TomatoSubmitted to: Dr. Ijaz Rassol NoorkaSubmitted by: Sobia kanwal BAGF12MO10

Botanical DesciptionScientific Name: Solanum lycopersicum L.Order: SolanalesFamily: Solanaceae

History and Origion Tomato has its origin in the South

American Andes. The cultivated tomato was brought to Europe by the Spanish in the sixteenth century and later introduced from Europe to southern and eastern Asia, Africa and the Middle East. More recently, wild tomato has been distributed into other parts of South America and Mexico.

Common Names• Tomate (Spain, France)• Tomat (Indonesia)• Faan ke’e (China)• Tomati (West Africa)• Jitomate (Mexico)• Pomodoro (Italy)

Nutrients in tomatoes• Tomatoes contribute to a healthy, well-

balanced diet. • They are rich in minerals, vitamins,

essential amino acids, sugars and dietary fibres.

• Tomato contains much vitamin B and C, iron and phosphorus.

Botanical DescriptionRoots: Tap root system having depth of 50cm or

more.Stem: Growth habit is erect to prostate.Plant height is2-4 m. The stem is solid, coarse, hairy and glandular.Leaf: Spirally arranged, 15-50 cm long and 10-30cm

wide. Leaflets are ovate to oblong, covered with glandular hairs.

Flowers: Bisexual, 1.5-2 cm in diameter.

Fruits: Fleshy berry, globular to oblate in shape and

2-15 cm in diameter.The immature fruit is green and hairy. Ripe fruits range from yellow,orange to red. It is usually round, smooth.

Seeds: Numerous, kidney or pear shaped. They are

hairy, light brown 3-5mm long and 2-4 mm wide.

Production technologyClimate: Day neutral plant,grow best in warm season because frost cause demage.Crop grows well Under optimum temperature of 21C-23C.Soils: It grows well in all kinds of soil. Well drained

light soils are good for early crop whereas heavy yields are obtained when grown in silt loam or clay loam. The pH should be 7-8.

Seed rate: For nursery 300-400 g/ha.Time of planting: Tomato can be grown in any

season as it is a day neutral plant. Three crops are taken in areas which are not affected by frost.

Kharif crop transplanted in July, Rabi in October- November months and Zaid in February.

Seed treatment:Seed is treated with carbendazin 2g/kg

of seed.Nursery bed preparation:

The seedbed should be 60-120 cm wide and 20-25 cm high. The length depends on the number of seedlings wanted. Cover the seeds with fine sand and straw. Water the seedbeds twice a day to ensure sufficient moisture for germination.

Raising seedlings: Seeds are sown one month

before transplanting time. After the seeds are sown mulching should be done with green leaves.Mulch should be removed immediately after transplanting.

Land preparation: 4-5 ploughings are done for

preparing the land with sufficient interval between two consecutive ploughings along with the incorporation of sufficient quantity of FYM.

Method of transplanting: In light soils seedlings are transplanted in furrows and in case of heavy soils in ridges.PXP=50cm RXR=75-100cm

Irrigations: In summer irrigation is given at 5-7 days interval and in winters it should be 8-12 days. During fruiting stage water stress can be destructive for the tomato crop.

Weed control: Weeds are controlled effectively by the application of pre-emergence weedicides and by frequent weed picking by hand hoeing.

Tomato Insects• Tomato fruit worm• White fly• Aphid• Root knot nematode

Tomato fruit worm: caterpillars cut holes in tomato fruit. Bacillus thuringienisis var Kurstaki @ 0.5kg/ha is sprayed to control the insect.

White fly: Effect the leaves and cause their shriveling and curling up. The insect can be controlled by spraying Rogor in early stage of crop.

Aphid: Photosynthetic activity is altered. Plant got stunted and leaves turn yellow. Insect can be controlled by spraying Rogor in early stage of crop.

Disease management• Damping off• Leaf curl• Early blight• Late blight• Tomato mosaic• Bacterial wilt

Breeding behaviour Tomato is a self- fertile. But it’s not self-

pollinating because it can’t pollinate on its own.The pest pollinator for tomato flower is a bee that Buzz and pollinate the flower. Or artificially hand shaking or the use of some brush may serve the purpose.

Cross pollination• Emasculation• Pollination• Tagging

Breeding Objectives• Early and high yielding varieties• Resistent varieties• Development of such varieties which can

withstand prolonged storage and transportation

• Such varieties that are more appropriate for processing.

Present status of tomato According to 2011 statistics • China rank no.1 for tomato production with

48.6 million tones• India 2nd with 16.8 million tones • USA 3rd with 12.6 million tones• Whereas Pakistan exported 5692 tons of

tomato crop during the year 2009-10 and earned 77 million rupees.

REGISTERED VARIETIES OF TOMATO IN PAKISTAN

• Ajax• Cardinal• Desiree• Diamant• Faisalabad white• Faisalabad red• Laale Faisal• Multa• Pars 70• Patrones• Sialkot sufaid

Uses of tomato

• Tomato is a fruit that is also considered a vegetable and is extensively used in making a wide variety of dishes.

• It is used in vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian dishes all over the world and also for snacks.

• It is famous for being used in pizzas, sandwiches and cocktails too.

• This widely used fruit has many nutritional benefits in addition to its preference in many cultures.

Health Benefits Of Tomatoes

• Filling Food• Vitamins and Nutritional Content• Controls Heart Rate• Prevents Eye Diseases• High Blood Pressure• Good for Bones and Teeth• Protects from Free Radicals• Anti Cancerous