Temporal Databases: Modifications

Temporal Databases: Modification

Kristian Torp

Department of Computer ScienceAalborg University

people.cs.aau.dk/˜[email protected]

November 2, 2015

daisy.aau.dk

Kristian Torp (Aalborg University) Temporal Databases: Modification November 2, 2015 1 / 57

http://people.cs.aau.dk/~torp

mailto:[email protected]

http://daisy.aau.dk

Outline

1 Transaction-Time State Tables

2 Valid-Time State TablesImplicit TimestampingExplicit Timestamping

3 Bitemporal State TablesImplicit TimestampingExplicit Timestaming

4 Summary


Learning Goals

Learning GoalsUnderstand modifications on transaction-time tablesUnderstand modifications on valid-time tables

Implicit timestamping, system suppliedExplicit timestamping, user supplied

Understand modifications on bitemporal tablesImplicit timestamping, system suppliedExplicit timestamping, user supplied

now and UC in modifications

NoteWe will use integers for timestamps

simply because it takes up less space on slides

Will focus on state tablesMost expressiveHardest to understand (compared to event)


Outline




4 Summary


Transaction-Time Example, Implicit Timestamping

NoteImplicit means timestamps values are always system supplied

Logical OperationsTime 4: Hire Ann to work in the HR department

Time 8: Move Ann to the RD department

Time 12: Hire Bart to work in the HR department

Time 16: Fire Bart







Time 16: Fire Bart

Example (At Time 4: Transaction-Time Insert)

Name Dept tts tte

Ann HR 4 UC







Time 16: Fire Bart

Example (At Time 8: Transaction-Time Update)

Name Dept tts tte

Ann HR 4 8Ann RD 8 UC







Time 16: Fire Bart

Example (At Time 12: Transaction-Time Insert)

Name Dept tts tte


Bart HR 12 UC







Time 16: Fire Bart

Example (At Time 16: Transaction-Time Delete)

Name Dept tts tte


Bart HR 12 16


Transaction-Time Insert


Example (Emps as of Time 6)

VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept tts tte

Ann HR 4 UC


Transaction-Time Update




VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ann, RDAnn, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept tts tte



Transaction-Time Insert (Again)Logical Operations

Time 4: Hire Ann to work in the HR department




VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Bart, RDAnn, RD

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept tts tte


Bart HR 12 UC


Transaction-Time DeleteLogical Operations




Time 16: Fire BartExample (Emps as of Time 18)

VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Bart, RDAnn, RD

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept tts tte


Bart HR 12 16Kristian Torp (Aalborg University) Temporal Databases: Modification November 2, 2015 9 / 57

Quiz: Transaction-Time State Table

Logical OperationsTime 4 Hire Curt to work in the HR department

Time 8 Move Curt to the RD department

Time 12 Fire Curt from the company

Name Dept tts tte

Curt HR 4 UC

Curt RD 8 UC

Name Dept tts tte

Curt HR 4 8Curt RD 8 UC

A B

Name Dept tts tte

Curt HR 4 8Curt RD 8 12

Name Dept tts tte

Curt HR 4 8Curt RD 8 12Curt RD 12 UC

C D


Summary: Transaction-Time Modifications

Main PointsTransaction time always system supplied values

Insert: Explicit attributes + [current time, UC)

Delete: Set column tte to current time

Update: A delete followed by an insert

NoteSystem always supplies the timestamps!!!UC = Until Changed

Also called now or nobind-now

Queries on current state of table work as beforeBackwards compatibility⇒ no rewrite of existing code

Logical deletes (newer physical deletes)

More than one insert/update/delete per time unit

Physical database design split current from history


Outline




4 Summary


Outline




4 Summary


Valid-Time Implicit Timestamping

NoteRecall, implicit means timestamps values are always system supplied

Logical Operationstime: 4 Hire Ann to work in the HR department

time: 8 Move Ann to the RD department

time: 12 Hire Bart to work in the HR department

time: 16 Fire Bart







time: 16 Fire Bart

Example (At Time 4: Valid-Time Insert)

Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 4 now







time: 16 Fire Bart

Example (At Time 8: Valid-Time Update)

Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 4 8Ann RD 8 now







time: 16 Fire Bart


Name Dept vts vte


Bart HR 12 now







time: 16 Fire Bart

Example (At Time 16: Valid-Time Delete)

Name Dept vts vte


Bart HR 12 16


Valid-Time Insert



VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 4 now


Valid-Time Update




VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ann, RDAnn, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte



Valid-Time Insert (Again)Logical Operations





VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Bart, RDAnn, RD

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte


Bart HR 12 now


Valid-Time DeleteLogical Operations




Time 16: Fire BartExample (Emps as of Time 18)

VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Bart, RDAnn, RD

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte


Bart HR 12 16Kristian Torp (Aalborg University) Temporal Databases: Modification November 2, 2015 18 / 57

Summary: Implicit Timestamping

Temporal ModificationsInsert: explicit attributes + [current time, now)

Delete: Set column vte to current time

Update: A delete followed by an insert

NoteImplicit valid-time and transaction-time is handled similarly

System can supplies the timestamps!!!

Operations on current state of table as before

Logical deletes (no physical deletes in these cases!!!)


Quiz: Modifications to Table

Logical Operationstime:1 Hire Curt to work in the HR department

time:12 Fire Curt

time:20 Hire Dan to work in the HR department

Name Dept vts vte

Curt HR 1 12Dan HR 20 now

Name Dept vts vte

Curt HR 1 12Curt HR 12 now

Dan HR 20 now

A BName Dept vts vte

Curt HR 1 now

Curt HR 12 now

Dan HR 20 now

Name Dept vts vte

Curt HR 1 12Curt HR 12 20Dan HR 20 now

C D


Quiz: Table to Modifications

Name Dept vts vte

Dan HR 1 now

Eli RD 10 20

ATime 1 Hire Dan, HR

Time 10 Hire Eli, RD

BTime 1 Hire Dan, HR


Time 20 Fire Eli

CTime 1 Hire Dan, HR


Time 10 Fire Dan

Time 20 Fire Eli

DTime 1 Hire Dan, HR


Time 10 Eli to RD

Time 20 Fire EliKristian Torp (Aalborg University) Temporal Databases: Modification November 2, 2015 21 / 57

Quiz: Conceptual Difference?

Example (Departments)

Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 1 10Ann RD 10 20Ann HR 20 40

Name Dept vts vte


Example (Salaries)

Name Salary vts vte

Ann 40 1 10Ann 50 10 20Ann 70 20 40

Name Salary vts vte

Ann 40 1 15Ann 50 10 20Ann 70 20 40


Quiz: Conceptual Difference?

Example (Departments)

Name Dept vts vte


Name Dept vts vte


Example (Salaries)

Name Salary vts vte

Ann 40 1 10Ann 50 10 20Ann 70 20 40

Name Salary vts vte

Ann 40 1 15Ann 50 10 20Ann 70 20 40


Outline




4 Summary


Valid-Time Example: Case One

NoteExlicit means timestamps values are user supplied

Logical OperationsTime 4: Hire Ann HR department [2, 14)

Time 8: Hire Bart RD department [14, now)

Time 12: Fire Ann

Time 16: Move Bart to HR department






Time 12: Fire Ann



Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 2 14






Time 12: Fire Ann



Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 2 14Bart RD 14 now






Time 12: Fire Ann



Name Dept vts vte







Time 12: Fire Ann



Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 2 12Bart RD 14 16Bart HR 16 now


Valid-Time Insert

Logical OperationsTime:4 Hire Ann HR department [2, 14)

Example (Emps at Time 6)

VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 2 14


Valid-Time Insert with now




VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Bart, RDAnn, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte



Valid-Time Delete



Time 12: Fire Ann


VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Bart, RDAnn, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte



Valid-Time UpdateLogical Operations

Time 4: Hire Ann HR department [2, 14)


Time 12: Fire Ann



VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Bart, HRBart, RD

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 2 12Bart RD 14 16Bart HR 16 now


Valid-Time Example: Case Two


Time 8: Hire Bart RD Department [14, 24)

Time 12: Ann on leave [6, 14)

Time 16: Remove Bart from HR for the period [8, 20)








Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 2 18








Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 2 18Bart RD 14 24








Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 2 6Ann HR 14 18Bart RD 14 24








Name Dept vts vte



Valid-Time Insert



VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 2 18


Valid-Time Insert (Again)




VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Bart, RDAnn, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte

Ann HR 2 18Bart RD 14 24


Valid-Time Update





VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Ann, HRBart, RD

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte



Valid-Time DeleteLogical Operations

Time 4: Hire Ann HR department [2, 18)





VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Ann, HRBart, RD

Ann, HR

Example (Table)

Name Dept vts vte



Visualizations of DeleteExample (Result: Zero Rows)

VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

DataDeleteResult

Example (Result: One Row)

VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

DataDelete

Result

Example (Result: Two Rows)

VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

DataDelete

Result Result



VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

DataDeleteResult


VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

DataDelete

Result


VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

DataDelete

Result Result



VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

DataDeleteResult


VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

DataDelete

Result


VT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

DataDelete

Result Result


Valid-Time State Modifications, Explicit Timestamping

OperationsInsert: Explicit attributes + interval suppliedDelete: Remove where delete interval overlaps (for each original row)

0 rows if delete interval totally overlaps1 row if delete interval left/right overlaps2 rows if delete interval contained in row interval

Update: Delete followed by insert

NoteUser supplies the timestamps

Physical deletes may occur


Outline




4 Summary


Outline




4 Summary


Bitemporal Example, Implicit Timestamping




Time 16: Fire Bart






Time 16: Fire Bart

Example (At Time 4: Bitemporal Insert)

Name Dept vts vte tts tte

Ann HR 4 now 4 UC






Time 16: Fire Bart

Example (At Time 8: Bitemporal Update)


Ann HR 4 now 4 8Ann HR 4 8 8 UC

Ann RD 8 now 8 UC






Time 16: Fire Bart

Example (At Time 12: : Bitemporal Insert)



Ann RD 8 now 8 UC

Bart HR 12 now 12 UC






Time 16: Fire Bart

Example (At Time 16: : Bitemporal Delete)



Ann RD 8 now 8 UC

Bart HR 12 now 12 16Bart HR 12 16 16 UC


Bitemporal Graphs

Example (Ann)

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

VT

0123456789

101112131415161718

Ann, HR Ann, HR

Ann, RD

Example (Bart)

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

VT

0123456789

101112131415161718

Bart, HRBart, HR

NoteVisualized in two graphs, because data ”overlap”


Outline




4 Summary


Bitemporal Delete, Explicit Valid Time

Example (Case 1: No changes)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)

Example (Case 2: Delete entire interval)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)

time:5 Delete Ann, HR, [1, 10)

Example (Case 3: Delete first part)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)


Example (Case 4: Delete in the middle)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)



Bitemporal Delete, Explicit Valid Time, Case 1, Time 10


Example (Graph)

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HR

Example (Table)


Ann HR 2 8 1 now



Example (Case 2: Delete entire interval)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)


Example (Graph)

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HR

Example (Table)


Ann HR 2 8 1 5



Example (Case 3: Delete first part)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)


Example (Graph)

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HRAnn, HR

Example (Table)


Ann HR 2 8 1 5Ann HR 5 8 5 UC



Example (Case 4: Delete in the middle)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)


Example (Graph)

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HR

Ann, HR

Ann, HR

Example (Table)



Ann HR 7 8 5 UC


Bitemporal Delete Explicit Valid-Time, Summary, Time 10

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HR

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HR

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HRAnn, HR

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HR

Ann, HR

Ann, HR


Bitemporal Update Explicit Valid-Time


Example (Case 2: Update entire interval)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)

time:5 Update Ann, RD, [1, 10)

Example (Case 3: Update first part)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)


Example (Case 4: Update in the middle)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)



Bitemporal Update Explicit Valid-Time, Case 1, Time 10


Example (Graph)

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HR

Example (Table)


Ann HR 2 8 1 now



Example (Case 2: Update entire)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)


Example (Graph)

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HRAnn, RD

Example (Table)


Ann HR 2 8 1 5Ann RD 1 10 5 UC



Example (Case 3: Update first part)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)


Example (Graph)

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HRAnn, HR

Ann, RD

Example (Table)



Ann RD 1 5 5 UC



Example (Case 4: Update in the middle)time:1 Insert Ann, HR, [2, 8)


Example (Graph)

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HR

Ann, HR

Ann, HR

Ann, RD

Example (Table)



Ann HR 7 8 5 UC

Ann RD 4 7 5 UC


Bitemporal Graphs: Explicit Valid-Time at Time 10

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HR

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HRAnn, RD

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HRAnn, HR

Ann, RD

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VT

0123456789

10

Ann, HR

Ann, HR

Ann, HR

Ann, RD


Assignment: Bitemporal Modification I

Modifications on (Name, Salary)Time:2 insert Joe, 10

Time:4 insert Tom, 22

Time:10 Update Joe’s salary to 15

Time:12 Delete Tom

AssignmentsShow the content of the table emp bt at time 15

Draw the bitemporal graph for the table emp bt


Assignment: Bitemporal Modification II

Name Salary vts vte tts tte

Joe 10 2 now 2 10Tom 22 4 now 4 12Joe 10 2 10 10 UC

Joe 15 10 now 10 UC

Tom 22 4 12 4 UC


Assignment: Bitemporal Modification III

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

VT

0123456789

101112131415

Joe, 10 Joe, 10

Joe, 15

TT0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

VT

0123456789

101112131415

Tom, 22 Tom, 22


Outline




4 Summary


Summary

Main PointsImplicit timestamps valid-time ≈ transaction-timeExplicit timestamp for valid-time many details

Insert, fairly straight-forwardDelete, complicated because 0, 1, or 2 intervalsUpdate, is conceptual still a delete followed by an insert!

Many details for bitemporal with explicit timestampingAgain delete the hardest to understandUpdate, is conceptual still a delete followed by an insert!

NoteUse half-open intervals, e.g., [10, 15) makes life simpler!


Education

Temporal Databases: Modifications