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The Last Hurrah is a Section in the book "The Scientists" by John Gribbin. This presentation was used to aid my report in SCE548M class (History and Philosophy of Science) last August 7, 2014. Thanks to the owners of the images I grabbed from the internet. :)
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the debatecontinental drift
the “Bullard” filtseafloor spreading
Ice Age
12345
uniformitarianism catastrophism
Alfred Wegener Arthur HolmesBertram Boltwood
Walter ElsasserEdward Bullard
Harry HessMcKenzie, Vine, MathewsTuzo Wilson
the “erratics”Ice Age modelastronomical theory of Ice Age
uniformitarianism
catastrophism1
youtube tag: Ice Age 4 COntinental drift trailer
UniformitarianismEarth is gradually shrinking, contract ing as i t coo led , producing mountain ranges as it wrinkled and shrank
catastrophismsudden and rapid bursts of dramatic change separated by long intervals of relatively calm cooling, contracting Earth
James DanaEduard Seuss
Continents have always been continents,
seafloor have always been seafloor.
Contraction is the driving force for
rapid bursts separated by long intervals of calm contracting Earth.
James Dana
Earth is gradually shrinking, contracting as
it cooled, producing mountain ranges as it wrinkled and shrank
-permanentism-
1
Eduard Seuss
1
sudden and rapid bursts of dramatic change separated
by long intervals of relatively calm cooling,
contracting Earth
-gondwanaland-
Eduard Seuss
1
for this to happen, T = 1200oC
Gondwana lead to Continental drift idea
Australia India Africa
Antonio Snider-Pellergini
1
series of catastrophes took place on Earth
the Great Flood
Antonio Snider-Pellergini
1
first to publish a map which brings together
continents on both sides of Atlantic Ocean
the map is used to explain the similarities between fossils in land masses separated by
oceans
Osmond Fisher1
Moon was formed when young Earth split into two
unequal parts
the hole left behind by the Moon drove the continents to move
towards it to fill the empty space
12345
uniformitarianism catastrophism
Alfred Wegener Arthur HolmesBertram Boltwood
Walter ElsasserEdward Bullard
Harry HessMcKenzie, Vine, MathewsTuzo Wilson
the “erratics”Ice Age modelastronomical theory of Ice Age
2 Alfred Wegener
Father of Continental Drift Theory
meteorologist-geologist
the jigsaw puzzle
paleontological similarities
South America West Africa
mesosaurus marsupials
volunteer reserve cadet (meteorological service of army)
youtube tag: Great Minds - Alfred Wegener (SciShow)
2
2 Alfred Wegener
seek out evidence to support his idea
defended the model in light of criticisms
overall concept stood the test of time
2 Alfred Wegener
Pangea - contained all land surface
Whatever is the driving force, he pointed out the sites of rift valleys the process of continental
drift which still continues to take place
up until now
2 Alfred Wegener
argued that the cause of continental drift are:
retreat from poles caused by centrifugal force possible tidal effects
ploughing through the sima of the seafloor
inaccurate measurements (50-100k years)
Arthur Holmes2
Radioactive decay
Convection is associated with mountain building, continental drift theory
Arthur Holmes2
convection current stirred the continents to move very slowly, pushing other continents as
they collide around the globe
PangeaGondwanaland (South)Laurasia (North)
Bertram Boltwood2Geometric dating
age of earth: 4.5byo
accuracy of measurements in
determining the age of rock samples led to
more accurate historical claims
no new evidencesno new ideas
1950s-1960s
12345
uniformitarianism catastrophism
Alfred Wegener Arthur HolmesBertram Boltwood
Walter ElsasserEdward Bullard
Harry HessMcKenzie, Vine, MathewsTuzo Wilson
the “erratics”Ice Age modelastronomical theory of Ice Age
Walter Elsasser3Fossil magnetism (rocks)
Earth’s magnetic field
Edward Bullard3model of Earth’s magnetic
field as product of circulating conducting fluids in hot fluid core
used early electronic computer for 1st numerical
simulation of dynamo process
12345
uniformitarianism catastrophism
Alfred Wegener Arthur HolmesBertram Boltwood
Walter ElsasserEdward Bullard
Harry HessMcKenzie, Vine, MathewsTuzo Wilson
the “erratics”Ice Age modelastronomical theory of Ice Age
Harry Hess4proponent of the
Seafloor Spreading Theory
Ocean ridges are produced by convection currents in the fluid material of the mantle welling up from
deeper below the surface
Harry Hess4direct evidences
accurate measurements
Mountain formation at Pacific ocean floor reverse magnetic polarity as evident in rocks
age of rocks: new ones found at the ridge, older ones at the foot of the ridge Atlantic ridge widening: 2cm/yr
Dan McKenzie
Frederick Vine
Drummond Mathews
4 linked the evidence for geomagnetic reversals with seafloor spreading model of continental drift
suggestive NOT conclusive
Tuzo Wilson4put together the ideas of Continental
Drift and Seafloor Spreading
PLATE rigid portions of Earth’s
crust that move the ground caused by forces associated
with the two theories
Edward Bullard4
objective method using mathematical basis
used electronic computer to provide unbiased objective matching
12345
uniformitarianism catastrophism
Alfred Wegener Arthur HolmesBertram Boltwood
Walter ElsasserEdward Bullard
Harry HessMcKenzie, Vine, MathewsTuzo Wilson
the “erratics”Ice Age modelastronomical theory of Ice Age
Bernard Kuhn5
erraticsBiblical flood
first to notice the erratic formation of polar ice caps
James Hutton Jens
Esmarck
Richard Bernhardi
5 polar ice cap extended as far South as central Germany
Louis Agassiz
“convert” - finally convinced
enthusiasm position - President
Credibility and Influence
5
5 Louis Agassiz
looked for evidences of glaciation
used Johannes Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion to
explain Alternating Ice Ages
elliptical orbit
5
Alexander Von Humbolt
Joseph Alchemar
Urbain LeVerrier
James Croll
5 Mulitin milankovitch
used mathematical evidences to describe changing climates by comparing the
temperatures of 3 planets
Mars Earth Venus
Wladimir Köppen
published a book containing his attempt to explain the past climates
based on continental drift
5
It is not the temperature in winter but the temperature in
summer that dictates how much snow stays unmelted in summer
ice cold summer NOT extra cold winter
1958
no new geological evidence seemed to matter the idea had fallen out and died down
1970s
20th century
end of classical science and beginning of quantum revolution
the Last Hurrah
end of all the dynamic changes and beginning of a more stable Earth
7the things i learned:
just as the tectonic plates need “driving force” to cause it to move to form the Earth,
!people need a motivation to keep on doing
what they are doing to attain a goal
conscious effort to pursue a problem scientific method is a cycle — a never-ending process of seeking for truth and making sense
HPS Connect
7the things i learned:
More than what a person is talking about, in order to persuade
his audience, he must: know his audience have credibility be passionate and enthusiastic
theories are conjectures; scientific theories are refutable It is not the correctness or truthfulness, but the usefulness of a theory that matters
HPS Connect
7the things i learned:
In the end, it doesn’t matter if people believe you or not,
the more valuable is the passion to seek for truth and the patience
to bear the rigorous work that goes with it.
Science has a way to correct itself Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought
HPS Connect