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The Medieval ChurchMonks and Papal Authority
Church and KingsChurch Was granted favours
by Roman Emperors/Kings landexemption from taxes immunity in courtspositions in courts
In return church helped kings secure control of territory
Most influential organization in Europe
Kings Got a supply of
educated administrators from Church
In return kings would enforce laws that prohibited other religions
MonasticismMost dynamic and significant institution in
the Early Middle AgesImpulse to withdraw from the world and
devote one’s self to GodRegarded as the most perfect form of the
Christian life“And every man that has forsaken home, or
brothers, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands for my name’s sake, shall receive his reward a hundredfold, and obtain everlasting life.” Matt. 19:29
MonasticismStarted with St. Anthony from
EgyptRetired to the desert to live the
ascetic life of a good hermitA colony of would-be ascetics
gathered around him to draw inspiration from his holiness
The colony lived together but did not communicate to one another
Soon other colonies grew in Egypt and other areas of the Roman Empire
St. Simeon Stylites lived atop a 60 ft pillar for 30 years!
MonasticismSt. Benedict of Nurisa (c. 480-544)
added common senseChanged from severe fasting, hair
shirts, and lashingsBenedict was born into a rich
family and had keen psychological insightWell organized and learned from
experiencesFounded a number of monasteries
(Monte Cassino)Became a model monasteryFocused on comprehensive,
practical and compassionate rule
Monasticism and Saints
Monasteries grew 400 -700 CE centres of education, literacy
and learningSaints
performs miracles as evidence of a special relationship with God
Must be canonized after deathSt. Augustine
wrote “Confessions” ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and
the role of free will Wrote treatise allowing violence
against heretics – the “just war”
The Church takes ChargePeace of God: 989 CE
No stealing from churchNo assaulting clerics, women, peasants
Excommunication
Truce of God: 1027 CENo fighting Thursday to Monday, feast days, holy
daysNo killing ChristiansLed to justification for CrusadesTruce created a paradox: Peace & Truce of God
created to bring order and civility to society, yet this peace movement also contributed to idea of the righteousness of holy war.
Church takes Charge, cont’dChurch Schism: 1054 CE
Pope and Patriarch excommunicate each otherRoman Catholic and Greek Orthodox split
War of Investitures: 1075 CEWho gets to appoint bishops? Pope or King?50 years of bloodshed
Concordat of Worms: 1112 CEKing appoint bishops and abbots as vassal
of empirePope then gives staff and ringKings gave up religious influence
Church takes Charge, cont’dPope Innocent III
Believed in supreme power of the papacyEmperors and kings were servants of the
churchInvolved himself in disputes all over
EuropeFreely used his power of excommunicationPlaced kings in France and England were
placed under interdict (removing sacramental and burial privileges).
Other kings were overthrown and replaced by rulers of his choice
Innocent started the trend of using the faith of various kings to their people to their advantage