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Blood sucking arthropods

Obligate Hematophages

Ectoparasites of mammals, birds, and

sometimes reptiles and amphibians.

Life threatening vector (rank second; 1st

Mosquitos)

Transmit greater variety of infections agents

Economic losses

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1.The head, thorax, and abdomenare fused into one body segment.

2.Arachnids do not have wings andantennae.

3.In the nymph and adult stagesthey have four pairs of legs.

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Significance

Bite Stress

Production loss

Physical Damage

Anemia

Poisoning

Disease Transmission

•Tick-borne meningoencephalitis

•Colorado tick fever

•Nairobi sheep disease

•African swine fever

•Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Virus

• Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Rickettsia

• Lyme disease

•African tick bite fever

•Ehrlichiosis

•Tularemia

•Tick-borne relapsing fever

•Q fever

Bacteria

• Babesiosis

• Theileriosis

• Bovine anaplasmosis

Protozoa

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Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthopoda

Class: Arachnida

Sub-class: Acari

Order: Parasitiformes

Sub-order: Ixodida

Ixodidae

Hard Ticks

Argasidae

Soft Ticks

Nuttalliellidae

Nuttalliella namaqua

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Hard Tick Soft Tick

Distinguished by a dorsal shield, small in female, but

covers the entire dorsal surface in males. They are also tapered anteriorly and the mouthparts are readily visible from the dorsal view.

Soft Ticks are leathery and without a dorsal shield.

Their mouthparts are sub-terminally attached and

not visible from the dorsal view.

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Amblyomma Dermacentor Haemaphysalis

Hyalomma Ixodes Rhipicephalus

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Otobius Argas

Ornithodoros

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Body Sections: The anterior capitulum (or gnathosoma),

which contains the head and mouthparts; and the posterior idiosoma which contains the legs, digestive tract, and reproductive organs.

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Ticks extract the blood by cutting a hole in the host's epidermis, intowhich they insert their hypostome, in order to keep the blood fromclotting by excreting an anticoagulant or platelet aggregation inhibitor.

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Hard Ticks Soft Ticks

CapitulumAnterior to body,

visible from dorsumInvisible from dorsum

Scutum Present Not Present

PedipalpiStrong,

Non-MovableMovable, Active

Difference of

Sexes

Evident: Male smaller

with large scutum and

vice versa.

Not evident, female

larger

Position of

Stigmal

Plate

Behind the base of 4th

pair of legs

Between 3rd and 4th pair

of legs

Morphological Differences

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Hard Tick(Male)

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Har

d T

ick

(Fem

ale)

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Egg Laying

Unlike mosquitoes, both male and female hardticks are blood suckers, and both requireseveral days feeding before copulation. After themale hard tick becomes engorged, he usuallycopulates with one or more females and thendies. Following copulation, the female tick dropsto the ground. The eggs require several days todevelop. Then she begins oviposition. After afew more days, her life's mission accomplished,the spent female hard tick also dies. The femalesoft tick may lay several small batches of eggsbut she requires another blood meal before eachepisode of oviposition.

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Hard Ticks Soft Ticks

HabitatLive outdoor, attack in

the day (questing)

Live in sleeping places

of host.

Hosts 1-3 hosts More than 10 hosts

Adult

Feeding

1 blood meal,

Completes in days

Intermittent feeders

(5-12 or more)

Mating On host Off host

Egg LayingThousands / single

batch

Less than thousand in

several batches

Nymph 1 instar Several (5-7) instars

Life span 2 months – 3 years Long (up to 16 years)

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Hard Ticks

Male smaller with larger Scutum and

vice versa.

Soft Ticks

In males, the genital opening is

almost circular, while it is oval and definitely broader

than long in female specimens.

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l Physical Control

General Personal

Chemical Control DEET, Permethrin Insecticides (Acaricides) in

Spring and Summer Biological Control

Resistant Breeds Vaccination

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Osama Zahid

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lNormal Ticks Vaccinated Ticks