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Trends and Issues in Open Educational Resources (OER) & Massive Open
Online Courses (MOOCs)
Seminar Discussion in College of Education, Ege University August 25th 2015
Presented by Ava (Shu-Hsiang) Chen, Ph.D.avachen.org
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Open Educational Resources
Image Source http://vle.du.ac.in/file.php/1/home_page/wordle1.jpg
History of OER
1994 Learning Object (Wayne Hodgins)
1998 Open Content (David Wiley)
2001 Creative Commons (Larry Lessing)
2001 MIT OpenCourseWare Initiative
2002 OER (UNESCO)
Reference: Wiley, D. (2006). The current state of open educational resources. Paper for Expert Meeting on Open Educational Resources. Malmo: OECD-CERI. From http://www.oecd.org/edu/ceri/36224377.pdf
Source:http://www.unesco.org/webworld/download/oer/EN/oer_logo_EN_1_RGB.jpg
Sourcehttp://www.oerasia.org/
Concept Map of OER OER = Content Infrastructure Platform for
Education Innovation (Wiley, 2009)
Image Source http://edtechdigest.wordpress.com/2012/09/13/trends-innovation-in-education/
Openness in Higher Education Plays an important role in driving
educational innovation & transforming HEI
Is the fundamental value & critical attribute HEI
Offers opportunities for sharing ideas, collaborating between institutions, educators, and learners locally & internationally (Wiley, et al., 2009).
Result of Openness Open Source Open Educational Resources (OER) Open Courses Open Research Open Data Open APIs Open Access Publishing Open Education (Cape Town Open
Education Declaration, 2008)Reference: Weller, M. (2012). The openness-creativity cycle in education – A perspective. Retrieve from http://jime.open.ac.uk/article/2012-02/pdf
Open / Openness in OER4 Freedomsto copy, to modify, to distribute, to redistribute modified versions (Foote, 2005).
Convenient, effective, affordable, sustainable, available (Walker, 2005).
4AsAccessible, Appropriate, Accredited, Affordable (Daniel, 2006).
5Rs Retain, Reuse, Redistribute, Revise, Remix (Wiley, et al., 2010, 2014).
Definitions of OER
OER is teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license (such as Creative Commons) that permits their free use or re-purposing by others (Atkins, Brown, & Hammond, 2007, p. 4)
Is the simple and powerful idea that the world’s knowledge is a public good and that technology in general and the World Wide Web in particular provide an extraordinary opportunity for everyone to share, use, and reuse knowledge (D’Anton, 2012)
Source: http://www.unesco.org/webworld/download/oer/EN/oer_logo_EN_1_RGB.jpg
Redefined of OER OERs are any type of educational resources
in either print or digital format that reside in the public domain and have released under an intellectual property license or open license such as Creative Commons that permits users with 5Rs openness framework: Retain, Reuse, Revise, Remix, Redistribute (Wiley, 2015) to support knowledge building, sharing, and learning to the worldwide community.
What consider to be OER? Course materials, websites, textbooks,
audio materials, podcast, video, multimedia applications, visual materials, archived discussions, simulations, or animations, maps, ancient or historical manuscripts, software, and any other tools or technique used to allow access to knowledge.
OER Attribute MapTools: Open
source software for development and
delivery of resources
Content Management
Systems (CMS)
Social Software: Wikis, H20, OSLO
research
Development Tools: Connexions
Learning Management
Systems: Moodle, Sakai
Content: Materials
published for learning or reference
Learning Resources•Courseware: MIT OCW, Paris Tech, Japan OCW
•Consortium
Learning Objects: MERLOT,
Connexions, ARIADNE
Reference Collection:
Internet archive, Google Scholar,
Library of Congress, Wikis.
MOOC
Implementation Resources
Licensing Tools: Creative
Commons, GNU Free
Documentation License
Interoperability: IMS, SCORM, OKI
Best Practices: CMU design principles
(Margulies , 2005, as cited in OECD 2007, p. 30)
OER Metaphor
Image Source https://openeducationalresources.pbworks.com/w/page/25228307/OER%20Myths
OER World Map - Open CourseWare Consortium Members
Image Source http://oerworldmap.oerknowledgecloud.org/
Current Status of OER Over 150 universities in China
participate in China Open Resources
11 universities in France have formed the ParisTech OCT project
7 universities in Japan have formed the Japanese OCW
7 universities in U.S. with OER projects, and offer over 1400 courses (Wiley, 2006)
Sourcehttps://www.facebook.com/COL4D
Benefits of OER Freedom of access. Freedom from proprietary systems and
corporations. Save time and effort for content development. Co-creation empowers more collaboration and
creativity. Sharing development costs among institutions. Contributes to the local and global community. Accessibility of resources previously unavailable to
specific groups of people. Lowers costs to students.
Reference: Zaid Ali Alsagoff (2013). Embracing OER & MOOCs to Transforming Education? & SteveYuen.Org
Challenges of OER Quality varies. Varying degrees of time commitment. Teachers sometimes not rewarded by the system for
their efforts. May not meet accessibility requirements for persons
with disabilities. May need a high degree of customization (or
localization). Technical requirements vary and some require you
to use a particular software. Requires varying degrees of continual financial
support. Licensing and obtaining copyright clearance can be
difficult. Some institutions may be concerned about “giving it
away”Reference: Zaid Ali Alsagoff (2013). Embracing OER & MOOCs to Transforming Education? & SteveYuen.Org
Open License – Creative Commons Share knowledge
& creativity with the world (CC)
Use copyright to enforce sharing (Wiley, 2009)
Image Source http://wisesearch.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/3/6/11361394/1762233_orig.gif
Current Research Area Associated with OER
Concept Relevant Managerial
Pedagogical System Contextualization
Ethical Policy & Strategy
MOOC (Massive Open Online Course)
Image Source http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/MOOC_poster_mathplourde.jpg
Reference http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/online-educational-delivery-models-descriptive-view
Reference http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/online-educational-delivery-models-descriptive-view
Reference http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/online-educational-delivery-models-descriptive-view
Mooc World Map
Image source from http://edutechnica.com/moocmap/#
MOOCs Map
http://openuct.uct.ac.za/blog/mooc-less-africa
Current Issues of MOOCs All of these MOOC platforms appear to justify their status
by promoting curricula that are equivalent to campus-based courses, with a strong focus on content delivery (Online Newsletter, 2012).
Acceptance of open academic practice and difficulty in establishing an academic identity in an unpredictable virtual environment (Mackness, Waite, Roberts, & Lovegrove, 2013).
Most MOOC discourse reflects strategic, institutional, economical, social and technological concerns. A deep pedagogical debate is still missing (Guardia, Maina, Sangra, 2013).
Issues of MOOC from Management Perspective
Accreditation
Administration Regulation
Dropout Privacy Piracy
Proficiency /
EvaluationIntellectual
PropertyQuality
Assurance
Issues of MOOC from Pedagogical Perspective
Core of Learning Design
Demanding Innovative and
Appropriate Approaches to
Teaching & Learning
Learning Across Distributed Platforms
Social Construction of
Knowledge
Open Academic Practice & Building an
Identity
Embracing Uncertainty
cMOOCs & xMOOCs ComparisonMOOCs Characteristics Major PlatformscMOOCs Focus on connection and build
up the community. Based on connectivist design principles include: aggregation, remixing, re-purposing, and feeding forward.
Relied on posted resource, learning management system, and social networking site.
xMOOCs Focus on content, standardize assessment Nothing different than a traditional online course
Coursera, edX, Udacity, Udemy, P2PU, Openedup
MOOCs Pedagogy
• Connectivist Pedagogy• Social Learning
cMOOC
• Video lectures• Mastery Learning• Self-paced Learning
xMOOC
• Study, Review, Play, Do, Share, Assess, Reflect, Discuss
pMOOC
xMOOCs PedagogyxMOOCs Platform Pedagogy
Coursera Video Lectures, Mastery Learning, Peer AssessmentInteraction – Video frequently stops, answer simple questionsSocial learning happen in the form of discussion forums
edX Video Lectures, quizzes, and assignmentFocus on open source MOOC platform, not pedagogy
Udacity Video lecture, self-study, quizzes, assignmentSocial learning happen in discussion forum and wiki
Udemy Video lecture, self-paced study
OpenupEd Openness to learners, digital openness, learner-centred approach, independent learning, media-supported interaction, recognition options. Both video lecture and text-based. Self-paced learning
pMOOC Pedagogy (Project-Based)• Read a short text, view a video presenting the rationale and
the core ideasStudy• Examine and critique a worked exampleReview• Experiment with the tool / methodPlay• Perform a structured task, using the tool / method, and
produce outputsDo• Publish these outputs to the web, and link to them from a
shared spaceShare• Review your peer’s productionsAssess• Post an entry to your learning journalReflect• Participate in an online discussionDiscuss
http://www.olds.ac.uk/blog/pmoocpedagogicalpattern
Types of MOOCs Learners
http://mfeldstein.com/insight-on-mooc-student-types-from-eli-focus-session/
Issues in current HEIs Globalization & Internationalization Students will be reached to 120 million
worldwide by 2020 Changing learners demographics &
increasing demands for lifelong adults learners
Increasing numbers of access to personal technology & social media
The need for changes in cost, affordability and economic model for HEI
Reference Yuan, L., & Powell, S. (2012) Moocs and open education: Implications for higher education. Retrieve from http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/MOOCs-and-Open-Education.pdf
Current MOOCs in Turkey
OpenupEd - http://www.openuped.eu/ (Anadolu University)
Coursera - https://www.coursera.org/ (KOC University)
edX - https://www.edx.org/
Universiteplus - https://www.universiteplus.com/
Major MOOCs Provider Turkish MOOC
Q & A
References Atkins, D. E., Brown, J. S., & Hammond, A. L. (2007). Review of the open educational resources (OER) movement:
Achievements, challenges, and new opportunities: The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Butcher, N. (2010). Open educational resources and higher education. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from
http://www.nba.co.za/open-educational-resources-and-higher-education Butcher, N. (2011). A basic guide to open educational resources (OER) (A. Kanwar, & Uvalic´-Trumbic´, S. Ed.).
Vancouver and Paris: COL and UNESCO. Caswell, T., Henson, S., Jensen, M., & Wiley, D. (2008). Open educational resources: Enabling universal education. The
International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 9(1). D'Antoni, S. (2009). Open Educational Resources: reviewing initiatives and issues. Open Learning: The Journal of Open
and Distance Learning, 24(1), 3-10. doi: 10.1080/02680510802625443 Nasongkhla, J., Thammetar, T., Chen, S-H., & Photipussa, P. (2015, in press). Thailand OERs and MOOCs Country
Report. Knou Press. OECD. (2007). Giving knowledge for free: The emergence of open educational resources: OECD Publishing. UNESCO. (2002). Forum on the impact of open courseware for higher education in developing countries. from
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001285/128515e.pdf UNESCO. (2012a). 2012 Paris OER Declaration. from
http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/Events/Paris OER Declaration_01.pdf Wiley, D. (2009). Impediments to learning object reuse and openness as a potential solution. Revista Brasileira de
Informática na Educação, 17(3). Wiley, D. (2010a). The open future: Openness as catalyst for an educational reformation. Educase Review, 15-20. Wiley, D. (2010b). Openness as catalyst for an educational reformation. EDUCUASE, 45(4), 14-20. Wiley, D. (2014a). The access compromise and the 5th R. from http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/3221 Wiley, D. (2014b). Defining the open in open content. from http://opencontent.org/definition/ Wiley, D., Bliss, T. J., & McEwen, M. (2014). Open educational resources: A review of the literature. In J. M. Spector (Ed.),
Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology. New York: Springer. Yuan, L., & Powell, S. (2013). MOOCs and open education: Implications for higher education - A while paper. JISC Cetis
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