from the date of the order, or, if so ordered,

from the date of the application for maintenance

(3) If any person so ordered fails without sufficient cause to comply with the order,

any such Magistrate may, for every breach of the order, issue a warrant for levying

the amount due in the manner provided for levying fines, and may sentence such

person, for the whole, or any port of each month's allowance remaining unpaid after

the execution of the warrant, to imprisonment for a term which may extend to one

month or until payment if sooner made:

Provided that no warrant shall be issued for the recovery of any amount due

under this section unless application be made to the Court to levy such amount

within a period of one year from the date on which it became due:

Provided further that if such person offers to maintain his wife on condition of

her living with him, and she refuses to live with him, such Magistrate may consider

any grounds of refusal stated by her, and may make an order under this section

notwithstanding such offer, if he is satisfied that there is just ground for so doing

(4) No wife shall be entitled to receive an allowance from her husband under this

section if she is living in adultery, or if, without any sufficient reason, she refuses to

live with her, husband, or if they are living separately by mutual consent

(5) On proof that any wife in whose favour an order has been made under this

section is living in adultery, or that without sufficient reason she refuses to live with



her husband, or that they are living separately by mutual consent, the Magistrate

shall cancel the order

5. National Policy For Older Persons 1999

In order to address the problems of the older persons The Ministry of Social Justice

and Empowerment has launched in the year 1999, A National Policy For Older

Persons. Its main features are as fallows:

Old age Pension Scheme

Tax Exemption for Senior Citizens

Make PDS to reach older people

Subsidy in healthcar, geriatrics care, mental health services, counselling

facilities

Grants, land grant at concessional rates to NGIs and private hospitals to

provide economical and specialized care for the older person

Earmarking 10% of the houses in housing schemes and easy access to loans

Layout of housing colonies to be sensitive to the needs of the older persons

Quick disposal of cases of property-transfer, mutation, property tax etc

Assistance for constrction/maintenance of old age home, Daycare centers,

multi-service citizens center, out reach services, supply of disability related

aids and appliances etc

Setting up a welfare fund for plder persons

6. THE MAINTENANCE AND WELFARE OF PARENTS AND SENIOR

CITIZENS ACT, 2007

Under the act, maintenance application can be filed by parents and senior

citizens (above 60 years) unable to maintain himself/herself, against children

(not minor) or relatives (who would inherit and are in possession of the

property of the elderly ).



The maintenance application can be filed by the senior citizen or a parent or

any other person or organization authorized by him, if incapable of doing so

himself.

The maintenance application can be filed either in the district where the

elderly resides, or where the children or relatives resides. Notices would be

sent and the proceedings should conclude within 90 days from the date of

service of the maintenance applicationon the children or relatives.

The case would be referred for conciliation, if appropriate, before hearing. The

findings of the conciliation officer (who can be the maintenance officer.NGO

representative or anyone on behalf of the elderly) should be submitted to the

tribunal within a month. If an applicable settlement has been reached,

Tribunal shall pass an order according to that settlement.

If, children or relatives are ordered by the Tribunal to pay maintenance to the

elderly, fail to comply, they are liableto a fine or imprisonment.

Abandonment of the elderly is now a cognizable offence. Anyone responsible

for looking after or protecting the senior citizens, leaves him/her in any place

with the intention of wholly abandoning, shall be punished and fined.

Role of NGO has also been legislated under the act e.g. for filling

maintenance application on behalf of the elderly if he/she is unable to do so

himself/herself, for reconciliation and reconciliation and representation of

his/her case if unable to do so and authorized someone else to represent and

facilitate.



CHAPTER - 2

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLUM

There are an estimated 100 million older people in Indian, by 2050 the figure

is estimated to rise to 326 million (UN projections). In year 2011-2012 HelpAge

received 974 calls relating to Abuse, Violence and Disputes. During 2010, 92,865

persons over the age of 65 were victims of violent crime. In 2010, 585 people age 65

or older were murdered, or 4.5 percent of all murder victims.

With declining fertility, coupled with increase in life expectancy, the number of

older persons in population of India is expected to increase more than double from

71 million in 2001 to 173 million by 2026. Normally, males out-number females in

total population. But among population of elderly, the reverse is true. Population of

metros is large. They have huge floating population. A large fraction of their

population resides in ramshackle housing (slums) that surrounds high-rise

prosperous clusters. These factors promote violence and crime. Total population (in

lakh) of mega cities of Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai, for crime analysis

purpose, as per 2001 census, is 64.25, 127.91, 132.17 and 163.68 respectively.

United Nations (UN) statistics illustrate the explosive growth of aged

populations around the world. By 2050, for example, nearly 33 percent of the people

living in the world's most developed countries—those in North America, Western

Europe, and parts of Asia—will be at least 60 years old, up from less than 12 percent

in 1950.

According to the data available with Delhi police, the total number of senior

citizens registered with the Delhi police till June 15 this year is 13,147. The figure

was 12,788 in the year 2011. Most of the people either are not aware of the

registration procedure or do not pay attention.

Consider this, out of every 10 elderly couples in India; more than 6 are forced

by their children to leave their homes. With no place to go and all hopes lost, the

elderly have to resort to old age homes, which do not guarantee first class treatment.



Every other day, we see news of parents being beaten up by their children, parents

and in laws being forced to do the house hold chores, being made to live in small

dungeon like rooms, their property being forcefully taken over by ambitious children.

There are 81million older people in India-11 lakh in Delhi itself. According to

an estimate nearly 40% of senior citizens living with their families are reportedly

facing abuse of one kind or another, but only 1 in 6 cases actually comes to light.

Although the President has given her assent to the Maintenance and Welfare of

Parents and Senior Citizens Act which punishes children who abandon parents with

a prison term of three months or a fine, situation is grim for elderly people in India.

Thus the children violets the various rights of their parents and the defense

Mechanism of senior citizens are very weak, so their many Human Rights are

violated. The main reason of this is the illiteracy and the unawareness of the law

between them. Senior Citizens are the soft target so they can easily Victimized.

Older adults are particularly vulnerable to certain types of crime, including

elder abuse and financial fraud. Elder abuse refers to any knowing, intentional, or

negligent act by a caregiver or any other person that causes harm or a serious risk of

harm to a vulnerable adult. All 50 states have passed some form of elder abuse

prevention laws. Elder abuse includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse;

neglect, abandonment, or financial exploitation; or failure to intervene when an older

people fail to take care of themselves. These crimes are often unreported,

particularly because the victims may be dependent on the abusers.

Older people are also frequently targeted for financial fraud. In recent years,

reports to the Federal Trade Commission and National Consumers League have

significantly increased. Scams directed at seniors include fake check scams, the

grandparent scam (in which the scammer pretends to be a grandchild in financial

trouble), investment fraud, sweepstakes fraud, and identity theft.

The crime situation in India, according to N.S. Sexena, knows that crime and

violence against the aged are increasing. He further remarks that this statement can

neither be proved nor disproved on the basis of official statistics of crime as police do

not register a great deal of crime reported to it. A recent survey reveals that only 23


http://www.nclnet.org/newsroom/press-releases/468-scammers-going-after-senior-victims-says-ncls-fraud-center

http://www.ftc.gov/


per cent of crime ever gets reported and even out of cases that are reported only 72

per cent get registered (By the BPRD Report). Thus the Senior Citizens are

Victimized By the Police.

Senior citizens are victims of crimes against body, crimes against property,

economic crimes and even rape. According to Delhi police, relatives, domestic helps

and persons known to victims commit around 40 per cent of heinous crime against

senior citizens. In the present time victimization of Senior Citizens is increase day by

day, so this study finds out the different forms of victimization of senior citizen and

suggests the measures to reduce the victimization. This study finds out the living

condition and socio-economic conditions of Senior Citizens.

By studying this topic, it would be known that at what level the elderly are

suffering due to crime. How the abuse becomes crime and its effect on them. Since

the researcher belongs to police background, he is interested to do some study in

this field. The researcher hopes that at the end of the study he will be able to

contribute significantly to the protection of the elderly by suggesting simple measures

that will keep them away from danger.

The aim of the study is to search out the role of police in crime against senior

citizens in Delhi. The study will also reveal the problems generally faced by senior

citizens in daily life and the cause of their victimization.

Questions will be covered under this study are as fallows.

1. What is the Socio – Economic Condition of Senior Citizens?

2. What is the living condition of Senior Citizens?

3. What are the different forms of Victimization of Senior Citizens?

4. How we can reduce the Victimization of Senior Citizens?

5. How many Senior Citizens are aware about their Human Rights?

6. How this study is useful in present time?



CHAPTER - 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

During last few decades’ better healthcare facilities have led to significant

increase in life expectancy. Improved life expectancy combined with high growth rate

of population has contributed in increase in number of citizens not only in Delhi but

also in whole world. A good of studies have been undertaken on the problem and

human rights status of senior citizens.

Rachel H. Pain (1995) published his on ‘elderly women and fear of violent

crime’. The study assesses existing explanations of the relationship between the risk

and fear of crime amongst elderly people. These have tended to assume an

incongruity between levels of fear and the chances of victimization. It is argued that

the significance of gender has previously been understated, and that the temporal

and spatial parameters to conceptualizations of ‘risk’ have been unduly narrow.

Study reveals that, elderly women were no more concerned about violent crime than

younger women, and the nature of their concerns bore closer relation to risk.

Moreover, it is contended that domestic violence against elderly people is

considerably more prevalent than is generally acknowledged. It is argued that age

structured relationships be retained in analyses of fear of crime as a determinant of

actual rather than perceived risk.

Tomstan (1995), freaks and Himes Andersons et. Al. (2002), martire (2002)

conducted studies on family care givers, the relationship of care recipient with the

care givers and the intensity of care giving have woman’s participation in personnel

family centered community activities. These studies applied theories from general

work and literature to dual roles of work and care giving.

McCoy (1996) presented a study on “Life situation and older persons’ fear of

crime”. The study was based on a survey of 1,448 elderly residents of Dade County

(Miami), Florida. The impact of fear of crime on status characteristics, victimization

experience, and various measures of life situation were assessed. The study

concludes, firstly, in contrast to much academic and popular commentary, the elderly

did not appear to have high levels of fear. Secondly, evidence exists that



victimization experience increases, but is not the main determinant of fear. Thirdly,

the inclusion of life situation variables markedly improved the explained variance for

both measures of fear of crime, thus supporting the utility of this line of inquiry.

Fourthly, consistent with previous studies, dissatisfaction with neighborhood and

vulnerability were important correlates of fear of crime

The study “Explaining Fear of Crime”, ( G. Andrews, 1998), construct a

model for explaining "fear" of crime by using the relevant literature to identify possible

factors and making out a prima facie case for each by examining data from the

second British Crime Survey. Using Logic analysis this model is tested on data

derived from the same survey. The study reveals that such factors as gender, age,

race, neighborhood cohesion, confidence in the police, levels of local incivility,

experience of victimization, and perception of risk and assessment of offence

seriousness all combine to form a theoretical account of "fear" which has strong

empirical support. On the basis of these findings, study concludes by making some

suggestions for policies to reduce this "fear".

According to N.S. Saxena (1999) in his study ’Crime and Violence against

the Aged ‘, all those who have anything to do with crime situation in India know that

cases of crime and violence against the aged are increasing. The study covers

subjects like Concealment and Minimization of Crime, Crimes and Weaker Sections,

Increase in older people and their Problems, Misuse of Police (by politicians), Order

according to the Politics and Not according to the Law, Criminalization of Politics,

Increase in Corruption, Aged Safety Scheme etc.

The study criticizes the official statistics which shows the continuous decreases in

crime per lakh of the population. The study points out that, it is true that when crime

increases the weaker sections in the population is hit hardest and the aged are one

of those weaker sections who affected most. Owing to the decline in the joint family

systems many old people have to live alone or with younger members of the family,

who are out in day time due to their jobs. Thus the aged became a soft target to the

criminals. Unfortunately the criminals have become very bold because the criminal

justice system in India is so soft and dilatory that way few are punished.

Approximately a lakh of persons are murdered every year in India but not even one

hundred are hanged. While about 70% security of the aged depends on general



improvement in the crime situation in India, yet a special scheme for the aged can be

drawn up in the cities.

The study suggests that there should be a close rapport between the Beat

police and the Special Police Officers in the area. And, for this there should be a

more honest police force, which is devoted to public service and is not oriented

simply to serve the elite and politicians in power.

Whitlaten et.al (2000) conducted a study about the stress process of family

care giving in institutional setting. The purpose of study adapts the stress process

modal of family care giving to examine the predictors of depression in a sample of

caregivers with demented relatives receding in sub urban skilled nursing facilities.

On 14 February 2000, the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights of Argentina

created, under its auspices, the Latin American Crime and Justice Research

Institute, IIDEJUAL. The IIDEJUAL has as its long-term goal the creation of a

clearinghouse of data and information on crime and justice in the Latin American

region and collaborates with CICP.

J. A. Hollander (2001) in the study ‘Vulnerability and Dangerousness’

suggests that beliefs and conceptions of gender are constructed and transmitted

through conversation. Using data from 13 focus groups, the study demonstrates that

ideas about gender and its relationship to vulnerability and danger are pervasive in

talk about violence, and that this talk is further marked by ideas about age, race,

social class, and sexual identity. These ideas are based, in part, on shared beliefs

about human bodies, which reinforce the perceived naturalness (and therefore the

invisibility) of these ideas. The study concludes with a discussion of the

consequences of these ideas for the daily lives of the elderly.

Penning (2001) conducted a study on health, social support and urbanization

of health services among senior citizens. The findings reveal differences depending

upon the type of support (instrumental, emotional) and type of services (medical,

hospital, homecare) involved.



Krause (2001) conducted a study on the anticipated support, received

support and economic stress among older people. This study examines the interface

between anticipated support.

Robert A. Butterworth (2001) , Florida attorney general and Donald reneva,

chief executive officer of seniors v\s crime project studied and concluded that “ with

Florida’s explosive growth and the increase of the age of state’s population have

come directed against senior citizens. Perhaps even important that raw numbers is

the psychological and emotional impact of crime on senior citizens. Aswan educates

law enforcement, social service, judiciary and other elements of our society, it is

critical that we also educate our senior citizens.

Sangmitra and Ilango (2002) conducted a study on the problems

experienced by caregivers of elderly patients with neurological disorders. The

purpose was to assess the types of care received and to analyze the problems

experienced by caregivers of elderly patients with neurological disorders. It is found

that the caregivers experience financial psychological physical social problems

because of providing care for them.

The Times of India survey (2004) reveal the fact that even the police

personnel ignore the elderly. In new Delhi more than 3700 citizens live alone and in

fear. Elderly think that they are surviving purely on God’s mercy. Every day rings in a

new sense of fear. They look themselves inside early in the evening what don’ts

open the door till late in morning. Senior police officers, however, refuse to believe

that senior citizens are not being looked after.

The study compares perceptions of insecurity and fear of crime in Scotland

and Iceland (Kristiansen, 2007) and shows how these perceptions are related to

social factors in the two countries. Independent samples t-tests and stepwise multiple

linear regression models are used to analyze comparable data from surveys in the

two countries. The regression models show that social integration and smaller

differences between households and neighborhoods in terms of income and class

are associated with greater perceptions of insecurity. The study therefore suggests

that perceptions of insecurity are higher in Scotland than in Iceland because Iceland's

population is more homogeneous, with stronger social integration, less pronounced



class and income differentials, and less polarization between neighborhoods. The

wider implications for understanding perceptions of insecurity at different levels of

analysis (macro and meso) are also discussed.

These studies are covering some surveys on crimes, research on fear of

crime of elderly, legal support for the elderly, their vulnerable and dangerous

situation, violence, insecurity and role of mass media in prevention of crime etc.

These studies try to figure out the reasons for the crime against elderly. But the

studies are not dealing much with the measures to minimize the crime against the

elderly. It is the need of the hour to find adequate measures to prevent violence

against the vulnerable group of elderly.



THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

Crime against Senior citizens is the result of their life style, opportunities, and

routine activities. Crime against Senior citizens whether it is due to lack of their care

or due to their old age sickness that all can be explained by Routine Activity Theory.

Routine Activity Theory was first articulated in a series of papers by Lawrence

Cohan and Marcus Felson (1979). They concluded that the volume and distribution

of predatory crime (violent crimes against a person and crime in which an offender

attempts to steal an object directly) are closely related to the interaction of three

variables that reflect the Routine Activities of the typical Senior citizens life style.

The availability of suitable targets, such as homes containing easily salable

goods.

The absence of capable guardians, such as police, home honors neighbors,

neighbor’s friends, and relatives.

The presence of motivated offenders, such as a large number of unemployed

teenagers.

Routine activities theory provides a macro perspective on crime in that it predicts

how changes in social and economic conditions influence the overall crime and

victimization rate. Felson and Cohen (1980) postulate that criminal activities are a

“structurally significant phenomenon,” meaning that violations are neither random nor

trivial events (390). In consequence, it is the routine of activities people partake in

over the course of their day and night lives that makes some individuals more

susceptible to being viewed as suitable targets by a rationally calculating offender.

Routine activities theory relates the pattern of offending to the everyday patterns of

social interaction. Crime is therefore normal and is dependent on available

opportunities to offend. If there is an unprotected target and there are sufficient

rewards, a motivated offender will commit a crime.

In terms of suitable targets, the choice is influenced by the offender’s perception

of the target’s vulnerability; the more suitable and accessible the target, the more

likely that a crime will occur. The number of motivated criminals in the population

also affects crime levels. It is held that offenders are less likely to commit crimes if



they can achieve personal goals through legitimate means. This implies that criminal

motivations can be reduced if offenders perceive that there are alternatives to crime.

Routine Activity Theory is bound up in opportunity and life style. A person living

arrangements can affect victim risk; people who live in unguarded areas are at the

mercy motivated offenders. Life style affects the opportunity for because it controls a

person’s proximity to criminals, time of exposure to criminals, attractiveness as a

target, and ability to be protected.

The presence of capable guardians is also held to deter individuals from offending.

Guardianship can be the physical presence of a person who is able to act in a

protective manner or in the form of more passive mechanical devices such as video

surveillance or security systems. These physical security measures help limit an

offender’s access to suitable targets. The essential aspect of routine activities theory

is the interaction of motivation, opportunity and targets. In this way, the presence of

guardians will deter most offenders, rendering even attractive targets off limits.

Therefore, the presence of opportunity coupled with a lack of guardianship increases

criminal motivations and the likelihood of an offence taking place.



CHAPTER - 4

OBJECTIVES

I. To study the Socio – Economic Condition of Senior Citizens.

II. To study the Living Condition of Senior Citizens..

III. To find out the different forms of Victimization of Senior Citizens.

IV. To study the awareness and violation of Human Rights by Senior Citizens.

V. To suggest remedial measures to minimize crimes against elderly.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study covers only those Senior Citizens who are living either alone or with their

own family members. The study purpose is to cover in its scope all the factors that

are responsible for elderly problems and elderly victimization.

The study covers the male Senior Citizens. The study covers Senior Citizens of

different age for example- 60-70 years; those are called the young old,70-80 years;

those are called the old old and 80 or above; those are called the oldest old. We are

taking all the age groups because most of the crimes are committed against the

senior citizen because they are the soft targets for committing crime. The study

covers in its preview all aspects of the elderly problems and their victimization.



RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design: The present study is exploratory Research in nature,

because the aim of the research is to discover the ideas and insights about

this particular research topic.

Universe of the Study: Senior citizens, their Family members, Community

Leaders and the Police officers constitute the universe of this study.

Locale of the study: Delhi is selected for the purpose of study because Delhi

is a metropolitan city and the capital of our nation. A large number of old age

home is running either by government of Delhi or by NGO’s. The composition

of the family in urban area like Delhi is becoming nuclear and smaller, as a

result of which there are fewer people available in the house to provide care

and comfort to the ageing. In this context, we see that the magnitude of the

problem is more in Delhi. If we see according to a researcher this is a short

time of research.

Sources of Data Collection: The study requires both the primary and

secondary data.

o Primary Data - Primary data has been collected by the method of

Observation method and the interview schedule for Senior Citizens and

the interview Guide is used for the Police Officers.

o Secondary Data – Secondary data has been collected from various

books authored by Indian as well as foreign writers, National and

International journals, previous studies, articles, Internet and various

government documents.

Sample Size: Sample size taken for the purpose of this study is 45. 40 senior

citizens are taken from different parks randomly. 5 Police officers are taken



from the Police station of Delhi because of the lack of the time and to see the

study purpose and period.

Probability sampling will be used in which we use the Random sampling for

the collection of data which includes the senior citizens and the Police

officers.

Research Tools for Data Collection: The following tool will be used for data

collection:-

o Observation method is used for the senior citizens.

o Interview schedule is used for the senior citizens.

o Interview Guide is used for police officers.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

o The number of Senior Citizens & Police officers interviewed was so

less that we can’t generalize the outcomes of the study.

o Since the data collection is done from different parks in Delhi where the

senior citizens come, therefore the findings can’t be generalized to all

the senior citizens.

o The proper observation and timely follow up was not possible because

of the lack of time period for data collection, so this could be the major

limitation of the study.



CHAPTER - 5

AGE GROUP OF SENIOR CITIZENS

Table 1

Age Group Response Percentage (%)60-70 18 4571-80 15 3780+ 7 18Total 40 100

60-70 (45%) 71-80 (37%) 80+ (18%)0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1815

7

AGE GROUP

Series1

18 Senior Citizens is under the age of 60 to 70. 15 Senior Citizen is under the age of

71 to 80 and 7 senior Citizen is under the age of 80 and above 80. It means 45%

senior Citizens is under the age of 60 to 70 who are young old. 37% senior Citizens

is under the age of 71 to 80 who are old old and 18% are oldest old.



FAMILY SIZE

Table 2

Total Members Response Percentage (%)1-3 14 354-6 17 427+ 9 23Total 40 100

1-3 (35%) 4-6 (42%) 7+ (23%)0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1417

9

FAMILY SIZE

Series1

There are 1 to3 family members in the 14 senior citizens family, 4 to 6 family

members in the 17 senior citizens family and 7 and above 7 family members in the 9

senior citizens family. According to this 35% senior citizens have the neculare family,

42% senior citizens have 4 to 6 members, and 23% senior citizens have the joint

family.



EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

Table 3

Education Response Percentage (%)Illiterate 4 10Primary 0 0Elementary 0 010th 6 1512th 10 25Graduate 15 37P.G. 5 13Total 40 100

Illiterate (10%)

Primary (0%)

Elementary (0%)

10th (15%) 12th (25%) Graduate (37%)

P.G. (13%)0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

4

0 0

6

10

15

5

EDUCATION

Series1

4 senior citizens is illiterate. 6 senior citizens are high school passed, 10 senior

citizens are intermediate passed, 15 are graduate and 5 are post graduate. It means

10% Senior citizens are illiterate, 15% Senior citizens high school passed, 25%

Senior citizens intermediate passed 37% are graduate and 13% are post graduate.



OCCUPATION

Table 4

Occupation Response Percentage (%)Government job 12 30Private job 10 25Business 9 22Agriculture 3 8Any other 6 15Total 40 100

30%

25%

23%

8%

15%

OCCUPATION

Government job(30%)Private job(25%)Business (22%)Agriculture (8%)Any other(15%)

12 senior citizens are retired from Government Jobs, 10 senior citizens are doing the

Private Job, 9 senior citizens have their own Business, 3 senior citizens are in

Agriculture and 6 are in other jobs. According to this 30% senior citizens are retired

from Government Jobs, 25% senior citizens are doing the Private Job, 22% senior

citizens have their own Business, 8% senior citizens are in Agriculture and 15% are

in other jobs.



INCOME

Table 5

Monthly Income (Rs.) Response Percentage (%)1000-5000 4 105000-10000 11 2710000-15000 6 1515000+ 19 48Total 40 100

1000-5000(10%) 5000-10000(27%) 10000-15000(15%) 15000+(48%)0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

4

11

6

19

INCOME PER MONTH

Series1

4 senior citizens’ income is between 1000 to 5000 per month, 11 senior citizens’

income is between 5000 to 10000, 6 senior citizens’ income is between10000

to15000 and 19 senior citizens’ income is between 15000 and above 15000.

According to this 10% senior citizens’ income is between 1000 to 5000 per month,

27% senior citizens’ income is between 5000 to 10000, 15% senior citizens’ income

is between10000 to15000 and 48% senior citizens’ income is between 15000 and

above 15000.



SHARE INCOME WITH FAMILY

Table 6

Share income Response Percentage (%)Yes 23 57No 17 43Total 40 100

Yes(57%) No(43%)0

5

10

15

20

25

23

17

SHARE INCOME

Series1

23 senior citizens share their income with their family and 17 senior citizens don’t

share their income. According to this 57% senior citizens share their income with

their family and 43% senior citizens don’t share their income.



INTERACTIVE SOCIAL CIRCLE

Table 7

Social circle Response Percentage (%)Yes 25 62No 15 38Total 40 100

25

15

SOCIAL CIRCLE

Yes(62%)No(38%)

25 senior citizens said that they have a social circle of friends, nabourhood, and

businessman. 15 senior citizens said that they don’t have any social circle.

According to this 62% senior citizens said that they have a social circle and 38%

senior citizens said that they don’t have any social circle.



KIND OF SOCIAL CIRCLE

Table 8

Kind of Social circle Response Percentage (%)Friends 11 44Businessman 5 20Nabourhood 9 36Total 25 100

Friends (44%) Businessman(20%) Nabourhood(36%)0

2

4

6

8

10

12

11

5

9

Kind of Social Circle

Series1

25 senior citizens said that they have a social circle. Out of them 11 have the social

circle of friends, 5 have the social circle of businessman and 9 have the social circle

of nabourhood. According to this 44% have the social circle of friends, 20% have the

social circle of businessman and 36% have the social circle of nabourhood.



MEMBER OF ANY SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OR RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION

Table 9

Members of social org. Response Percentage (%)Yes 11 27No 29 73Total 40 100

Yes(27%) No(73%)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

11

29

Member of any Org.

Series1

11 senior citizens were the members of the social organization or the religious

institutions and 29 senior citizens ware not the member of any social organization or

the religious institutions. If we see according to this 27% senior citizen are the

member of a social organization or the religious institutions and 73% senior citizen

are not the member of a social organization or the religious institutions.



NATURE OF PARTICIPATION OF ORGANIZATION

Table 10

Nature of org. Response Percentage (%)Church 3 27Any social welfare Association

2 18

Meditation club 4 37Particular own group 2 18Total 11 100

Church(27%) Any social welfare Association(18%)

Meditation club (37%)

Particular own group(18%)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

3

2

4

2

Nature of Org.

Series1

Total 11 senior citizens are the member of a social organization or the religious

institutions. In these senior citizens 3 are the member of church, 2 are the member of

any social welfare association, 4 are the member of meditation club and 2 are from

particular own group. According to this 27% senior citizens are the member of

church, 18% senior citizens are the member of any social welfare association, 37%

senior citizens are the member of meditation club and 18% are the member of their

own particular group.



OWN SHELTER

Table 11

Own shelter Response Percentage (%)Yes 29 72No 11 28Total 40 100

Yes(72%) No(28%)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

29

11

Own Shelter

Series1

29 senior citizens have their own shelter and 11 senior citizens lives with their

daughter, Close relatives and some senior citizens are going to the old age homes in

day time. If we see these figures then we know that 72% senior citizens have their

own shelter and 28% senior citizens lives with their daughter and close relatives.



YOU LIVING THERE

Table 12

Living there Response Percentage (%)Yes 16 67No 8 33Total 24 100

Yes(69%)

No(31%)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

20

9

Living There

Series1

29 out of 40 senior citizens have their own shelters. 20 senior citizens are living in

their own shelters and 9 are not living there. To see this we know that 69% senior

citizens are living in their own shelters and 31% are not living there.



YOUR WIFE IS A CO-OPERATIVE LADY

Table 13

Co-operative wife Response Percentage (%)Yes 31 77No 9 23Total 40 100

78%

23%

Co-operative Wife

Yes(77%)No(23%)

31 out of 40 senior citizens said that their wife are the co-operative lady and 9 said

that their wife not co-operate them some times. According to this 77% senior citizens

said that their wives are co-operative lady and 33% said that some times their wife

doesn’t co-operate them.



PROBLUMS YOUFACING WITH YOUR WIFE

Table 14

Problem facing Response Percentage (%)Domestic violence 2 22Financial problems 4 45Problems related to children

3 33

Total 9 100

Domestic vi

olence(

22%)

Financial

problems(4

5%)

Problems re

lated to ch

ildren(33%)

0

1

2

3

4

2

43

Problum facing

Series1

In the 40 senior citizens 9 have some problems with their wife. 2 senior citizens have

the problem of domestic violence, 4 senior citizens have the financial problems and 3

have the problems related to their children. 22% senior citizens have the domestic

violence problem, 45% have the financial problems and 33% have the problems

related to their children.



RELATION WITH YOUR CHILDREN

Table 15

Relation with children Response Percentage (%)Very supportive 8 20Supportive 6 15Unsupportive 15 37Very Tensed 11 28Total 40 100

Very supportive(20%)

Supportive (15%) Unsupportive (37%) Very Tensed(28%)0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

8

6

15

11

Relation with children

Series1

8 senior citizens said that they have very supportive relation with their children, 6

senior citizens have supportive relation, 15 senior citizens have unsupportive relation

and 11 has very tensed relation with their children. To see this we can say that 20%

senior citizens have very supportive relation with their children, 15% have supportive

relation, 37% have unsupportive relation and 28% has very tensed relation with their

children.



IF SUPPORTIVE DO THEY HELP YOU

Table 16

Children help you Response Percentage (%)Yes 10 71No 4 29Total 14 100

Yes(71%)

No(29%)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10

4

They Help You

Series1

Total 14 senior citizens told that their children are very supportive and supportive. In

this 10 senior citizens said that their children help them and 4 senior citizens said

that their children don’s help them. According to this 71% senior citizens said that

their children help them when they need help and 29% senior citizens said that their

children don’t help them.



WHO ATTENDS YOU AT HOME

Table 17

Attend at home Response Percentage (%)Wife 23 57Son 11 28Daughter 6 15Total 40 100

Wife(57%)

Son(28%)

Daughter (15%)

0 5 10 15 20 25

23

11

6

Who attends You

Series1

23 senior citizen said that when they are not well their wife attends them, 11 said that

their son attend them and 6 said that their daughter attend them at home. To see this

figure we can say that 57% senior citizens wife attend them, 28% senior citizens son

attend them and 15% senior citizens daughter attend them at home when they are

not well.



PROPER FOOD, CLOTHING & MEDICAL CARE

Table 18

Proper food & clothing Response Percentage (%)Yes 29 72No 11 28Total 40 100

73%

28%

Food and Clothing

Yes(72%)No(28%)

29 senior citizens get proper food, clothing and medical care facilities but 11 senior

citizens have the problems in these facilities. 72% senior citizens get proper food,

clothing and medical care facilities but 28% senior citizens have the problems in

these facilities.



FEEL LONLEY

Table 19

Feel lonely Response Percentage (%)Yes 5 12No 35 88Total 40 100

Yes(12%) No(88%)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

5

35

Feel Lonley

Series1

5 senior citizens feel lonely some times and 35 senior citizens feel good in their life.

According to this 12 % senior citizens feel lonely in their life and 88% are feeling

good in their life.



WHOME DOSE YOU LIKE MOST

Table 20

Like most Response Percentage (%)Son 7 17Daughter 4 10Grandchildren 29 73Total 40 100

Son (17%) Daughter (10%) Grandchildren(73%)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

74

29

Like Most

Series1

7 senior citizens said that they feel good to see his son, 4 senior citizens said that

they like his daughter most and 29 (maximum) senior citizens said that they like their

grandchildren very much. 17% senior citizens said that they like his son most, 10%

senior citizens said that they fell good to see his daughter and 73% senior citizen

said they like their grandchildren very much.



FACING PROBLEM WHILE TRAVELLING

Table 21

Problem in travelling Response Percentage (%)Yes 13 32No 27 68Total 40 100

Yes(32%) No(68%)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

13

27

Facing Problum in Travelling

Series1

13 senior citizens are facing problem while travelling in the bus, metro, train and

other public transport.27 senior citizens are not facing problem while travelling. It

means 32% senior citizens are facing problem while travelling and 68%of senior

citizens are not facing problem while travelling.



PUBLIC MISBEHAVE WITH YOU WHILE TRAVELLING

Table 22

Public misbehave Response Percentage (%)Yes 8 20No 32 80Total 40 100

Yes (20%)

No (80%)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

8

32

Public Misbehave with you

Series1

Only 8 senior citizens said that the public misbehave with them while travelling in the

bus, metro and public transport. 32 senior citizens said those publics don’t

misbehave with them. Only 20% senior citizens said that the public misbehave with

them while travelling in the bus, metro and public transport and 80% said that public

don’t misbehave while they travelling.



VICTIM OF CRIME

Table 23

Victim of crime Response Percentage (%)Yes 14 35No 26 65Total 40 100

Yes (35%) No (65%)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

14

26

Victime of crime

Series1

Out of 40 senior citizens 14 are the victim of crime and 26 are not the victim of crime.

According to this 35% senior citizens are the victim of crime and 65% senior citizens

are not the victim of crime.



SPECIFY THE NATURE

Table 24

Nature of crime Response Percentage (%)Theft 5 36Snatching 7 50Robbery 2 14Total 14 100

Theft (36%) Snatching (50%) Robbery (14%)0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

5

7

2

Nature of crime

Series1

Out of 40 senior citizens 14 is the victim of crime in which 5 senior citizens registered

the FIR in police station. In 14 victims 5 are the victim of theft, 7 are the victim of

snatching and 2 are the victim of robbery. In which 36% are the victim of theft, 50%

are the victim of snatching and 14% are the victim of robbery.



REGISTERED F.I.R. IN POLICE

Table 25

Registered FIR Response Percentage (%)Yes 5 36No 9 64Total 14 100

36%

64%

Registered FIR

Yes (36%)No (64%)

Out of 40 senior citizens 14 are the victim of crime. In the 14 senior citizens only 5

senior citizens registered the FIR in the police station, and the other 9 senior citizens

don’t register the FIR in the Police. If we see this then we know that only 36% senior

citizens registered the FIR in the police station, and the other 64% senior citizens

don’t register the FIR in the Police station.



REACTION OF POLICE

Table 26

Reaction of police Response Percentage (%)Supportive 1 20Unsupportive 4 80Total 5 100

Supportive (20%) Unsupportive (80%)0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

1

4

Reaction of Police

Series1

Out of 40 senior citizens 14 is the victim of crime in which 5 senior citizens registered

the FIR in police station. In the 5 senior citizens only 1 find the supportive reaction of

police and the other 4 don’t find the supportive reaction of police. It means only 20%

senior citizen find the supportive reaction of police and 80% finds the unsupportive

reaction of police.



YOU KNOW YOUR RIGHTS

Table 27

Know your rights Response Percentage (%)Yes 13 32No 27 68Total 40 100

Yes (32%) No (68%)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

13

27

Know Your Rights

Series1

Out of 40 only 13 senior citizens know their rights and 27 senior citizens don’t know

their rights. Only 32% senior citizens know their rights and 68% don’t know their

rights.



RAISED VOICE AGAINST YOUR RIGHTS VIOLATED BY OTHERS

Table 28

Raised voice Response Percentage (%)Yes 7 17No 33 83Total 40 100

Yes (17%)

No (83%)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

7

33

Raised Voice

Series1

Out of 40 only 7 senior citizens raised voice for their rights. And 33 senior citizens

don’t raised voice against their rights, because most of them don’t know their rights.

So only 17% senior citizens rose voiced and 83% senior citizens don’t raised voiced

for their rights.



Police officers

HANDLE ANY CASE OF SENIOR CITIZEN

TABLE 29

Handle any case Response Percentage (%)1-3 4 803+ 1 20Total 5 100

1-3 (80%) 3+ (20%)0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4

1

Case Handle

Series1

4 police officers handle 1 to 3 cases of senior citizens and 1 police officer handle 3 or

above 3 cases related to senior citizens. It means that 80% police officers handle 1

to 3 cases of senior citizens and 20% police officer handle 3 and above 3 cases of

senior citizens.



ANY MEETING CONDCTING FOR SENIOR CITIZENS

TABLE 30

Meeting conducting Response Percentage (%)Yes 0 0No 5 100Total 5 100

100%

Meeating Conducting

Yes (0%)No (100%)

According to the police officers there is no routine meeting conducting for the senior

citizens to give them the skills that how to prevent the crime and how to save

themselves.



DIFFERENT SECTION OF POLICE FOR SENIOR CITIZENS

TABLE 31

Different section of police

Response Percentage (%)

Yes 2 40No 3 60Total 5 100

40%

60%

Diffrent Section of Police

Yes (40%)No (60%)

2 police officers told that there is a different section of police for the senior citizens. 3

police officers told that there is no separate section of police for the senior citizens.



ANY SPECIAL SECURITY PROGRAM FOR THEM

TABLE 32

Security programs Response Percentage (%)Yes 4 80No 1 20Total 5 100

Yes (80%) No (20%)0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4

1

Security Programes

Series1

4 out of 5 police officers said that there are different security programs for the senior

citizens, and 1 police officer said that there is no security program. 80% police

officers said that there are different security programs and 20% police officers said

that there is no security program.



ANY ARRANGEMENT OF COUNSELING

TABLE 33

Counseling Response Percentage (%)Yes 2 40No 3 60Total 5 100

Yes (40%)

No (60%)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2

3

Counseling

Series1

3 Out of 5 police officers said that there are no counseling services provided to the

senior citizens who are the 60% of total police officers interviewed. 2 police officers

said that counseling service are provided to the senior citizens who are the 40% of

total police officers.



CHAPTER - 6

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

If we see the family type 35% senior citizens are from the nuclear family and

23% senior citizens are from the joint family. There are some senior citizens

whose son are not living with them because of the jobs so they live with their

daughters or any other relatives. If we see the education level then 37%

senior citizens are graduate and 25% are intermediate. Most of the senior

citizens are above intermediate.

30% senior citizens are retired from government jobs and 25% senior citizens

are doing the private jobs. 48% senior citizens are getting15000 and above

the monthly income and the 57% senior citizens are share their income with

their family members like with their son and daughter or others members of

the family.

62% senior citizens have their interactive social circle; mainly they have the

friend’s social circle which is 44%. They share some times their problems with

their friends. 27% senior citizens are the members of a social or religious

organization like church, any social welfare association or the meditation club

etc, they go there and feel good.

72% senior citizens have their own shelter in which 67% senior citizens are

living there, 33% senior citizens are living with their daughters and with some

close relatives or sometimes they went to the old age homes in the day time.

Most of the wives are co-operative lady, 77% senior citizens said that their

wife is a co-operative lady and only 27% senior citizens said that that their

wife are not co-operative lady because of some reasons for ex. Domestic

violence and some financial problems.

37% senior citizens don’t have good relation with their children and 28%

senior citizens have very tensed relation with their children only 35% senior

citizens have good relation with their children. 71% senior citizens said that

their children help them when they needed. Sometimes when they are not

well mostly their wife (57%) take care them.

72% senior citizens get proper food, clothing and medical care when they are

not well. Only 12% senior citizens are feeling lonely some times. Mainly 73%



senior citizens are liked their grandchildren and want to spent their free time

with their grandchildren.

Mostly the senior citizens travel by their own cars but sometimes when they

travel by the bus, metro and public transport then 32% senior citizens facing

problems in these transport. 20% senior citizens said that sometimes public

misbehave with them.

35% senior citizens are the victim of different type of crime in which 36%

senior citizens registered the FIR and the reaction of police was mostly

unsupportive. Police do not support the senior citizens. 32% Out of 100%

senior citizens know about their rights. Mostly 68% senior citizens don’t know

their rights. Only 17% senior citizens raised voice for their rights.

80% police officers handle 1 to 3 cases related to the senior citizens. There is

no meeting conducting for the senior citizens. 40% police officers told that

there is a different section of police for senior citizens. 80% senior citizens

said that there are many security programs are running for the security of

senior citizens. Only 40% police officer said that there is an arrangement for

the counseling service for senior citizens.



CHAPTER - 7

SUGGESTIONS

Analysis of crime against senior citizens has shown that they have been victimized

by government organizations, their family members, relatives and other persons

finding them easy targets for depriving them of their cash and valuables. Hence, it

becomes imperative for the elderly to take precautions for the safety of their life and

property. Some of the methods can be adopted to prevent crimes are:

Install good locks/auto locks on doors and windows. Also, use door chains,

magic eye and strong grills on the doors and windows. The rear courtyard

should be covered and front and rear lights should be switched on at night.

If any stranger enters the house (or found loitering around the house),first

ensure personal safety by locking yourself inside a room and immediately

inform the police control room and the local police station/beat staff giving

clear address of your house. Mobile phone would be useful under such

situation.

Give intimation to local police station or the beat staff.

Whenever alone in the house for a long period of time or out of town.

Take initiative for the police verification of servants, drivers, chowkidars,

tenants etc.

Take services of causal laborers like painters, carpenters, plumbers,

electrician, AC/Refrigerator/TV mechanics etc. only after prior personal

verification or on the recommendation of any known person or the RWA.

If a person visiting you poses as a representative, salesman, etc., demand

identification and credentials be slipped under the door. Call the employer

to verify the business. Immediately inform the police if you find anything

suspicious.

While sleeping, keep the door of your room locked from inside.

Never keep large amount of cash and jewellery at home. Keep caring

attitudes towards your servants but never allow them to be very close.

Go for installation of neighborhood alarm system.

Maintain good neighborly relations for spontaneous help.



Keep watchful eyes over the activities of laborers working in your

neighborhood.

Keep telephone numbers of local police/police Helpline/emergency

services/neighbors etc. so that in case of any mishap immediate help could be

sought.

Use a safety latch to allow only partial opening of the door.

Always go out in a group for evening/morning walk.

Be in touch with the beat police officer, keep his telephone number ready.

Keep photograph and finger prints of servants.

Keep an eye on visitors of your servant.

Don’t boast of your prosperity to anyone.

Don’t make an ostentatious display of cash and jewellery.

Don’t trust strangers and don’t open the door to unidentified people.

Don’t ignore any suspicious incident. Inform police

Don’t allow your servant’s visitors to stay with him.

Some other methods usually followed by various law-enforcing agencies

around the globe to prevent crimes are mentioned here.

Police Beats:

Police Beats provide a strong, localized policing presence in residential areas,

shopping centers and central business districts to prevent and reduce crime. It is a

good factor that our police are also doing it but should be improved.

Neighborhood Watch

Neighborhood Watch is a programme organized by the community in order to

reduce residential crime. Householders are encouraged to join together in small

informal groups for the purpose of improving the safety of their families and other

neighborhood residents



CHAPTER - 8

CONCLUSION

When we see the findings then we come to know that senior citizens are victimized

at different stages. Senior citizens are victimized by their family members for

example they are victimized by their son, daughter, and wife and sometimes by the

close relatives. According to the findings when they was the victim of crime and they

do not registered any FIR this is also a category of victimization and when they

registered the FIR and the action of police was not supportive this is also a category

of their victimization. Today senior citizens are victimized in the public transport and

in the different organizations. Most of the senior citizens do not know their rights and

they are victimized by this cause some times. Sometimes senior citizens know their

rights but they do not raised voice when someone violated their rights.

Senior citizens are the soft target so they victimized easily. Mainly the family

members victimized to the senior citizens. Most of the senior citizens are good

financially but they don’t have their salary because the family members takes the

salary from them so the financial condition of senior citizens are not good because

they do not have their income so the economic condition of senior citizens are not

good but the social condition is good. The living condition of senior citizens is not so

good because they are victimized in their own house also.

To reduce the victimization of senior citizens we should implement the law very

strictly and there are some moral things also. If we fallow those morals then the

victimization of senior citizens will be reduced. Children behave with their parents

very rudely but they forgot that they also come in that age.

But still a lot has to be done because in this cut throat competition children are

forgetting that they have been brought in this world by them and they should not

forget that some day they will be in their shoes. As said:

“DON’T BE TOO HARD ON YOUR PARENTS, YOU MAY FIND YOURSELF IN THEIR PLACE........”

By Compton Burnett Dame Lvy



CHAPTOR - 9

Appendix - 1

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR SENIOR CITIZENS

1. Name

2. Age

i. 60-70

ii. 71-80

iii. 80+

3.

No. of

members

Education

level

Occupation Income

Self

Wife

Daughter

Son

Daughter in

law

4. Do you share your income with your family members?

i. Yes

ii. No

5.1.Do you have your interact social circle?

i. Yes

ii. No

5.2.If yes, what kind of social circle?

---------------------



6.1.Are you a member of any social organization or religious institution?

i. Yes

ii. No

6.2.If yes, please specify the nature of participation of organization?

-----------------------

7.1.Do you have your own shelter?

i. Yes

ii. No

7.2.Are you living there?

i. Yes

ii. No

8.1.Is your wife a co-operative lady?

i. Yes

ii. No

8.2.If no, what type of problems you are facing with your wife?

-------------------------

9.1.How do you assess your relation with your children?

i. Very supportive

ii. Supportive

iii. Unsupportive

iv. Very Tensed

9.2.If supportive do they help you ?

i. Yes

ii. No



10.When you are not well who attends you at home?

---------------------------

11.Do you get proper food, clothing, and medical care?

i. Yes

ii. No

12.Do you feel lonely some time?

i. Yes

ii. No

13. Whom does you like most at home?

--------------------------

14.Do you face any problem while travelling?

i. Yes

ii. No

15.When you travelling in a public transport, public misbehave with you?

i. Yes

ii. No

16.1.Have you ever been a victim of crime?

i. Yes

ii. No

16.2.If yes, specify the nature of case?

-------------------------------

17.1.After victimization do you registered an FIR in police?

i. Yes

ii. No



17.2.If yes, what was the reaction of police?

i. Supportive

ii. Unsupportive

18.Do you know as a senior citizen what are your rights?

i. Yes

ii. No

19.Did you ever raise voice against your rights violated by others?

i. Yes

ii. No

Appendix - 2



INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR POLICE

Name:

Designation:

Place/Area:

1. Do you handle any case related to the senior citizens?

2. Any meeting conducted for senior citizens?

3. Should there be a different section of police officers for senior citizens?

4. Any special security programs for them?

5. Any arrangement for counseling services?

Appendix - 3



REFERENCE

Ahmad N.I., Abbas S. (1993), A Study on family care of elderly.

Bureau of Justice statistics, Department of Justice, a National Survey

Krause (2001), Study on the anticipated support and received support.

Penning (2001), A study on health, and health services.

Robert A. Butterworth, senior v\s Crime Project 2001.

Sangmitra and ilango (2002) Problems experienced by caregivers.

Tomstan (1995), A Study on relationship of elderly caregivers.

Whitlaten et.al; (2000), A study on stress process of caregivers.

McCoy, H.V. (1996), “Life situation and older persons' fear of crime”, Journal

of Criminal Justice, Volume 24, Issue 3, pp.191-205.

Saxena, N.S. (1999), “Crime and Violence against the Aged”, Understanding

Graying People of India, ICSSR, Inter- India Publications, New Delhi,.

Hollander, J. A. ( 2001) ”Vulnerability And Dangerousness”, Gender &

Society, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp.83-109.

Kristiansen, A. L.(2007), “ Social Equality and Perceptions of Insecurity-A

Comparison Study between Two European Countries”, European Journal of

Criminology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.59-86.

Siegel, Larry J. Criminology: Theories, Patterns and Typologies, 9 th edition,

Thomson Wadsworth Publication.2007 p. 78.

http://legalservicesindia.com/article/article/victims-rights-in-india-1315-1.html

Kapoor S.K., International Law and Human Rights, Central Law Agency.

The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.

Bare Acts, Cr.P.C. 1973, H.A.M.A. 1956, Indian Constitution.

Project on Rising Crimes against Elderly People and Responsibility of Police

in Metros, Group for Economic & Social Studies, September 2009.

U.N. Department Bureau of Justice Statistics.

http://www.fdle.state.fl.us/Content/getdoc/93708052-3d8a-45b7-99b9

30dccb2289b8/Cross.aspx.

U N Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse

of Power.


http://www.fdle.state.fl.us/Content/getdoc/93708052-3d8a-45b7-99b9-30dccb2289b8/Cross.aspx

http://www.fdle.state.fl.us/Content/getdoc/93708052-3d8a-45b7-99b9-30dccb2289b8/Cross.aspx

http://legalservicesindia.com/article/article/victims-rights-in-india-1315-1.html

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235833%231996%23999759996%2365329%23FLP%23&_cdi=5833&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6037ab2da2244c37ca83669c2fad56c0

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00472352

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00472352